This document discusses principles of hygiene and health protection for children and adolescents. It outlines several key laws of growth and development, including unevenness of growth, gender differences, environmental and genetic influences, and sensitive periods. Physical development indicators and criteria for evaluating biological age are provided. The document also establishes health groups based on presence of diseases and functional status to determine needed medical supervision.

1. HYGIENE PRINCIPLES OF HEALTH
PROTECTION OF CHILDREN AND
ADOLESCENT

2. Hygiene of children and
adolescents - preventive medicine
that studies the conditions of the
environment and children's
activities and their impact on the
health and functional status of the
growing organism.

3. FEATURES OF NORMALIZATION
 The specificity of the norms
 The inconstancy of the norms
 Developing, the training orientation of
norms
 Differentiation hygienic norms by
gender and health state of the growing
organism

4.  The growth - the process of quantity
increasing the size and weight of
body
 The development - quality changes
associated with the processes of
differentiation and morphogenesis

5. “The growth spurt" of postnatal period
PERIOD OF LIFE
The first year old
5-6 years
13-15 years
INDICATORS
1.5-fold increase in the length of the body,
3-4-fold increase in body weight
(mainly due to the growth of the trunk)
“waist high spurt" – growth of
child reaches 70% of the length of the adult
mainly due to the limb
Pubertal growth spurt
by extension of the trunk and limbs

6. LAWS OF GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT:
 The unevenness race of growth
and development

7. CHANGE THE LENGTH OF THE BODY OF
CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENT
Period of life
Increasing the length
of the body, %
1-st year 47
2-nd year 13
3-rd year 9
4 - 7 years 5 - 7
8 - 10 years 3
pubescence growth spurt
18 - 20 years growth stops

8. In the first years of life the body needs
in large amounts
• proteins - 4 g per 1 kg body weight,
including 65% of animal protein
• energy - 100 kcal per 1 kg of body
weight

9. HORMONAL REGULATION OF
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
STIMULATORS
 insulin
 thyroid hormones
 sex hormones
INHIBITORS
 corticosteroids

10. FORMATION OF BONE MASS
accumulation
of bone mass
endocrine
status
production
of estrogens
calcium
intake
healthy diet
growth
hormone
physical
activity
muscle
tissue
fatty tissue
adequate
body weight

11.  Chronological age - the age of the
individual in years, months and days
after birth
 Biological age - a set of
morphological and functional
characteristics of the organism that
characterizes the individual growth
and development

12. CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION OF
BIOLOGICAL AGE
 The degree of ossification of the
skeleton
 Secondary teeth dentitation
(replacement primary teeth to permanent
teeth)
 Development of secondary sexual
characteristics
 Body length
 The annual increase in growth

13.  The degree of ossification of the
skeleton – the definition of ossification
points at X-ray examination
 For example, the iInformative indicator of
biological age of the child, 12 years old, is
ossification of the pisiform bone

14. Criteria for evaluation of
biological age
Child age
• Body length
• The annual increase in
growth
The first year old
• Body length
• The annual increase in
growth
• Secondary teeth dentitation
5 – 6 years
• Development of secondary
gender characteristics
13 – 15 years

15. LAWS OF GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT:
 Non-simultaneity of the growth
and development of individual
organs and systems
(heterochrony)

16. Motor activity
Motor activity - a
natural stimulant
of growth and
development

17. Motor activity
 Morphological and functional development
 Contributes to the formation of adaptive
mechanisms
 Stimulates the activity of the immune
system
 Enhances mental and physical
performance
 Affect the development of an active
inhibitory process
 Contributes to building peak bone mass

18. Hypokinesia
 Lack of physical
activity is
recognized as a
major independent
risk factors. In the
European region it
is associated with
3.5% of the
disease and 10%
of deaths.

19. HYPOKINESIA EFFECTS
 Delayed growth and development of the
child's body
 Reduced functionality and adaptive
capabilities
 Formation of asthenia
 The development of excessive neurological
disinhibition
 Metabolism disorders and function of the
musculoskeletal, cardiovascular and other
body systems disorders

20. HYPERKINESIA

21. HYPERKINESIA - A RISK FACTOR FOR
DISORDERS:
 CNS (neuroses, phobias, cardioneurosis)
 Sympathetic-adrenal and
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system
 CVS (border hypertension, hypertension)
 The digestive system (gastritis, peptic ulcer,
chronic cholecystitis)
 Metabolism (protein deficiency)
 Resistance of the organism
 Physical development (somatic
disproportion)

22. Age for a different sports
Sport Age Sport Age
Gymnastics (girl)
Artistic gymnastics
Figure skating
Gymnastics (boys)
Diving
Synchronized
Swimming
Freestyle
Table tennis
Swimming
6 year
7 year
Tennis
Acrobatics
Jumping on a
trampoline
Rock-and-Roll
Sports Dance
Aerobics
Shaping
Chess
Checkers
Wushu
7 year

23. Age for a different sports
Sport Age Sport Age
Ski
Basketball
Football
Badminton
Orienteering
Tourism
Golf
Biathlon
Ski jumping
Sailing
Baseball
8 year
9 year
Water Polo
Volleyball
Handball
Track and field
Skating
Cross-country skiing
Short track
Rugby
Bandy, towns
Softball
Lapta
9 year

24. Sport Age Sport Age
Cycling
Equestrian
Pentathlon
Luge
Shooting sports
Fencing
Boxing
Freestyle Wrestling
Greco-Roman
Rowing
Kayaks and canoes
10 year Tae Kwon Do
Climbing
Ice sailing
Slalom
Triathlon
Arm wrestling
Athleticism
Billiards
Karate-do
Rock climbing
Kickboxing
10 year
Age for a different sports

25. Sport Age Sport Age
Judo
Heavy athletics
Contact Karate
Sambo
Archery
Trap shooting
10 year
11 year
Bobsled 12 year
Age for a different sports

26. FUNCTIONAL MATURITY – THE
READY OF GROWING BODY TO
DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRAINING

27. LAWS OF GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT:
 Conditionality of the growth and
development by gender (gendering
dimorphism)

28. CHANGE OF BOYS GROWTH AND GIRLS
GROWTH, DEPENDING ON AGE
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19
лет
возраст, годы
рост,см
мальчики
девочки
age, years
bodylength,cm
boys
girls

29. LAWS OF GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT:
 The biological
reliability of the
functional
systems and the
body in generally

30. LAWS OF GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT:
 Genetic
conditionality of the
growth and
development
it’s may a cause of the delay or the increase
of physical development

31. LAWS OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT:
 Conditionality of the growth and
development by environmental factors

32. The interaction of biological and
environmental factors in the formation of
children's health
Rangeofadaptation
Environment (-)
Среда (+)
Max
Min
Thelevelofhealth
0-3 5-6 11-14 age
genotype
environmentally
sensitive period
Environment (+)

33. CRITICAL PERIODS
(environmentally sensitive period)
 Early stage of postnatal
development (0 – 1 years old)
 The age of starting of education
(5 – 7 yy)
 Puberty (13 – 15 yy)

34. LAWS OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT:
 Epochal trend and
cyclical processes
of growth and
development of the
child population
(acceleration,
retardation)

35. Acceleration – the faster growth
and development
Deceleration = Retardation – the
slowdown of growth, development,
puberty

36. THEORIES OF ACCELERATION
Heliogenic
Radiowave
Cosmic radiation
Increased concentration of CO2
Alimentary
Enhanced information
Cyclical biological changes
Heterosis (mixed populations)
Urban influence

37. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
ADOLESCENT TODAY
 Gracilization of the body
 The tendency to short stature
 Changing the weighted-growth indicators
 Slow down puberty
 Disharmony development
 Reduced functionality and security
features

38. PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT OF
CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENT
“Physical development” - a state of the
morphological and functional properties
and qualities, as well as the level
biological development - the biological
age.

39. PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
INDICATORS
 SOMATOMETRIC: body length and body
weight, chest circumference.
 PHYSIOMETRIC: vital lung capacity,
compression force of a hand.
 SOMATOSCOPIC: the state of the
musculoskeletal system/ musculature, the
degree of fat deposition, secondary signs
of puberty, the development of teeth, the
form of a chest/ legs/ feets.
.

40. The main purpose of determining
the physical development - to
determine the state of health.

41. CHILD AND ADOLESCENT HEALTH
- a state of life, corresponding to their
biological age, the harmonious unity of the
physical and intellectual characteristics,
the formation of adaptive and
compensatory reactions in the growth
process.

42. INDICATORS OF
INDIVIDUAL CHILDREN HEALTH
 Presence or absence of chronic diseases
 The level of functional state of the body
systems
 The degree of resistance to the adverse
effects (number and duration of acute
disease per year)
 The level of physical development and the
degree of harmonicity

43. GROUPS OF HEALTH
 I group - healthy children with normal
physical and mental development

44. GROUPS OF HEALTH
 II group - children with functional and
morphological and functional disorders and
lowered resistance of the body:
• low growth
• backlog of biological development
• underweight or excess of body weight
• if child is often ill (≥4 times per year), or long-
term ill (≥ 25 days in one disease proposal)
 It is risk group

45. GROUPS OF CHILD AND
ADOLESCENT HEALTH
 III group - children with chronic
diseases in clinical remission and the
absence of complications

46. GROUPS OF HEALTH
 IV group - children with chronic
diseases in the active stage with
frequent exacerbations
- children with some chronic diseases in
clinical remission + if child is often ill
(≥4 times per year), or long-term ill (≥
25 days in one disease proposal)

47. GROUPS OF HEALTH
 V group - children with severe chronic
diseases, frequent exacerbations with a
continuously recurrent course

48.  The aim of definition of the health
group - the definition of volume of
medical supervision and care.