This document discusses the anatomo-physiological peculiarities of the digestive system in children. It notes that the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver and other digestive organs have structural and functional differences in children compared to adults. For example, the oral cavity is smaller in infants and the teeth erupt in a certain order. It also outlines the normal development of the digestive system and microbiota in children of different ages from newborns to older children. Common diseases of the digestive tract in children like gastritis and their symptoms are also briefly mentioned.
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood and regulate fluid levels. They develop fully by age 5. Assessment of the urinary system involves medical history, physical exam checking for edema and blood pressure, and lab tests like urinalysis to check for cells, proteins, and bacteria. Imaging tools like ultrasound can detect abnormalities of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the gastrointestinal system in infants and children. It describes how the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, intestines, pancreas, liver and gallbladder develop and function differently in children compared to adults. For example, the stomach is initially horizontal and increases in size with age, digestive enzyme production is lower in infants, and the liver has incomplete differentiation and functionality in newborns. It also lists some common GI symptoms in children and potential diagnostic tests.
Respiratory system in children. Embryogenesis of Respiratory organsEneutron
This document discusses the anatomical and physiological peculiarities of the respiratory system in children. It describes the embryological development of respiratory organs from the 3rd week of gestation through birth. There are several anatomical differences compared to adults, including smaller and narrower nasal passages, underdeveloped sinuses, and a higher located larynx. Respiratory rates are also higher in children. Examination of children with respiratory diseases involves clinical exams, laboratory/imaging tests, and evaluation of cough, sputum, and breathing patterns, which can provide clues to different conditions.
The document discusses anatomical and physiological features of the cardiovascular system in children from birth through adolescence. It describes how the heart and vessels develop during gestation and how circulation changes after birth with the closure of fetal pathways. The heart is initially rounded but becomes more oval by age 6. Vessels are relatively large at birth to accommodate high blood flow and become proportionate to the body as children grow. The cardiovascular system undergoes significant changes to transition to adult circulation.
Properties of skin in Children. Semiotics of skin lesionsEneutron
The document discusses the morphological and functional properties of children's skin and its appendages. It notes that the skin plays an important protective, sensory, and metabolic role in children. Key points include:
- The skin of newborns has high sensitivity, vulnerability and imperfect protective, thermoregulatory and excretory functions.
- Skin appendages like sebaceous glands are present at birth but sweat glands develop later.
- A thorough examination of the skin can provide clues to underlying diseases by evaluating changes in color, texture, rashes, and other signs.
- Various primary skin lesions like macules, papules and vesicles are described which are features of different diseases.
Topic laboratory and instrumental methods of studying the kidneys and urinar...ParasChoudhary16
The document summarizes various laboratory and instrumental methods used to study the kidneys and urinary system in children. It describes the anatomy and development of the kidneys, functions of the kidneys, diagnostic investigations including urinalysis, uroflowmetry, ultrasound, CT, MRI, voiding cystourethrogram, retrograde urethrogram, and CT urography. These methods are used to diagnose conditions like kidney stones, renal masses, reflux, obstruction, and anatomical abnormalities.
The document discusses several anatomical and physiological peculiarities of the nervous system in children. It notes that the brain mass is a higher percentage of body mass in newborns compared to adults, and certain areas develop more quickly than others. Neurons in newborns have less surface area covered by synapses and shorter axons compared to older children and adults. The formation of the nervous system is most important in early childhood, and negative influences in the first 18 months can cause future disturbances.
Endocrine system in children. Semiotics diseasesEneutron
The endocrine system is composed of glands that secrete hormones to regulate growth, metabolism, reproduction and other processes. The pituitary gland is called the "master gland" as it controls other endocrine glands by producing hormones that stimulate or inhibit their secretions. Disorders can occur if the pituitary, hypothalamus or target glands are hypofunctional or hyperfunctional. In children, too little or too much hormone production can impact growth and development.
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood and regulate fluid levels. They develop fully by age 5. Assessment of the urinary system involves medical history, physical exam checking for edema and blood pressure, and lab tests like urinalysis to check for cells, proteins, and bacteria. Imaging tools like ultrasound can detect abnormalities of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the gastrointestinal system in infants and children. It describes how the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, intestines, pancreas, liver and gallbladder develop and function differently in children compared to adults. For example, the stomach is initially horizontal and increases in size with age, digestive enzyme production is lower in infants, and the liver has incomplete differentiation and functionality in newborns. It also lists some common GI symptoms in children and potential diagnostic tests.
Respiratory system in children. Embryogenesis of Respiratory organsEneutron
This document discusses the anatomical and physiological peculiarities of the respiratory system in children. It describes the embryological development of respiratory organs from the 3rd week of gestation through birth. There are several anatomical differences compared to adults, including smaller and narrower nasal passages, underdeveloped sinuses, and a higher located larynx. Respiratory rates are also higher in children. Examination of children with respiratory diseases involves clinical exams, laboratory/imaging tests, and evaluation of cough, sputum, and breathing patterns, which can provide clues to different conditions.
The document discusses anatomical and physiological features of the cardiovascular system in children from birth through adolescence. It describes how the heart and vessels develop during gestation and how circulation changes after birth with the closure of fetal pathways. The heart is initially rounded but becomes more oval by age 6. Vessels are relatively large at birth to accommodate high blood flow and become proportionate to the body as children grow. The cardiovascular system undergoes significant changes to transition to adult circulation.
Properties of skin in Children. Semiotics of skin lesionsEneutron
The document discusses the morphological and functional properties of children's skin and its appendages. It notes that the skin plays an important protective, sensory, and metabolic role in children. Key points include:
- The skin of newborns has high sensitivity, vulnerability and imperfect protective, thermoregulatory and excretory functions.
- Skin appendages like sebaceous glands are present at birth but sweat glands develop later.
- A thorough examination of the skin can provide clues to underlying diseases by evaluating changes in color, texture, rashes, and other signs.
- Various primary skin lesions like macules, papules and vesicles are described which are features of different diseases.
Topic laboratory and instrumental methods of studying the kidneys and urinar...ParasChoudhary16
The document summarizes various laboratory and instrumental methods used to study the kidneys and urinary system in children. It describes the anatomy and development of the kidneys, functions of the kidneys, diagnostic investigations including urinalysis, uroflowmetry, ultrasound, CT, MRI, voiding cystourethrogram, retrograde urethrogram, and CT urography. These methods are used to diagnose conditions like kidney stones, renal masses, reflux, obstruction, and anatomical abnormalities.
The document discusses several anatomical and physiological peculiarities of the nervous system in children. It notes that the brain mass is a higher percentage of body mass in newborns compared to adults, and certain areas develop more quickly than others. Neurons in newborns have less surface area covered by synapses and shorter axons compared to older children and adults. The formation of the nervous system is most important in early childhood, and negative influences in the first 18 months can cause future disturbances.
Endocrine system in children. Semiotics diseasesEneutron
The endocrine system is composed of glands that secrete hormones to regulate growth, metabolism, reproduction and other processes. The pituitary gland is called the "master gland" as it controls other endocrine glands by producing hormones that stimulate or inhibit their secretions. Disorders can occur if the pituitary, hypothalamus or target glands are hypofunctional or hyperfunctional. In children, too little or too much hormone production can impact growth and development.
This document summarizes key aspects of neuropsychological development from infancy through adolescence, including major developmental milestones, disorders, and treatment approaches. It discusses phases of brain development, Piaget's stages of cognitive development, myelination and executive function development through the teen years. Common childhood neurodevelopmental disorders like learning disabilities, ADHD, autism, and Tourette's syndrome are described. Treatment approaches for these disorders focus on behavioral, educational, social skills, and medical interventions.
Blood system in children of different age groupsEneutron
This document discusses anatomical and physiological features of the blood system in children of different ages. It covers the development of hematopoiesis and blood forming organs from embryogenesis through toddlerhood. Key stages include embryonic hematopoiesis in the yolk sac, liver, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and bone marrow. The document also outlines the major functions of blood and features of a full-term newborn's blood.
Semiotics & Main Syndrome Of Respiratory System Infections In ChildrenAlok Kumar
This document discusses various symptoms and signs related to respiratory conditions in children. It describes different types of cough seen in larynx lesions, tracheitis, bronchitis, bronchial asthma, pneumonia, and pertussis. It also discusses diagnostic approaches to chronic cough based on factors like age, nature of cough and sputum, relationship to time/posture, presence of wheezing, response to prior therapy, nutrition status, and physical exam findings. Finally, it outlines various respiratory noises like stridor, wheezing, snoring, grunting, and rattling and their typical causes and characteristics.
Vasculitis refers to inflammation of blood vessels. It is classified based on vessel size and pathology. The most common pediatric vasculitides are Henoch-Schonlein purpura and Kawasaki disease. Diagnosis involves evaluating symptoms, radiology like angiograms, histopathology of biopsied tissues, and serology tests like ANCA. Treatment depends on type and severity of vasculitis. Prognosis varies, with most children recovering fully from HSP or KD, while other types like AAV carry higher risks of organ damage and mortality if not properly treated.
The urinary tract includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. In children, the kidneys are lobed and have fewer nephrons than adults. The kidneys help regulate water, salt, and waste removal. The ureters are wider in children and the bladder holds less volume. Development of urinary control occurs between 5-6 months and 1 year of age. Common urinary symptoms in children include intoxication, dyspepsia, pain, and dysuria.
This document summarizes some key differences between pediatric and adult respiratory anatomy and physiology. It notes that in children, the pharynx is more enlarged anteriorly, the pharyngeal tonsils are larger but can obstruct the airway, and the vocal cords have a concave rather than flat shape. The trachea is located higher and has softer, more sensitive cartilage. Lungs have fewer and less developed alveoli, resulting in lower gas exchange capacity. Several common pediatric respiratory conditions are also summarized, including croup, bronchiolitis, asthma, and cystic fibrosis.
The document discusses obstructive bronchitis in children. It defines bronchitis as an inflammation of the bronchial mucosa that can affect the upper respiratory tract. The main causes of obstructive bronchitis in children are viruses, bacteria, hypothermia, poor air quality, and contact with sick children. The symptoms of obstructive bronchitis include a heavy cough, cyanosis, wheezing, and shortness of breath. Treatment involves reducing bronchial obstruction through pulmonary medications, humidified oxygen, and bronchodilators.
COMPLETE EXAMINATION OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM IN PEDIATRICS. IT HAS BEEN SUMMARIZED FROM ALL WELL KNOWN 32 BOOKS UNDER GUIDANCE OF ONE OF THE BEST PEDIATRIC DOCTORS AND PROFESSORS .
BY DR. SURAJ R. DHANKIKAR.
Pediatrics as a specialty. Periods of childhood. Teratogen FactorsEneutron
This lecture discusses pediatrics and the stages of childhood development. It covers:
- The stages of fetal development and periods of childhood from newborn to adolescence.
- The anatomical and physiological characteristics specific to each developmental period.
- How the functional activity of endocrine glands changes throughout childhood.
- Teratogenic factors and their effects on fetal development depending on the pregnancy stage.
- The importance of understanding childhood development periods when treating pediatric patients.
This document provides an overview of hemolytic anemia in children. It defines hemolytic anemia as anemia resulting from increased red blood cell destruction. The document describes the different types of hemolytic anemia including hereditary, immune, and non-immune causes. It outlines the pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnostic approach and management of common forms of hemolytic anemia in children such as hereditary spherocytosis, thalassemia, sickle cell anemia, and G6PD deficiency. Investigations for diagnosis include blood counts, peripheral smear, reticulocyte count, hemoglobin electrophoresis and enzyme or genetic testing depending on etiology.
The lecture covered various topics related to soil including its content, properties, macronutrients, micronutrients, and role in geochemical and toxicological processes. It discussed soil contamination from various sources and soil-borne infectious and non-infectious diseases. It also summarized the virulence of some pathogenic microbes in soil, WHO strategies for controlling soil-transmitted diseases, and the epidemiological role of wastes and how long various infection agents can survive in different environments.
This document provides details on cardiovascular examination including cardinal symptoms, chest pain characteristics, breathlessness causes, palpitations description, syncope causes, and edema types. It also describes techniques for cardiovascular auscultation including listening locations, sounds, murmur characteristics like timing, intensity location, loudness, quality, pitch, radiation, and changes with maneuvers.
This document discusses various types of hemorrhagic diathesis including hemophilia, thrombocytopenia, hemoblastosis, and acute and chronic leukemia. It provides diagnostic criteria and treatment approaches for each condition. Hemophilia is described as a congenital bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency in coagulation factors. Thrombocytopenia involves a low platelet count and can cause bruising. Hemoblastosis refers to cancers of the blood system including acute and chronic forms of leukemia.
This document provides an overview of vasculitis in children. It defines vasculitis as an inflammatory destructive process affecting arteries and veins. It discusses the pathogenesis, classification, pathology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of various types of vasculitis in children. The document focuses on defining different types of vasculitis based on the size of blood vessels involved, location of lesions, and pathology. It provides details on the clinical presentation and organ system involvement of conditions like Henoch-Schönlein purpura, Kawasaki disease, polyarteritis nodosa, Wegener's granulomatosis, and Churg-Strauss syndrome. Criteria for diagnosing some common pediatric vasculitides are
Approach to child with generalized body swellingElhadi Hajow
Edema is characterized by swelling caused by excess fluid in the interstitial tissue. It can be localized or generalized. Common causes include cardiac, renal, or hepatic disease which decrease plasma oncotic pressure allowing fluid shift from vessels into tissue. A thorough history, physical exam, and lab tests are needed to determine the underlying cause and guide treatment such as diuretics, dietary changes, or treating the primary disease.
This document discusses gastrointestinal bleeding in children. It notes that GI bleeding accounts for 10-20% of pediatric gastroenterology referrals and around 0.4% of PICU admissions are due to life-threatening GI bleeding. The presentation, classification, causes, diagnostic workup, and treatment of upper and lower GI bleeding in neonates, infants, and children are described in detail over multiple sections. Key points include distinguishing the source and severity of bleeding, identifying specific etiologies, and managing bleeding through supportive care, endoscopic procedures, medications, and surgery as needed.
The presentation helps you with the complete knowledge of the method of comparative percussion , the skills and techniques on how it has to be performed.
This document provides an overview of pediatric gastrointestinal disorders and examinations. It discusses the anatomy of the GI tract, common signs and symptoms of digestive disorders in children, and specific pediatric GI conditions. It also provides detailed guidance on performing a complete GI examination, including inspection, auscultation, palpation, percussion, and examination of the oral cavity, abdomen, genitalia, and rectum. The goal is to gather all relevant clinical findings through the organized examination of the GI system.
Iron-deficiency anemia is the most common nutritional disorder worldwide. It occurs when iron levels in the body are low and there is not enough iron to produce normal red blood cells. Symptoms can include pallor, fatigue, and irritability. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing low iron levels, smaller and fewer red blood cells. Treatment is oral iron supplementation which leads to improved hemoglobin levels within weeks. Prevention focuses on breastfeeding, iron-fortified formula for infants, and limiting milk intake after age 1.
The gastrointestinal tract develops from the endoderm during the third week of gestation. By the fourth week, the foregut, midgut, and hindgut have formed and will contribute to different parts of the GI system. Notable milestones in GI development include the formation of the stomach, esophagus, liver and pancreas by 5-7 weeks and intestinal lengthening by 8-12 weeks. Tracheo-esophageal fistula and esophageal atresia are birth defects where the esophagus fails to form properly, sometimes connecting abnormally to the trachea. They require surgical correction, often in stages, to allow for feeding and prevent aspiration. Close nursing observation and care is needed
The gastrointestinal tract develops from the endoderm during the 3rd week of gestation. By the 4th week, the foregut, midgut and hindgut regions form and contribute to different parts of the GI system. Notable milestones in GI development include formation of the stomach, esophagus, liver and pancreas by 5-7 weeks and intestinal growth and peristalsis by 8-23 weeks. Tracheo-esophageal fistula and esophageal atresia are congenital disorders where the esophagus fails to develop properly, often requiring surgical correction. Types I-V describe variations in connections between the esophagus and trachea.
This document summarizes key aspects of neuropsychological development from infancy through adolescence, including major developmental milestones, disorders, and treatment approaches. It discusses phases of brain development, Piaget's stages of cognitive development, myelination and executive function development through the teen years. Common childhood neurodevelopmental disorders like learning disabilities, ADHD, autism, and Tourette's syndrome are described. Treatment approaches for these disorders focus on behavioral, educational, social skills, and medical interventions.
Blood system in children of different age groupsEneutron
This document discusses anatomical and physiological features of the blood system in children of different ages. It covers the development of hematopoiesis and blood forming organs from embryogenesis through toddlerhood. Key stages include embryonic hematopoiesis in the yolk sac, liver, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and bone marrow. The document also outlines the major functions of blood and features of a full-term newborn's blood.
Semiotics & Main Syndrome Of Respiratory System Infections In ChildrenAlok Kumar
This document discusses various symptoms and signs related to respiratory conditions in children. It describes different types of cough seen in larynx lesions, tracheitis, bronchitis, bronchial asthma, pneumonia, and pertussis. It also discusses diagnostic approaches to chronic cough based on factors like age, nature of cough and sputum, relationship to time/posture, presence of wheezing, response to prior therapy, nutrition status, and physical exam findings. Finally, it outlines various respiratory noises like stridor, wheezing, snoring, grunting, and rattling and their typical causes and characteristics.
Vasculitis refers to inflammation of blood vessels. It is classified based on vessel size and pathology. The most common pediatric vasculitides are Henoch-Schonlein purpura and Kawasaki disease. Diagnosis involves evaluating symptoms, radiology like angiograms, histopathology of biopsied tissues, and serology tests like ANCA. Treatment depends on type and severity of vasculitis. Prognosis varies, with most children recovering fully from HSP or KD, while other types like AAV carry higher risks of organ damage and mortality if not properly treated.
The urinary tract includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. In children, the kidneys are lobed and have fewer nephrons than adults. The kidneys help regulate water, salt, and waste removal. The ureters are wider in children and the bladder holds less volume. Development of urinary control occurs between 5-6 months and 1 year of age. Common urinary symptoms in children include intoxication, dyspepsia, pain, and dysuria.
This document summarizes some key differences between pediatric and adult respiratory anatomy and physiology. It notes that in children, the pharynx is more enlarged anteriorly, the pharyngeal tonsils are larger but can obstruct the airway, and the vocal cords have a concave rather than flat shape. The trachea is located higher and has softer, more sensitive cartilage. Lungs have fewer and less developed alveoli, resulting in lower gas exchange capacity. Several common pediatric respiratory conditions are also summarized, including croup, bronchiolitis, asthma, and cystic fibrosis.
The document discusses obstructive bronchitis in children. It defines bronchitis as an inflammation of the bronchial mucosa that can affect the upper respiratory tract. The main causes of obstructive bronchitis in children are viruses, bacteria, hypothermia, poor air quality, and contact with sick children. The symptoms of obstructive bronchitis include a heavy cough, cyanosis, wheezing, and shortness of breath. Treatment involves reducing bronchial obstruction through pulmonary medications, humidified oxygen, and bronchodilators.
COMPLETE EXAMINATION OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM IN PEDIATRICS. IT HAS BEEN SUMMARIZED FROM ALL WELL KNOWN 32 BOOKS UNDER GUIDANCE OF ONE OF THE BEST PEDIATRIC DOCTORS AND PROFESSORS .
BY DR. SURAJ R. DHANKIKAR.
Pediatrics as a specialty. Periods of childhood. Teratogen FactorsEneutron
This lecture discusses pediatrics and the stages of childhood development. It covers:
- The stages of fetal development and periods of childhood from newborn to adolescence.
- The anatomical and physiological characteristics specific to each developmental period.
- How the functional activity of endocrine glands changes throughout childhood.
- Teratogenic factors and their effects on fetal development depending on the pregnancy stage.
- The importance of understanding childhood development periods when treating pediatric patients.
This document provides an overview of hemolytic anemia in children. It defines hemolytic anemia as anemia resulting from increased red blood cell destruction. The document describes the different types of hemolytic anemia including hereditary, immune, and non-immune causes. It outlines the pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnostic approach and management of common forms of hemolytic anemia in children such as hereditary spherocytosis, thalassemia, sickle cell anemia, and G6PD deficiency. Investigations for diagnosis include blood counts, peripheral smear, reticulocyte count, hemoglobin electrophoresis and enzyme or genetic testing depending on etiology.
The lecture covered various topics related to soil including its content, properties, macronutrients, micronutrients, and role in geochemical and toxicological processes. It discussed soil contamination from various sources and soil-borne infectious and non-infectious diseases. It also summarized the virulence of some pathogenic microbes in soil, WHO strategies for controlling soil-transmitted diseases, and the epidemiological role of wastes and how long various infection agents can survive in different environments.
This document provides details on cardiovascular examination including cardinal symptoms, chest pain characteristics, breathlessness causes, palpitations description, syncope causes, and edema types. It also describes techniques for cardiovascular auscultation including listening locations, sounds, murmur characteristics like timing, intensity location, loudness, quality, pitch, radiation, and changes with maneuvers.
This document discusses various types of hemorrhagic diathesis including hemophilia, thrombocytopenia, hemoblastosis, and acute and chronic leukemia. It provides diagnostic criteria and treatment approaches for each condition. Hemophilia is described as a congenital bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency in coagulation factors. Thrombocytopenia involves a low platelet count and can cause bruising. Hemoblastosis refers to cancers of the blood system including acute and chronic forms of leukemia.
This document provides an overview of vasculitis in children. It defines vasculitis as an inflammatory destructive process affecting arteries and veins. It discusses the pathogenesis, classification, pathology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of various types of vasculitis in children. The document focuses on defining different types of vasculitis based on the size of blood vessels involved, location of lesions, and pathology. It provides details on the clinical presentation and organ system involvement of conditions like Henoch-Schönlein purpura, Kawasaki disease, polyarteritis nodosa, Wegener's granulomatosis, and Churg-Strauss syndrome. Criteria for diagnosing some common pediatric vasculitides are
Approach to child with generalized body swellingElhadi Hajow
Edema is characterized by swelling caused by excess fluid in the interstitial tissue. It can be localized or generalized. Common causes include cardiac, renal, or hepatic disease which decrease plasma oncotic pressure allowing fluid shift from vessels into tissue. A thorough history, physical exam, and lab tests are needed to determine the underlying cause and guide treatment such as diuretics, dietary changes, or treating the primary disease.
This document discusses gastrointestinal bleeding in children. It notes that GI bleeding accounts for 10-20% of pediatric gastroenterology referrals and around 0.4% of PICU admissions are due to life-threatening GI bleeding. The presentation, classification, causes, diagnostic workup, and treatment of upper and lower GI bleeding in neonates, infants, and children are described in detail over multiple sections. Key points include distinguishing the source and severity of bleeding, identifying specific etiologies, and managing bleeding through supportive care, endoscopic procedures, medications, and surgery as needed.
The presentation helps you with the complete knowledge of the method of comparative percussion , the skills and techniques on how it has to be performed.
This document provides an overview of pediatric gastrointestinal disorders and examinations. It discusses the anatomy of the GI tract, common signs and symptoms of digestive disorders in children, and specific pediatric GI conditions. It also provides detailed guidance on performing a complete GI examination, including inspection, auscultation, palpation, percussion, and examination of the oral cavity, abdomen, genitalia, and rectum. The goal is to gather all relevant clinical findings through the organized examination of the GI system.
Iron-deficiency anemia is the most common nutritional disorder worldwide. It occurs when iron levels in the body are low and there is not enough iron to produce normal red blood cells. Symptoms can include pallor, fatigue, and irritability. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing low iron levels, smaller and fewer red blood cells. Treatment is oral iron supplementation which leads to improved hemoglobin levels within weeks. Prevention focuses on breastfeeding, iron-fortified formula for infants, and limiting milk intake after age 1.
The gastrointestinal tract develops from the endoderm during the third week of gestation. By the fourth week, the foregut, midgut, and hindgut have formed and will contribute to different parts of the GI system. Notable milestones in GI development include the formation of the stomach, esophagus, liver and pancreas by 5-7 weeks and intestinal lengthening by 8-12 weeks. Tracheo-esophageal fistula and esophageal atresia are birth defects where the esophagus fails to form properly, sometimes connecting abnormally to the trachea. They require surgical correction, often in stages, to allow for feeding and prevent aspiration. Close nursing observation and care is needed
The gastrointestinal tract develops from the endoderm during the 3rd week of gestation. By the 4th week, the foregut, midgut and hindgut regions form and contribute to different parts of the GI system. Notable milestones in GI development include formation of the stomach, esophagus, liver and pancreas by 5-7 weeks and intestinal growth and peristalsis by 8-23 weeks. Tracheo-esophageal fistula and esophageal atresia are congenital disorders where the esophagus fails to develop properly, often requiring surgical correction. Types I-V describe variations in connections between the esophagus and trachea.
The document summarizes key aspects of the digestive system, beginning with definitions of splanchnology and the digestive system. It describes the main organs and parts of the digestive system, including the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines. It discusses the functions of digestion, including ingestion, mechanical and chemical breakdown of food, propulsion through the system, secretion of enzymes and hormones, and absorption of nutrients. It provides more detailed descriptions of the oral cavity, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and stomach functions. The summary concludes with key points about the storage, mixing, and controlled release functions of the stomach.
This document discusses post-natal development and the maturation of oral functions from birth through childhood. It covers the eruption schedules of primary and permanent teeth and the development of chewing, swallowing, speech, and other oral motor skills. Key points include:
- Oral functions develop from front to back, with lips maturing first and more complex swallowing and speech sounds developing later.
- Primary teeth typically begin erupting around 6 months and are usually all erupted by age 2.
- Permanent teeth begin erupting around age 6, following a predictable sequence, with eruption influenced by growth spurts and controlled by the periodontal ligament.
- Space requirements mean primary teeth spacing is redistributed during
This document provides an overview of the digestive system presented by PhD Tetyana Knyazevych-Chorna of the Department of Human Anatomy at Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University. It describes the key organs that make up the digestive system, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus. It also outlines the accessory organs such as the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. The functions of digestion and roles of each organ are summarized.
Late fetal development and birth is a complex process. In the last 3 months of pregnancy, the fetus grows rapidly, reaching about 3000 grams at birth. The head size decreases proportionally after 4 months to facilitate delivery. Birth is traumatic as the newborn must adapt physiologically to the outside world. Growth may cease briefly and weight may decrease slightly at first. Disturbances like illness can cause interruptions in growth visible in tooth enamel. After birth, growth continues steadily in height and weight, though prematurity, chronic illness, or poor nutrition can impact development. The major oral functions of respiration, swallowing, mastication, and speech develop through childhood as the jaws, tongue, and teeth change. The sequence and timing of
The document provides an overview of the human digestive system, including:
1) It describes the organs that make up the gastrointestinal tract and their functions, from ingestion through digestion and absorption of nutrients and elimination of waste.
2) It discusses diseases and disorders that can affect the digestive system, such as obesity, eating disorders, and peptic ulcers.
3) It explains concepts like the roles of enzymes and acids in breaking down food, and how peristalsis and sphincters aid in digestion.
Digestive system in children, semiotics of the digestive organ.pptxAdesholaKhaliidOriol
The document discusses several congenital abnormalities and diseases of the digestive system in children. It describes conditions like annular pancreas, Meckel's diverticulum, omphalocele, gastroschisis, and hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. It also discusses the development of the digestive system in infants and some key differences compared to adults, such as stool characteristics, intestinal length, and liver function. Finally, it outlines approaches to examining the oral cavity, abdomen, and perianal area to evaluate children's digestive health.
The digestive system includes organs that ingest, transport, digest, absorb, and eliminate food and waste. Food enters the mouth where it is chewed and the enzymes in saliva begin to break it down. It then moves to the stomach through the esophagus where acids and enzymes further break it down into a liquid called chyme. The chyme then enters the small intestine where most absorption occurs through the intestinal walls into the bloodstream. Undigested waste then moves to the large intestine where water is absorbed before elimination of solid waste from the body.
The document discusses the structure and function of the digestive system. It begins by describing the digestive system as a long tube running from the mouth to the anus. It then explains the five main processes of digestion: ingestion, propulsion, digestion, absorption, and elimination. The document goes on to describe the main organs that make up the digestive system, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines. It provides details on the roles and contents of saliva, gastric juice, and the layers of the digestive tract walls.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Growth & development of maxilla & mandible.ppt [autosaved]Priyanka Doshi
This document discusses the growth and development of the maxilla and mandible. It begins by defining growth and development. It then describes the mechanisms of bone growth and the two types of ossification - intramembranous and endochondral. Prenatal growth is divided into the periods of the ovum, embryo and fetus. Details are provided on the prenatal growth of the maxilla, including the development of the palate. Prenatal growth of the mandible and development of Meckel's cartilage are also outlined. The document concludes with descriptions of postnatal growth of the maxilla and mandible through processes like displacement, growth at sutures and surface remodeling.
Here are the key functions of the pancreas in digestion:
- Produces pancreatic juices containing enzymes that help break down food:
- Pancreatic lipase breaks down fats
- Pancreatic amylase breaks down carbohydrates
- Proteases break down proteins
- Releases pancreatic juices into the small intestine through the pancreatic duct
- The enzymes help further break down what the stomach has partially digested, preparing nutrients for absorption in the small intestine
- Also produces hormones like insulin and glucagon that help regulate blood sugar levels
So in summary, the pancreas plays an important role in both the digestive and endocrine systems by producing enzymes and hormones that aid digestion and metabolism. Its enzymes
This document provides an overview of a seminar on saliva presented by Dr. J. Rohini. It discusses the development and structure of salivary glands, classification of major and minor salivary glands, secretion and composition of saliva, properties and functions of salivary components, and diseases related to alterations in salivary secretion. The document is organized into 14 sections covering topics such as the control of salivary secretion, applied diagnostic imaging of salivary glands, and dental considerations related to saliva.
PHYSIOLOGY OF SALIVA AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN PROSTHODONTICS.pptxBaishali Ghosh
EMBRYOLOGY
ANATOMY
HISTOLOGY
MECHANISM OF SALIVARY SECRETION
CONTROL OF SALIVARY SECRETIONS
COMPOSITION
FUNCTION OF SALIVA
SALIVA AS DIAGNOSTIC TOOL
SIALORRHEA
XEROSTOMIA
RETENTION IN COMPLETE DENTURE
1) The document describes a case of a 9-day old baby boy presenting with abdominal distention, vomiting of fecal matter, and constipation for 6 days. Examination found the baby to be ill and dehydrated.
2) Operative findings revealed ileal atresia type 3 at the distal ileum. Excision of the blind ends and primary anastomosis was performed.
3) The baby passed stool on the 3rd post-op day and was discharged in good condition on the 30th post-op day with increased weight.
Digestion is the process of breaking down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the body. It involves three phases: ingestion, digestion, and egestion. Digestion occurs through the actions of the alimentary tract and accessory organs like the liver, gallbladder and pancreas. In the mouth, teeth and saliva begin breaking down food while the esophagus transports food to the stomach where acids and enzymes further break it down. The small intestine completes digestion with help from the pancreas, liver and bile while the large intestine absorbs water before waste is excreted. Common digestive issues include appendicitis, ulcers, constipation, and eating disorders.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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Digestive system in children. Gastritis, cholecystitis, dyskinesia of biliary ducts
1. Age anatomo-physiological peculiarities ofAge anatomo-physiological peculiarities of
digestive system in children. Semiotics ofdigestive system in children. Semiotics of
disturbances of digestive organs and thedisturbances of digestive organs and the
main diseases (gastritis, ulcerative disease,main diseases (gastritis, ulcerative disease,
cholecystitis, dyskinesia of biliary ducts, etc.)cholecystitis, dyskinesia of biliary ducts, etc.)
in children. Syndrome of “acute abdomen”.in children. Syndrome of “acute abdomen”.
2. Plan of the LecturePlan of the Lecture
1.Anatomo-physiological1.Anatomo-physiological
peculiarities of digestive organspeculiarities of digestive organs
in children.in children.
2.Methods of investigation of2.Methods of investigation of
digestive organs in children.digestive organs in children.
3. The main clinico-laboratory3. The main clinico-laboratory
syndromes under digestivesyndromes under digestive
organs diseases in children.organs diseases in children.
4. Clinics of diseases of gastro-4. Clinics of diseases of gastro-
duodenal area in children.duodenal area in children.
5. Care of children with digestive5. Care of children with digestive
tract disturbances.tract disturbances.
3. Peculiarities of the structure of oral cavityPeculiarities of the structure of oral cavity
Oral cavity in a child of the 1st year of life is relativelyOral cavity in a child of the 1st year of life is relatively
small, the tongue is rather large, the chin is flattened, fattysmall, the tongue is rather large, the chin is flattened, fatty
bodies of the cheeks are well developed, the gums arebodies of the cheeks are well developed, the gums are
thickened, transverse folds on mucous membranes of thethickened, transverse folds on mucous membranes of the
lips are well expressed. Peculiarities of masticatorylips are well expressed. Peculiarities of masticatory
apparatus in newborns are connected with the act ofapparatus in newborns are connected with the act of
mastication.mastication.
4. Peculiarities of the structure of oralPeculiarities of the structure of oral
cavitycavity
Mucous membrane of oral cavity is dryish, rich of bloodMucous membrane of oral cavity is dryish, rich of blood
vessels, very gentle. Secretion of mucus is achieved byvessels, very gentle. Secretion of mucus is achieved by
sublingual, parotid, maxillary and very many smallsublingual, parotid, maxillary and very many small
glands. In the first 3 months secretion of saliva is little,glands. In the first 3 months secretion of saliva is little,
but under its influence in oral cavity starts digestion ofbut under its influence in oral cavity starts digestion of
carbohydrates and clotting of milk casein.carbohydrates and clotting of milk casein.
At the age of 3-6 months increased secretion of saliva isAt the age of 3-6 months increased secretion of saliva is
observed, caused by the exertion of tricuspid nerve byobserved, caused by the exertion of tricuspid nerve by
the teeth which start to erupt and also by introduction ofthe teeth which start to erupt and also by introduction of
extra feed. Also is observed physiological hypersalivationextra feed. Also is observed physiological hypersalivation
connected with inability of a child to swallow saliva.connected with inability of a child to swallow saliva.
6. The teethThe teeth
in childrenin children
• In the first months after birth the teeth are situated under theIn the first months after birth the teeth are situated under the
mucous membrane of gums. Eruption of teeth starts at 6mucous membrane of gums. Eruption of teeth starts at 6
months age. This process may go on with deviationsmonths age. This process may go on with deviations
depending on the condition of a child. The child becomesdepending on the condition of a child. The child becomes
very excitable, sleep is disturbed, hypersalivation takesvery excitable, sleep is disturbed, hypersalivation takes
place, the body temperature rises.. After eruption of theplace, the body temperature rises.. After eruption of the
teeth all negative phenomena disappear, the child calmsteeth all negative phenomena disappear, the child calms
down.down.
• On each half of the jaw simultaneously erupt the teeth ofOn each half of the jaw simultaneously erupt the teeth of
the left and right sides of the oral cavity. More frequently atthe left and right sides of the oral cavity. More frequently at
first erupt the lower teeth, then the upper ones.first erupt the lower teeth, then the upper ones.
7. The teeth inThe teeth in
childrenchildren
• Milk teeth in the number of 20 appear in the periodMilk teeth in the number of 20 appear in the period
from 6 to 24 months (their number is counted withfrom 6 to 24 months (their number is counted with
a formula “age of a child -4”). Central incisorsa formula “age of a child -4”). Central incisors
appear in the 6appear in the 6thth
, 8, 8thth
month (at first the lower, thenmonth (at first the lower, then
the upper ones). Lateral incisors erupt in the 8-12the upper ones). Lateral incisors erupt in the 8-12thth
months, premolars – in the 16-20months, premolars – in the 16-20thth
months, molars –months, molars –
in the 20-30 months. Milk teeth are lost beginningin the 20-30 months. Milk teeth are lost beginning
with 6-7 years. Permanent teeth in the number ofwith 6-7 years. Permanent teeth in the number of
32 start to erupt from 6-7 years. The process is32 start to erupt from 6-7 years. The process is
finished up to 17-20 years or later.finished up to 17-20 years or later.
8. Peculiarities of the structure ofPeculiarities of the structure of
esophagusesophagus
Mucous membrane is very gentle, there is insufficientMucous membrane is very gentle, there is insufficient
development of elastic muscular fibers, there is almostdevelopment of elastic muscular fibers, there is almost
full absence of glands.full absence of glands.
The upper border of esophagus is situated higher thanThe upper border of esophagus is situated higher than
in adults (in newborns- on the level of 3-4 cervicalin adults (in newborns- on the level of 3-4 cervical
vertebra, in adults – on the level of 6 cervical vertebra).vertebra, in adults – on the level of 6 cervical vertebra).
In children there are highly expressed physiologicalIn children there are highly expressed physiological
narrowings: the 1narrowings: the 1stst
– on the site of tansition of the throat– on the site of tansition of the throat
into esophagus, the 2into esophagus, the 2ndnd
–on the site of attaching of–on the site of attaching of
esophagus to the aorta, the 3esophagus to the aorta, the 3rdrd
- on crossing of the- on crossing of the
esophagus through diaphragmal opening.esophagus through diaphragmal opening.
9. The main functionsThe main functions
of the stomachof the stomach
• Secretory - saline acid, pepsin, mucin, mycoproteids areSecretory - saline acid, pepsin, mucin, mycoproteids are
produced;produced;
• Mechanical – deposition of food, mixing it with gastricMechanical – deposition of food, mixing it with gastric
juice;juice;
• Incretory – secretion of gastrin and pepsinogen in theIncretory – secretion of gastrin and pepsinogen in the
blood;blood;
• Resorptive – assimilation of proteins, water, electrolites;Resorptive – assimilation of proteins, water, electrolites;
• Protective –bactericidal action of gastric juice preventsProtective –bactericidal action of gastric juice prevents
the development of bacteria, vomiting reflex leads tothe development of bacteria, vomiting reflex leads to
removal of bad quality food.removal of bad quality food.
10. Peculiarities of the structurePeculiarities of the structure
of the stomachof the stomach
In newborn children the cardial portion, the bottom ofIn newborn children the cardial portion, the bottom of
the stomach, the Gyss angle are poorlythe stomach, the Gyss angle are poorly
developed. The Gubarev’s valve is not welldeveloped. The Gubarev’s valve is not well
expressed, muscular fibers of the inner obliqueexpressed, muscular fibers of the inner oblique
layer of the stomach are weak, and this promoteslayer of the stomach are weak, and this promotes
throwing its contents into the esophagus, causesthrowing its contents into the esophagus, causes
regurgitation, vomiting, development of pepticregurgitation, vomiting, development of peptic
disturbances of mucous membrane of esophagusdisturbances of mucous membrane of esophagus
in children of the 1in children of the 1stst
year of life. In babies of the 1year of life. In babies of the 1stst
year of life the stomach has a shape of ‘turnedyear of life the stomach has a shape of ‘turned
upside bottle’ (poorly developed cardial portionupside bottle’ (poorly developed cardial portion
and well developed pyloric part).and well developed pyloric part).
11. Functional peculiarities ofFunctional peculiarities of
the stomachthe stomach
• In newborns and babies of the breast feedingIn newborns and babies of the breast feeding
age the majority of gastric functions areage the majority of gastric functions are
decreased. But resorptive function in them isdecreased. But resorptive function in them is
increased, enzyme activity is decreased, pH isincreased, enzyme activity is decreased, pH is
high. Up to 2 months the source of carbon ionshigh. Up to 2 months the source of carbon ions
is milk acid. The duration of staying food in theis milk acid. The duration of staying food in the
stomach depends on the type of feeding: instomach depends on the type of feeding: in
natural feeding – 2-2.5h, in artificial – 3,5-4h.natural feeding – 2-2.5h, in artificial – 3,5-4h.
Evacuation of food from the stomach in childrenEvacuation of food from the stomach in children
of breast feeding age is hindered by proteins (inof breast feeding age is hindered by proteins (in
the adults – by fats).the adults – by fats).
12. Peculiarities of thePeculiarities of the
structure of the intestinestructure of the intestine
Duodenum has ring like shape, the border ofDuodenum has ring like shape, the border of
division of mesenteric portion of small intestinedivision of mesenteric portion of small intestine
into the jejunum and blind gut is not wellinto the jejunum and blind gut is not well
manifested. Bauhin’s valve is underdeveloped,manifested. Bauhin’s valve is underdeveloped,
causing invaginations, it also promotes throwingcausing invaginations, it also promotes throwing
the microbial contents of blind gut into jejunumthe microbial contents of blind gut into jejunum
with the development of inflammatory processeswith the development of inflammatory processes
in its terminal portion. Mucous membrane of thein its terminal portion. Mucous membrane of the
small intestine has very many villi, whichsmall intestine has very many villi, which
considerably increase its surface. Mesentery inconsiderably increase its surface. Mesentery in
children is rather long, promoting developmentchildren is rather long, promoting development
of invaginations, volvuli, hernias.of invaginations, volvuli, hernias.
13. Peculiarities of thePeculiarities of the
structure of the intestinestructure of the intestine
• In large intestine the descending portion is longerIn large intestine the descending portion is longer
than the ascending portion. Mesentery of sigmoidthan the ascending portion. Mesentery of sigmoid
colon is relatively long. This may be the reason ofcolon is relatively long. This may be the reason of
frequent constipations in children. The blind gut isfrequent constipations in children. The blind gut is
situated lower than in adults. In the mucoussituated lower than in adults. In the mucous
membrane there are no circulary folds. Appendixmembrane there are no circulary folds. Appendix
often is situated atypically (retrocecally,often is situated atypically (retrocecally,
retrorenally, retroperitoneally, subhepatically), itretrorenally, retroperitoneally, subhepatically), it
has the shape of funnel and wide opening.has the shape of funnel and wide opening.
Rectum has underdeveloped muscular layer andRectum has underdeveloped muscular layer and
weak fixation of submucous layer, ptoducingweak fixation of submucous layer, ptoducing
conditions for its falling out.conditions for its falling out.
14. Functional peculiarities ofFunctional peculiarities of
the intestinethe intestine
• The duration of movement of food along the GITThe duration of movement of food along the GIT
comprises on an average 15h.: along smallcomprises on an average 15h.: along small
intestine 7-8h., along the large intestine - 4-12h.intestine 7-8h., along the large intestine - 4-12h.
• In newborns the rate of defecations comprises 5-In newborns the rate of defecations comprises 5-
7 times a day, up to 6 months – 2-3 times, in a7 times a day, up to 6 months – 2-3 times, in a
year – 1-2 times; in older children – from 1 timeyear – 1-2 times; in older children – from 1 time
in 2 days to 2 times in 1 day. In the first 2 daysin 2 days to 2 times in 1 day. In the first 2 days
in newborns is released meconium – thick,in newborns is released meconium – thick,
viscous mass of dark olive color without smellviscous mass of dark olive color without smell
(contents of the intestine of fetus). After 3 days –(contents of the intestine of fetus). After 3 days –
transition stool, from the 5transition stool, from the 5thth
day – usualday – usual
defecations.defecations.
15. Functional peculiarities of theFunctional peculiarities of the
intestineintestine
• In feeding a baby with breast milk the stool is of goldenIn feeding a baby with breast milk the stool is of golden
yellow color with sour smell, its consistency is like thickyellow color with sour smell, its consistency is like thick
soured cream. While staying in an air the stool becomessoured cream. While staying in an air the stool becomes
green (oxidation of bilirubin). With full assimilation ofgreen (oxidation of bilirubin). With full assimilation of
mother’s milk the amount of stool becomes less. Inmother’s milk the amount of stool becomes less. In
artificial feeding: defecations increase (because of lessartificial feeding: defecations increase (because of less
degree of assimilation), often alkaline.degree of assimilation), often alkaline.
• For a baby of the 1For a baby of the 1stst
half year in normal microbiocenosishalf year in normal microbiocenosis
dominating are bifidobacteria and lactobacteria. In the 2dominating are bifidobacteria and lactobacteria. In the 2ndnd
half a year increases almost in half the presence ofhalf a year increases almost in half the presence of
intestinal bacili, which start to prevail after 1 year of life.intestinal bacili, which start to prevail after 1 year of life.
Microflora of large intestine synthesizes vitamins B1, K,Microflora of large intestine synthesizes vitamins B1, K,
stimulates immune mechanism, fulfills barrier function.stimulates immune mechanism, fulfills barrier function.
16. Peculiarities of thePeculiarities of the
structure of the liverstructure of the liver
• The liver in children is of considerably larger sizes. Up toThe liver in children is of considerably larger sizes. Up to
5-7 years it always bulges out from under the right costal5-7 years it always bulges out from under the right costal
arc along the medial clavicular line:arc along the medial clavicular line:
• Up to 3 years –for 2-3 cm;Up to 3 years –for 2-3 cm;
• Up to 4-5 years – for 1,0-1,5 cm;Up to 4-5 years – for 1,0-1,5 cm;
• Up to 7 years – for 0,5-1,0 cm.Up to 7 years – for 0,5-1,0 cm.
• Up to 7 months the gall-bladder has spindle like shapeUp to 7 months the gall-bladder has spindle like shape
and from 6 months – pear like shape. Up to 5 years theand from 6 months – pear like shape. Up to 5 years the
gall-bladder is situated more laterally than in adults, andgall-bladder is situated more laterally than in adults, and
has a bend curve. The bile in children containshas a bend curve. The bile in children contains
considerably less bile acids and this can be the reasonconsiderably less bile acids and this can be the reason
of appearing steatorrhea (indigestion of fats in theof appearing steatorrhea (indigestion of fats in the
stool).stool).
17. The functions of the liver:The functions of the liver:
• General metabolic – exchange of fats,General metabolic – exchange of fats,
proteins, carbohydrates, biologically activeproteins, carbohydrates, biologically active
substances, vitamins;substances, vitamins;
• Secretory – bile production;Secretory – bile production;
• Barrier – protective;Barrier – protective;
• Excretory – removal of toxins.Excretory – removal of toxins.
18. Functional peculiarities of the liverFunctional peculiarities of the liver
• The liver of a newborn has relatively large size, itThe liver of a newborn has relatively large size, it
composes about 4-4,4% of the body mass, is wellcomposes about 4-4,4% of the body mass, is well
vasculized, has not sufficiently developed connectivevasculized, has not sufficiently developed connective
tissue and poorly distincted particles. The liver istissue and poorly distincted particles. The liver is
functionally immature. The function of glycogenfunctionally immature. The function of glycogen
formation is well manifested, but poorly expressed is theformation is well manifested, but poorly expressed is the
function of dysintoxication. The liver takes part in thefunction of dysintoxication. The liver takes part in the
processes of digestion, blood formation, blood circulationprocesses of digestion, blood formation, blood circulation
and metabolism. The bile in the first months of theand metabolism. The bile in the first months of the
baby’s life is formed in little amount, contains little bilebaby’s life is formed in little amount, contains little bile
acids, much water, mucin, pigments; in newborns alsoacids, much water, mucin, pigments; in newborns also
there is much urea. The bile also has more taurocholicthere is much urea. The bile also has more taurocholic
acid than glycocholic one, promoting its bactericidalacid than glycocholic one, promoting its bactericidal
properties, stimulating secretion of the pancreas andproperties, stimulating secretion of the pancreas and
increasing peristalsis of the large intestine.increasing peristalsis of the large intestine.
19. PancreasPancreas
• Pancreas is the main gland of the digestive tract.Pancreas is the main gland of the digestive tract.
Its secretion especially quickly increases after introduction ofIts secretion especially quickly increases after introduction of
extra feed and reaches the level of an adult person at theextra feed and reaches the level of an adult person at the
age of 5 years.age of 5 years.
• The main enzymes of pancreatic juice are: trypsin,The main enzymes of pancreatic juice are: trypsin,
chemotrypsin, diastase, amylase, lipase, phospholipase,chemotrypsin, diastase, amylase, lipase, phospholipase,
incretory insulin.incretory insulin.
• Pancreas is morphologically underdeveloped (considerablePancreas is morphologically underdeveloped (considerable
development of connective tissue, rich vasculation,development of connective tissue, rich vasculation,
uncompleted differentiation of parenchyma).uncompleted differentiation of parenchyma).
• Lymphatic vessels are tightly connected with neighbouringLymphatic vessels are tightly connected with neighbouring
organs, promoting generalization of inflammatory process.organs, promoting generalization of inflammatory process.
20. Methods of examination of gastro-Methods of examination of gastro-
intestinal tract:intestinal tract:
1. Clinical methods of examination;1. Clinical methods of examination;
1.1 Questioning:1.1 Questioning:
- complaints;- complaints;
- anamnesis of the disease;- anamnesis of the disease;
- anamnesis of live.- anamnesis of live.
1.2. Physical methods of examination:1.2. Physical methods of examination:
- inspecton;- inspecton;
- palpation;- palpation;
- percussion;- percussion;
- auscultation.- auscultation.
21. 2. Instrumental methods of examination of2. Instrumental methods of examination of
gastro-intestinal tract:gastro-intestinal tract:
• - X-ray examination (X-ray of organs of abdominal- X-ray examination (X-ray of organs of abdominal
cavity, X-ray of the esophagus and the stomach,cavity, X-ray of the esophagus and the stomach,
irrigography, cholesystography);irrigography, cholesystography);
• - radiological examination;- radiological examination;
• - ultrasound examination of the organs of abdominal- ultrasound examination of the organs of abdominal
cavity;cavity;
• - endoscopic methods- endoscopic methods
(esophagogastroduodenoscopy, colonofibroscopy,(esophagogastroduodenoscopy, colonofibroscopy,
rectoromanoscopy, laparoscopy);rectoromanoscopy, laparoscopy);
• - thermographic methods of examination (distance- thermographic methods of examination (distance
thermography);thermography);
• - bioptic methods of examination.- bioptic methods of examination.
25. Endoscopic picture during gastritis (left)Endoscopic picture during gastritis (left)
and ulcerative disease (right)and ulcerative disease (right)
26. Methods of examination of gastrointestinalMethods of examination of gastrointestinal
tracttract
3. Functional methods of examination:3. Functional methods of examination:
• - determination of secretory-acidic-enzymatic functions- determination of secretory-acidic-enzymatic functions
of the stomach and pancreas (fractional examination ofof the stomach and pancreas (fractional examination of
gastric contents, determination of proteolytic function ofgastric contents, determination of proteolytic function of
the stomach, mucus production);the stomach, mucus production);
• - duodenal intubation;- duodenal intubation;
• - pH-metry;- pH-metry;
4. Laboratory methods of examination:4. Laboratory methods of examination:
- bacteriological examination of the stool;- bacteriological examination of the stool;
- macroscopic examination of the stool;- macroscopic examination of the stool;
- microscopic examination of the stool.- microscopic examination of the stool.
27. The main complaints during disturbances ofThe main complaints during disturbances of
digestive organsdigestive organs
Appetite:Appetite:
- preserved;- preserved;
- decreased or absent (under disturbance of CNS,- decreased or absent (under disturbance of CNS,
intoxication, acute diseases, intestinal infections, inintoxication, acute diseases, intestinal infections, in
preschool children – because of forced feeding, duringpreschool children – because of forced feeding, during
eating much sweet food, under helminths invasion, ineating much sweet food, under helminths invasion, in
school children – because of emotion before school);school children – because of emotion before school);
- increased - (bulimia) – chronic pancreatitis, starting of- increased - (bulimia) – chronic pancreatitis, starting of
diabetes mellitus;diabetes mellitus;
- disgust of some food products;- disgust of some food products;
- general food allergy;- general food allergy;
- thirst for nonfood products (chalk, soil), anemia;- thirst for nonfood products (chalk, soil), anemia;
- fear of rising of pain.- fear of rising of pain.
28. The main complaints under disturbances ofThe main complaints under disturbances of
digestive organsdigestive organs
• Thirst – sense of desire to drink water;Thirst – sense of desire to drink water;
• Polydipsia – increased thirst (inborn or acquired diseasesPolydipsia – increased thirst (inborn or acquired diseases
of the salivary glands, diseases of pancreas);of the salivary glands, diseases of pancreas);
• Adipsia – absence of desire to drink water (enterocolitis,Adipsia – absence of desire to drink water (enterocolitis,
stomatitis);stomatitis);
• Disphagia – violation of swallowing (in babies duringDisphagia – violation of swallowing (in babies during
tooth eruption and some other conditions);tooth eruption and some other conditions);
• Heartburn – sense of burning under the sternum mayHeartburn – sense of burning under the sternum may
take place before or after taking food, more frequently intake place before or after taking food, more frequently in
recumbent position or during physical exertion as arecumbent position or during physical exertion as a
result of cardial sphincter’s failure. It is promoted byresult of cardial sphincter’s failure. It is promoted by
eating fatty food, sweets and others.eating fatty food, sweets and others.
29. The main complaints under the disturbancesThe main complaints under the disturbances
of digestive organsof digestive organs
• Regurgitation – may take place in healthy childrenRegurgitation – may take place in healthy children
during quick eating, after drinking rich of gas beverages.during quick eating, after drinking rich of gas beverages.
It can be sour (during increased acid formation function),It can be sour (during increased acid formation function),
putrefactive (under congestion of the stomachputrefactive (under congestion of the stomach
contents).contents).
• Nausea. Often nausea takes place before vomiting.Nausea. Often nausea takes place before vomiting.
• Vomiting – (labor trauma, pylorospasm, pylorostenosis,Vomiting – (labor trauma, pylorospasm, pylorostenosis,
inborn intestinal disorders, intestinal infections, toxicosis,inborn intestinal disorders, intestinal infections, toxicosis,
traumas of the skull, ulcerative disease, gastritis,traumas of the skull, ulcerative disease, gastritis,
peritonitis). It is necessary to clarify the time of rising, theperitonitis). It is necessary to clarify the time of rising, the
rate, connection with the food eaten, presence and typerate, connection with the food eaten, presence and type
of added extra food, color, smell, sense of relief afterof added extra food, color, smell, sense of relief after
vomiting.vomiting.
30. The main complaints under the disturbancesThe main complaints under the disturbances
of digestive organsof digestive organs
Disturbed stool:Disturbed stool:
- diarrhea – during functional disturbances of digestion;- diarrhea – during functional disturbances of digestion;
- salmonellosis – liquid, frequent, marsh ‘slime’;- salmonellosis – liquid, frequent, marsh ‘slime’;
- dysentery – liquid, frequent, with mucus in the blood;- dysentery – liquid, frequent, with mucus in the blood;
- food toxic infections – liquid, frequent, dirty green color,- food toxic infections – liquid, frequent, dirty green color,
with mucus;with mucus;
- syndrome of malabsorption (mucoviscidosis- grey,- syndrome of malabsorption (mucoviscidosis- grey,
tenasious, steatorrhea; celiac disease-putrefactive,tenasious, steatorrhea; celiac disease-putrefactive,
polyfecalia);polyfecalia);
- during starvation in children with hypotrophy of I-II- during starvation in children with hypotrophy of I-II
degree – ‘hungry’ stool – small portions with admixturesdegree – ‘hungry’ stool – small portions with admixtures
of mucus.of mucus.
31. The main complaints during disturbances ofThe main complaints during disturbances of
digestive organsdigestive organs
Pain – it is necessary to reveal localization, spreading,Pain – it is necessary to reveal localization, spreading,
character, intensity, connection with taking food.character, intensity, connection with taking food.
Localization:Localization:
- in the mouth – stomatitis;- in the mouth – stomatitis;
- during swallowing – angina, peritonsillary abscess;- during swallowing – angina, peritonsillary abscess;
- during chewing – parotitis;- during chewing – parotitis;
- retrosternal – in disturbed esophagus;- retrosternal – in disturbed esophagus;
- in epigastric area - in disturbed stomach;- in epigastric area - in disturbed stomach;
- in pyloroduodenal zone – in disturbed duodenum;- in pyloroduodenal zone – in disturbed duodenum;
- there is early and late pain. Early pain arises during eating- there is early and late pain. Early pain arises during eating
or in 30 min after eating (gastritis). Late pain arises in 1,5-2hor in 30 min after eating (gastritis). Late pain arises in 1,5-2h
after taking food (gastroduodenitis, ulcerative disease).after taking food (gastroduodenitis, ulcerative disease).
There are also night and ‘hungry’ pains. In ulcerative diseaseThere are also night and ‘hungry’ pains. In ulcerative disease
of duodenum the pain has characteristic rhythm: hunger-of duodenum the pain has characteristic rhythm: hunger-
pain-relief after taking food.pain-relief after taking food.
32. Pain in the abdomenPain in the abdomen
• In intestinal disturbances arises pain of different durationIn intestinal disturbances arises pain of different duration
and intensity without strict localization: in chronic enteritis,and intensity without strict localization: in chronic enteritis,
colitis, mucoviscidosis, it arises in 1-2h after taking food, itscolitis, mucoviscidosis, it arises in 1-2h after taking food, its
intensity increases in eating food products, which promoteintensity increases in eating food products, which promote
fermentation; after defecation the pain decreases, but infermentation; after defecation the pain decreases, but in
definite time it increases again.definite time it increases again.
• Pain in the right hypochondrium – dull pain (in diskinesia ofPain in the right hypochondrium – dull pain (in diskinesia of
bile ducts of hypotonic type in chronicbile ducts of hypotonic type in chronic
cholecystocholangitis); acute sudden burning pain (incholecystocholangitis); acute sudden burning pain (in
diskinesia of bile ducts of hyperkinetic type). Pain irradiatesdiskinesia of bile ducts of hyperkinetic type). Pain irradiates
to the right shoulder and to the right shoulder blade.to the right shoulder and to the right shoulder blade.
• Encircling pains (in pancreatitis), increase after taking ofEncircling pains (in pancreatitis), increase after taking of
extra large amount of food or over-indulgence in fatty, fried,extra large amount of food or over-indulgence in fatty, fried,
strong food.strong food.
• In the right lower abdomen – acute appendicitis,In the right lower abdomen – acute appendicitis,
helminthiasis, mesadenitis.helminthiasis, mesadenitis.
33. Attention !Attention !
In early age children pains in the abdomenIn early age children pains in the abdomen
can be connected with : meteorism;can be connected with : meteorism;
underfeeding or overfeeding; inadequateunderfeeding or overfeeding; inadequate
milk mixture, gastroenterocolitis;milk mixture, gastroenterocolitis;
invagination, appendicitis, peritonitis;invagination, appendicitis, peritonitis;
pathology of urinary pathways.pathology of urinary pathways.
34. The main complaints under disturbances ofThe main complaints under disturbances of
digestive organsdigestive organs
Bleeding:Bleeding:
- from the esophagus – (varicose veins of- from the esophagus – (varicose veins of
the esophagus under cirrhosis of the liver) -the esophagus under cirrhosis of the liver) -
bloody discharges from oral cavity;bloody discharges from oral cavity;
• from the stomach – (ulcer of the stomach,from the stomach – (ulcer of the stomach,
erosive gastroduodenitis, polyps) – vomiting witherosive gastroduodenitis, polyps) – vomiting with
coffee thick, tarry stools –melena;coffee thick, tarry stools –melena;
• from the large intestine – blood is on the surfacefrom the large intestine – blood is on the surface
of excrements (disturbed rectum), the bloodof excrements (disturbed rectum), the blood
mixed with defecation mass (disturbed sigmoidmixed with defecation mass (disturbed sigmoid
gut or descending portion of the colon).gut or descending portion of the colon).
35. The main complaints under disturbances ofThe main complaints under disturbances of
digestive organsdigestive organs
• Itching – cirrhosis of the liver, chronic or acute hepatitis,Itching – cirrhosis of the liver, chronic or acute hepatitis,
food allergy;food allergy;
• Jaundice – in pathology of hepatobiliary system (jaundiceJaundice – in pathology of hepatobiliary system (jaundice
of newborns, hepatitis, pressing of the general bile ductof newborns, hepatitis, pressing of the general bile duct
by the enlarged head of the pancreas);by the enlarged head of the pancreas);
• Enlargement of the abdomen – in ascites, inEnlargement of the abdomen – in ascites, in
hepatosplenomegaly;hepatosplenomegaly;
• General intoxication – increased fatigue, irritability,General intoxication – increased fatigue, irritability,
headaches;headaches;
• Loss of body weight – more frequently is accompaniedLoss of body weight – more frequently is accompanied
with diseases of the small intestine, infectious diseaseswith diseases of the small intestine, infectious diseases
with the loss of water.with the loss of water.
36. The main clinico-laboratory syndromesThe main clinico-laboratory syndromes
1.1. Abdominal syndrome, syndrome of acuteAbdominal syndrome, syndrome of acute
abdomen.abdomen.
Causes: appendicitis, biliary colics, cholesistitis,Causes: appendicitis, biliary colics, cholesistitis,
diverticulitis, ileum, ulcer disease, renal colic,diverticulitis, ileum, ulcer disease, renal colic,
pyelonephritis, pneumonia.pyelonephritis, pneumonia.
The leading symptom – pain, accompanied withThe leading symptom – pain, accompanied with
shock, vomiting, delay of defecation, gases, seldomshock, vomiting, delay of defecation, gases, seldom
-diarrhea. Characteristic is the position of the-diarrhea. Characteristic is the position of the
patient: he is poorly movable, the legs are attachedpatient: he is poorly movable, the legs are attached
to the abdomen. The picture of intoxication is wellto the abdomen. The picture of intoxication is well
expressed. Positive symptom is irritation ofexpressed. Positive symptom is irritation of
peritoneum.peritoneum.
37. The main clinico-laboratory syndromesThe main clinico-laboratory syndromes
2. Syndrome of jaundice.2. Syndrome of jaundice.
- Develops as a result of accumulation in the blood extra- Develops as a result of accumulation in the blood extra
amount of bilirubin. Is expressed as yellow color of theamount of bilirubin. Is expressed as yellow color of the
skin, mucous membranes, sclera. There are threeskin, mucous membranes, sclera. There are three
types of jaundice:types of jaundice:
- over hepatic (hemolytic)- (caused by production of- over hepatic (hemolytic)- (caused by production of
extra amount of bilirubin with increase of indirectextra amount of bilirubin with increase of indirect
bilirubin);bilirubin);
- hepatic (parenchymatose) jaundice caused by- hepatic (parenchymatose) jaundice caused by
violation of catching, connecting and discharge ofviolation of catching, connecting and discharge of
bilirubin (hepatitis, cirrhosis);bilirubin (hepatitis, cirrhosis);
- subhepatic (mechanical) jaundice – caused by- subhepatic (mechanical) jaundice – caused by
violation of outflow of bile caused by occlusion of bileviolation of outflow of bile caused by occlusion of bile
ducts with tumors, helminths, gallstones).ducts with tumors, helminths, gallstones).
38. The main clinico-laboratory syndromesThe main clinico-laboratory syndromes
3. Syndrome of portal hypertension – increasing blood3. Syndrome of portal hypertension – increasing blood
pressure in the system of portal vein.pressure in the system of portal vein.
• Clinically: development of collateral blood circulationClinically: development of collateral blood circulation
(jelly fish’s head, varicosis of veins of esophagus and(jelly fish’s head, varicosis of veins of esophagus and
hemorrhoidal veins develop), bleeding from varicosehemorrhoidal veins develop), bleeding from varicose
veins, ascites, splenomegaly, dyspeptic signs, gettingveins, ascites, splenomegaly, dyspeptic signs, getting
thin.thin.
4. Hepatolienal syndrome.4. Hepatolienal syndrome.
- Causes: acute and chronic disturbances of the liver,- Causes: acute and chronic disturbances of the liver,
congenital and acquired defects of the portal systemcongenital and acquired defects of the portal system
vessels, systemic diseases of the blood, chronicvessels, systemic diseases of the blood, chronic
infections, diseases of cardiovascular system.infections, diseases of cardiovascular system.
39.
40. The main clinico-laboratory syndromesThe main clinico-laboratory syndromes
5. Syndrome of hepatic insufficiency (HI).5. Syndrome of hepatic insufficiency (HI).
- Complexes of metabolic disturbances with violation of- Complexes of metabolic disturbances with violation of
the brain. There are acute and chronic forms of hepaticthe brain. There are acute and chronic forms of hepatic
insufficiency.insufficiency.
- Acute form develops as a result of massive necrosis of- Acute form develops as a result of massive necrosis of
hepatic cells (viral hepatitis, medicines, toxichepatic cells (viral hepatitis, medicines, toxic
substances).substances).
- Chronic HI – syndrome, characteristic of hepatic- Chronic HI – syndrome, characteristic of hepatic
cirrhosis. In chronic HI develops hepatic encephalopathycirrhosis. In chronic HI develops hepatic encephalopathy
– metabolic disturbances of the brain, which cause– metabolic disturbances of the brain, which cause
neuropsychic syndrome, curable in the initial stage andneuropsychic syndrome, curable in the initial stage and
incurable in the final stage.incurable in the final stage.
41. The main clinico-laboratoryThe main clinico-laboratory
syndromessyndromes
6.Syndrome of intestinal insufficiency includes:6.Syndrome of intestinal insufficiency includes:
- Violations of the processes of hydrolysis of food- Violations of the processes of hydrolysis of food
substrates (maldigestion).substrates (maldigestion).
- Violation of absorption (malabsorption).- Violation of absorption (malabsorption).
- Combination of violations of hydrolysis and absorption- Combination of violations of hydrolysis and absorption
(syndrome of malassimilation).(syndrome of malassimilation).
The main clinical manifestations: dyspeptic disturbancesThe main clinical manifestations: dyspeptic disturbances
(regurgitation, vomiting, meteorism), diarrhea,(regurgitation, vomiting, meteorism), diarrhea,
pathological admixtures in the stool, hypotrophy,pathological admixtures in the stool, hypotrophy,
intoxication, the volume of the abdomen is enlarged.intoxication, the volume of the abdomen is enlarged.
- In clinical practice the leading is malabsorption- In clinical practice the leading is malabsorption
syndrome.syndrome.
42. The main clinico-laboratoryThe main clinico-laboratory
syndromessyndromes
7.7. Syndrome of acute gastroenterocolitis.Syndrome of acute gastroenterocolitis.
- Reason – infection (coli-infecton, salmonellosis,- Reason – infection (coli-infecton, salmonellosis,
dysentery, food toxico-infection), less frequently –dysentery, food toxico-infection), less frequently –
alimentary disturbances.alimentary disturbances.
- Clinical manifestations: vomiting, diarrhea, toxico-- Clinical manifestations: vomiting, diarrhea, toxico-
excicosis, decrease of body mass, dryness of the skinexcicosis, decrease of body mass, dryness of the skin
and mucous membranes, retraction of the colon.and mucous membranes, retraction of the colon.
- Under gastric disturbance - vomiting, pains in epigastric- Under gastric disturbance - vomiting, pains in epigastric
area, under enteritis – toxicosis, dehydratation,area, under enteritis – toxicosis, dehydratation,
diarrhea, colitis, diarrhea without signs of toxicosis anddiarrhea, colitis, diarrhea without signs of toxicosis and
dehydraton, the stool is liquid with admixtures ofdehydraton, the stool is liquid with admixtures of
mucus and streaks of blood.mucus and streaks of blood.
43. The main clinico-laboratoryThe main clinico-laboratory
syndromessyndromes
8. Astheno-vegetative syndrome.8. Astheno-vegetative syndrome.
- Sluggishness, fatigue, depressed mood, violation of- Sluggishness, fatigue, depressed mood, violation of
concentration of attention, sleep, headache, inadequateconcentration of attention, sleep, headache, inadequate
behaviour.behaviour.
9. Congenital failure of development (pylorostenosis) –9. Congenital failure of development (pylorostenosis) –
congenital thickening of muscular layer of pyloric portioncongenital thickening of muscular layer of pyloric portion
of the stomach.of the stomach.
- ‘fountain’ vomiting with large amount of vomit masses;- ‘fountain’ vomiting with large amount of vomit masses;
- dyspeptic ‘hungry’ stool;- dyspeptic ‘hungry’ stool;
- decrease of the number of urinations;- decrease of the number of urinations;
- syndromes of dehydration, ‘sandy clock’;- syndromes of dehydration, ‘sandy clock’;
- decrease of body mass (less than after birth).- decrease of body mass (less than after birth).