This document provides an overview of basics of haematology. It discusses the properties, functions and components of blood including erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets. It also describes haemopoiesis, blood grouping systems, blood indices, anaemia, blood coagulation factors, and common blood disorders. Key topics covered include the ABO and Rh blood grouping systems, haemostasis, coagulation testing, and haematopoiesis in the bone marrow and fetal liver.
Physicians working in the field of hematology are called hematologists. Initially, hematologists complete a four-year medical degree and this is followed by three or four years in an internship or residency program. Thereafter, they spend two or three more years learning how to diagnose and treat blood disorders.
This Presentation for technologist, to learned the basic Hematology cell morphology of RBC, WBC & Platelet count. It will be very useful for technical personnel.
Physicians working in the field of hematology are called hematologists. Initially, hematologists complete a four-year medical degree and this is followed by three or four years in an internship or residency program. Thereafter, they spend two or three more years learning how to diagnose and treat blood disorders.
This Presentation for technologist, to learned the basic Hematology cell morphology of RBC, WBC & Platelet count. It will be very useful for technical personnel.
1 GNM - Anatomy unit - 3 - blood by thirumurugan.pptxthiru murugan
By:M. Thiru murugan
Unit – III:
Composition and formation of blood
Functions of blood
Blood clotting, blood grouping and cross matching
Blood products and their use
Blood
It is a connective tissue and circulating fluid including plasma and blood cells.
Physical characteristics:
More viscous than water.
100.4 degree F temperature.
8% of total body weight.
Average blood volume in males is 5-6 liters and female 4-5 liters
Composition of blood
Blood is made up of two main components.
Plasma (55%)
Blood cells (45%)
Plasma:
Normally 55% of our blood is made up of plasma
Composed of approximately 90% water.
plasma is the liquid portion of the blood.
Composition of blood
Plasma can be divided into 6 components:
Inorganic ions or Mineral ion.
The plasma proteins
Organic nutrients
Nitrogenous waste products
Hormones
Gases
Composition of blood
Blood cells 3 types of blood cells are
Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
White blood cells (leucocytes)
Platelets (thrombocytes)
Red blood cells:
Also called erythrocytes & Biconcave shape
95% of the RBC consist of haemoglobin(red pigment)
Remaining 5% consist of enzymes, salts and other protein
Formed in red bone marrow
Average life span is 4 months (120 days)
Composition of blood
Function:
To transport oxygen & carbon dioxide.
Blood of male contains 5-5.5 million RBC per cubic millimetres.
Blood of female contains 4-4.5 million RBC per cubic millimetres
2) White blood cells: Also called as leucocytes
They are colourless & Much larger than red blood cells
One cubic millimetres of blood contains 7000 to 8000 WBC
Formed in bone marrow
Their life span depends on the body need so they have life span of months or even years
Composition of blood:
Types of WBC:
Granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils.
Agranulocytes: monocytes and lymphocytes.
Main function:
These are the cells of the immune system that are involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders.
Composition of blood:
3) platelets: also called Thrombocytes.
Normal platelet count is 150,000-400,000/ drop of blood
Platelets have a life span of only 5 to 9 days
Platelets are formed in Bone marrow
Function:
Involving in blood coagulation (blood clotting)
Blood Formation
Hemopoiesis ( haematopoiesis) or hemopoiesis, is the process that produces the formed elements of the blood.
Hemopoiesis takes place in the bone marrow found in the epiphyses of long bones (for example, the humerus and femur), flat bones (ribs and cranial bones), vertebrae, and the pelvis.
Within the bone marrow, hemopoietic stem cells ( hemocytoblasts) divide to produce various “blast” cells.
Each of these cells matures and becomes a particular blood cells.
The rate of blood cell formation depending on the individual
But - average 200 billion RBC per day, 10 billion WBC per day, and 400 billion platelets per day
Blood Formation
Blood cells are made in the bone marrow & located inside some bones.
It contains young p
Blood & Tissue definition, Blood component, Blood cell- types, Formation, Diseases related to it, Urine normal & abnormal Component, Various pathological condition like hematuria, glycosuria, albinonurea, etc.
Body fluids and blood
Body fluids, composition and functions of blood, hemopoeisis, formation of
hemoglobin, anemia, mechanisms of coagulation, blood grouping, Rh factors,
transfusion, its significance and disorders of blood, Reticulo endothelial system.
Blood is very imrotant part of our body.It play improtant role in our human body circulation.here In this presentation various point of blood elaborated.very interesting slide....
The cellular components of blood are erythrocytes (red blood cells, or RBCs), leukocytes (white blood cells, or WBCs), and thrombocytes (platelets). By volume, the RBCs constitute about 45% of whole blood, the plasma about 54.3%, and white blood cells about 0.7%. Platelets make up less than 1%.
Blood its functions composition and Haemopoiesis.pptxBYeshwantRao
Blood is a vital fluid connective tissue in the body.
It delivers oxygen and nutrients to the organs and tissues while removing waste products.
Study of blood is called HAEMATOLOGY.
Blood makes up about 7% of the total body weight of an adult, with an average volume of about 5 liters in males and 4.5 liters in females.
Blood is constantly replenished through a process called Haematopoiesis, which occurs in the bone marrow.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and IndigestionSwastikAyurveda
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Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
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The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
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Basics of Haematology
1. Basics of Haematology
Presented by:
Rayaz Ahmad Bhat
Student:
M.Pharm Pharmacy PracticeM.Pharm Pharmacy Practice
National Institute Of Pharmaceutical Education And
Research,Guwahati, Assam
Mentor Institute: National Institute Of Biologicals , Noida , Delhi
Mentor:
Dr. Akanksha Bisht
Officer Incharge – HvPI & Scientist Grade-III
2. Flow Of Presentation
• Properties and
Functions
• Components
• Blood Indices
Blood: Introduction
• Erythropoiesis
• Leukopoiesis
• Thrombopoiesis
Haematopoiesis
Blood Grouping Systems
Blood Products: Storage , Shelf-life
3. Blood
Blood is a connective tissue in fluid form.
Blood is considered as:
fluid of life
fluid of growth
fluid of health
4. Properties
Color: Blood is red in color.
o Arterial blood is scarle red
o Venous blood is purple red
o Reaction and pH: Blood is slightly alkaline and its pH
in normal conditions is 7.4.
o Specific gravity:
o Specific gravity of total blood : 1.052 to 1.061o Specific gravity of total blood : 1.052 to 1.061
o Specific gravity blood cells : 1.092 to 1.101
o Specific gravity of plasma : 1.022 to 1.026
o Volume:
o Normal adult male: 5 L
o Normal adult female: 4.5 L
o New born baby: 450 ml
o Viscosity: Blood is five times more viscous than water
5. Functions
o Nutritive function
o Respiratory function
o Excretory function
o Transport of enzymes and hormoneso Transport of enzymes and hormones
o Regulation of water balance
o Regulation of Acid-Base balance
o Regulation of body temperature
o Storage function
o Defensive function
6. Composition
Blood consists of two major components:
Plasma: Liquid portion
1. Water
2. Organic substances
3. Inorganic substances3. Inorganic substances
4. Gases
Formed Elements:
1. Red Blood Cells or erythrocytes
2. White Blood Cells or leukocytes
3. Platelets or thrombocytes.
9. • Normal values:
• Normal values of the plasma proteins are:
• Total proteins : 7.3 g/dL (6.4 to 8.3 g/dL)
• Serum albumin : 4.7 g/dL
• Serum globulin : 2.3 g/dL
• Fibrinogen : 0.3 g/dL• Fibrinogen : 0.3 g/dL
• Albumin/Globulin ratio:
• Ratio between plasma level of albumin and globulin is
called albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio.
• It is an important indicator of some diseases involving
liver or kidney.
• Normal A/G ratio is 2 : 1
10. Properties of Plasma Proteins
• Molecular weight
• Albumin : 69,000
• Globulin : 1,56,000
• Fibrinogen : 4,00,000
• Thus, the molecular weight of fibrinogen is greater
than that of other two proteins.than that of other two proteins.
• Oncotic pressure
• Normally, it is about 25 mm Hg . Albumin plays a
major role in exerting oncotic pressure.
• Specific gravity: 1.026
• Buffer action: 1/6th total buffering action of blood
11. Function of Plasma Proteins
o Role in coagulation of blood
o Role in defense mechanism of body
o Role in transport mechanism
o Role in maintenance of osmotic pressure in
blood
o Role in regulation of acid-base balanceo Role in regulation of acid-base balance
o Role in viscosity of blood
o Role in erythrocyte sedimentation rate
o Role in suspension stability of red blood
cells
o Role in production of trephone substances
o Role as reserve proteins
12. Red Blood Cells
(Erythrocytes)
Red blood cells (RBCs) are the non-nucleated,
disc shaped, biconcave formed elements in blood.
Normal Value: 4 to 5.5 milliom/mm3 blood.
13. Properties of RBC’s
• Rouleaux formation
• Specific gravity of RBC is 1.092 to 1.101
• Packed Cell Volume
• Suspension Stability
14. Life Span of RBC’s
Average lifespan of RBC is about 120 days. After
the lifetime the senile (old) RBCs are destroyed in
reticuloendothelial system.
Fate of RBC’sFate of RBC’s
When the cells become older (120 days), the cell
membrane becomes more fragile.
The destruction occurs mainly in the capillaries of red
pulp of spleen .So, the spleen is called ‘graveyard of
RBCs’.
16. Function of RBC’s
• Transport of Oxygen from the Lungs to the
tissues
• Transport of Carbon Dioxide from the tissues to• Transport of Carbon Dioxide from the tissues to
the Lungs
• Buffering Action in Blood
• In Blood Group Determination
18. Variations in size
• Microcytes
• Microcytes are present in:
• i. Iron-deficiency anaemia
• ii. Prolonged forced breathing
• iii. Increased osmotic pressure in blood.• iii. Increased osmotic pressure in blood.
• Macrocytes
• Macrocytes are present in:
• i. Megaloblastic anaemia
• ii. Decreased osmotic pressure in blood
• Anisocytes
• Anisocytes occurs in pernicious anemia
19. Variation in shape
Shape of RBCs is altered in many conditions
including different types of anemia.
• 1. Crenation• 1. Crenation
• 2. Spherocytosis
• 3. Elliptocytosis
• 4. Sickle cell
• 5. Poikilocytosis
20. Packed Cell Volume
• Normal PCV:
• In males = 40% to 45%
• In females = 38% to 42%
• PCV increases in:
• 1. Polycythemia
• 2. Dehydration• 2. Dehydration
• 3. Dengue shock syndrome: Dengue fever (tropical
disease caused by flavivirus transmitted by mosquito
Aedes aegypti) of grade III or IV severity
• PCV decreases in:
• 1. Anaemia
• 2. Cirrhosis of liver
• 3. Pregnancy
• 4. Haemorrhage due to ectopic pregnancy.
21. Significance of PCV
• Determination of PCV helps in:
• 1. Diagnosis and treatment of anemia
• 2. Diagnosis and treatment of polycythemia• 2. Diagnosis and treatment of polycythemia
• 3. Determination of extent of dehydration and
recovery from dehydration after treatment
• 4. Decision of blood transfusion
22. Blood Indices
• Blood indices are the calculations derived from RBC
count, haemoglobin content of blood and PCV. Blood
indices help in diagnosis of the type of anaemia.
• Blood indices include:
• 1. Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) .Normal MCV is 90
cu μ (78 to 90 cu μ).cu μ (78 to 90 cu μ).
• 2. Mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) . Normal
value of MCH is 30 pg (27 to 32 pg).
• 3. Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration
(MCHC) . Normal value of MCHC is 30% (30% to 38%).
• 4. Colour Index : Normal colour index is 1.0 (0.8 to
1.2).
23. Anaemia
• Anaemia is the blood disorder, characterized by the
reduction in:
• 1. Red blood cell (RBC) count
• 2. Haemoglobin content
• 3. Packed cell volume (PVC).3. Packed cell volume (PVC).
• Classification of Anemia
• Anaemia is classified by two methods:
• 1. Morphological classification
• 2. Etiological classification
26. White Blood Cells
(Leukocytes)
• White blood cells (WBCs) or leukocytes are
the colorless and nucleated formed elements
of blood (leuko is derived from Greek word
leukos = white).
• Compared to RBCs, the WBCs are larger in size
and lesser in number with shorter life span.
• Two Classes:
– Granulocytes
– Agranulocytes
29. Size, Lifespan and Normal Values
Total WBC Count: 4000-11000/mm3 of Blood
Diameter and lifespan of WBCs
Differential WBC count
30. Properties of WBC’s
• Diapedesis
• Ameboid Movement• Ameboid Movement
• Chemotaxis
• Phagocytosis
31. Functions of WBC’s
• NEUTROPHILS
• Neutrophils play an important role in the defense mechanism of the
body
• EOSINOPHILS
• Eosinophils play an important role in the defense mechanism of the
body against the parasites.
• BASOPHILS
• Basophils play an important role in healing processes. So their number
increases during healing process.
• MONOCYTES
• Monocytes are the largest cells among the leukocytes.
• Like neutrophils, monocytes also are motile and
phagocytic in nature. These cells wander freely through all tissues of
the body
• LYMPHOCYTES
• Lymphocytes play an important role in immunity
33. Platelets
(Thrombocytes)
• Platelets are small colorless, non-nucleated and
moderately refractive bodies of variable shapes.
• Normal platelet count is 2,50,000/cu mm of
blood. It ranges between 2,00,000 and
4,00,000/cu mm of blood.4,00,000/cu mm of blood.
34. Properties and Functions
• Properties of Platelets
• Platelets have three important properties (three ‘A’s):
• 1. Adhesiveness
• 2. Aggregation
• 3. Agglutination• 3. Agglutination
• Functions:
• Role in blood clotting
• Role in clot retraction
• Role in prevention of
• Role in blood loss (hemostasis)
• Role in repair of ruptured blood vessel
• Role in defense mechanism
A. Inactive platelets. B. Activated platelets
37. Blood Coagulation
Clotting Factors
13 Clotting factors
Factor I - Fibrinogen
Factor II - Prothrombin
Factor III - Thromboplastin
(Tissue factor)
Factor IV - Calcium
Factor V - Labile factor
(Factor VI - Presence has not
been proved
Factor VII - Stable factorFactor VII - Stable factor
Factor VIII -Antihemophilic
factor
Factor IX - Christmas factor
Factor X -
Stuart-Prower factor
Factor XI- Plasma
thromboplastin antecedent
Factor XII - Hageman factor
(Contact factor)
Factor XIII - Fibrin-stabilizing
factor (Fibrinase).
38. Anticoagulants
Substances which prevent or postpone coagulation of
blood are called anticoagulants.
Anticoagulants are of three types:
1. Anticoagulants used to prevent blood clotting inside1. Anticoagulants used to prevent blood clotting inside
the body, i.e. in vivo.
2. Anticoagulants used to prevent clotting of blood that
is collected from the body, i.e. in vitro.
3. Anticoagulants used to prevent blood clotting both in
vivo and in vitro.
39. Heparin
• Heparin is a naturally produced anticoagulant in the
body.
• Heparin is a conjugated polysaccharide
• Commercial preparation is available in liquid form or dry
form as sodium, calcium, ammonium or lithium salts.
• Heparin is used as an anticoagulant both in vivo and in
vitro.
• Expensive
41. • Coumarin Derivatives
• Warfarin and dicoumoral are the derivatives of coumarin
• EDTA
• Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is a strong anticoagulant. It is available
in two forms:
• i. Disodium salt (Na2 EDTA).
• ii. Tripotassium salt (K3 EDTA
• OXALATE COMPOUNDS• OXALATE COMPOUNDS
– Oxalate compounds prevent coagulation by forming calcium oxalate, which is
precipitated later.
• CITRATES
– Sodium, ammonium and potassium citrates are used as anticoagulants.
– Citrates are used to store blood in the blood bank as:
– a. Acid citrate dextrose (ACD): 1 part of ACD with 4 parts of blood
– b. Citrate phosphate dextrose (CPD): 1 part of CPD with 4 parts of blood
43. Bleeding Disorders
• Bleeding disorders are the conditions
characterized by prolonged bleeding time or
clotting time.
• Bleeding disorders are of three types:
• 1. Hemophilia.
• 2. Purpura.
• 3. von Willebrand disease
44. Haemopoiesis
• After birth and throughout life haemopoiesis
takes place in the bone marrow.
• Fetal haemopoiesis occurs mainly in liver and
spleen in the early stages.
• The haemopoietic stem cell is the pluripotent• The haemopoietic stem cell is the pluripotent
progenitor cell from which the cells of blood and
lymphoid systems are ultimately derived.
• The HSC’s are capable of self-renewal as well
as proliferation and differentiation.
• Their proper function depends on haemopoietic
niche.
47. Blood Grouping
Discovery of blood groups by the Austrian Scientist
Karl Landsteiner, in 1901. He was honoredKarl Landsteiner, in 1901. He was honored
with Nobel Prize in 1930 for this discove
Landsteiner Law
48. Blood Grouping Systems
• At present, 36 blood group systems are listed by the
International Society of Blood Transfusion.
• Among these Systems ABO and Rh systems are
most important in transfusion and transplantation .most important in transfusion and transplantation .
• According to this system, we have
52. Rh System
• Rh factor is an antigen present in RBC’s
discovered by Landsteiner and Wiener in
Rhesus monkey.
• Many Rh antigens, D more antigenic in humans.
• Among Indian population, 85% of people are Rh
positive and 15% are Rh negative. Percentage
of Rh positive people is more among black
people.
55. Other Blood Groups
• Lewis group
• MNS group
• Auberger groups
• Diego group• Diego group
• Bombay group
• Duffy group
• Lutheran group
56. Blood Components
Cellular components
• Red cell concentrate
• Leucocytes-reduced red
cells
• Platelet concentrates
Plasma Components
• Fresh frozen plasma
• Single donor plasma
• Cryoprecipitate
• Cryo-poor plasma
• Platelet concentrates
• Leucocytes-reduced
platelet concentrates
• Platelet Apheresis
• Granulocytes, Apheresis
Plasma derivatives
• Albumin 5% & 25%
• Plasma protein fractions
• Factor viii concentrate
• Immunoglobulin
• Fibrinogen
• Other coagulation factors
57. Blood components and Products
• Rule 122-EA, Part X-B, D&C Rules 1945 Item
‘e’
“ BloodComponent” means a drug prepared,
obtained, derived or seperated from a unit of
blood drawn from a donar.blood drawn from a donar.
• Rule 122-EA, Part X-B , D&C Rules,1945, Item
‘f’
“Blood product” means a drug manufactured or
obtained from pooled plasma of blood by
fractionation, drawn from donors.
58. Categories Of Blood Components
• Part XII-B ,Section III, Rule E of D&C Rules,1945
• Concentrated Human Red Blood Corpuscles
• Platelet Concentrates• Platelet Concentrates
• Granulocyte Concentrates
• Fresh Frozen Plasma
• Cryoprecipitate
59. Indications
• Anaemia
• Major surgical operations
• Accidents
• Cancer patients• Cancer patients
• Women's in child birth in some cases
• Patients of hereditary diseases like Haemophilia,
Thalassaemia, Sickle cell disease
• Severe burn victims
60. Legal Framework
• Conditions for Donor-D&C Rules 1945,Part XII-
B, Rule-H
• Anticoagulants- Rule I, 4 (b)• Anticoagulants- Rule I, 4 (b)
CPDA 14ml for 100ml of blood
ACD 15ml for 100 ml of blood
• Additives used: Rule I , item 4b-iii– SAGM,
ADSOL, NUTRICEL
61. Whole Human Blood
• 122-EA, c, D&C Rules 1945
Means Blood + Anticoagulant
Storage Conditions :
Volume Storage Shelf-lifeVolume Storage Shelf-life
45o ml blood + 63 ml
CPD
2-6 oC 42 Days unopened
359 ml blood + 49 ml
CPD
2-6 oC 42 Days unopened
45o ml blood + 63 ml
CPDA-1
2-6 oC 35 Days unopened
359 ml blood + 49 ml
CPDA-1
2-6 oC 35 days unopened
62. • Indications
Red Cell replacement in acute blood loss
Exchange transfusion
Note: Transfusion should be started within
30 minutes after blood is taken out of
storage.
63. Platelet Concentrates
• Storage:
20- 24 o C for 5 days
Indications:Indications:
Bleeding Disorders due to
• Thrombocytopenia
• Platelet function defects
64. • Granulocyte Concentrate
Storage:
20 – 24 o C for 24 hours
Indications:Indications:
• Chronic Granulomatous Disease(Congenital
Neutrophil defects)
• Chemotherapy induced Neutropenia
• Treatment of infection
• Infection prophylaxis
• Aplastic Anaemia
• Neonatal Sepsis
65. Plasma Components
• Fresh Frozen Plasma:
– Plasma frozen within 6 hours of being collected,
containing all coagulations factors.
Storage:
Minus 30 o CMinus 30 o C
Shelf-life : 1 year
Indications:
Multiple coagulation factor deficiencies
Liver diseases
Warfarin overdose
66. Cryoprecipitate
• Concentrate of plasma rich in anti-
haemophilliac factor and fibrinogen ,
prepared by thawing of FFP.
• Storage: Minus 30 o C• Storage: Minus 30 o C
• Shelf-life: 1 year
• Indications:
– Inherited deficiency of factor Viii
– Haemophilia
67. Mandatory screening tests for donated
blood
• ELISA for HIV I & II
• Test for Hepatitis B surface antigen
• ELISA for Hepatitis C Antibody
• Test for Malarial parasite
• VDRL/RPR for Syphills
68. References
K Sembulinga, Prema Sembulingam;Essentials
of Medical Physiology; Section 2;Body
Fluids;Page:51-139
The Drugs and Cosmetics Rules,1945 as
amended by The Drugs and Cosmetics ( Second
The Drugs and Cosmetics Rules,1945 as
amended by The Drugs and Cosmetics ( Second
Amendment)Rules,2016 (23 0f 1940)
UpToDate.com: Granulocyte transfusions
Intenational Society of Blood Transfusions web
Hemogenomics blog: Hemogenomics.com