This document provides an overview of blood and blood transfusions. It discusses the properties and functions of blood, the components of blood including plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. It describes how blood cells are produced in the bone marrow. The document also discusses blood typing and compatibility, the history of blood transfusions, the purposes and types of transfusions, and considerations around transfusion responsibilities and reactions.
This PPT is basically based on the topic - Blood transfusion in Bailey & Love and mainly very useful for Final MBBS students.during their course as well as their in clinical practice.
This PPT is basically based on the topic - Blood transfusion in Bailey & Love and mainly very useful for Final MBBS students.during their course as well as their in clinical practice.
Blood transfusion - components , procedure , pre transfusion testing and comp...prasanna lakshmi sangineni
blod transfusion- introduction , procedure , pre transfusion tests , complications , characteristics of components and components usually used like packed red cells, FFP, platelet rich plasma, cryoprecipitate, albumin and other plasma derivatives
Autologous Blood Transfusion (ABT) means reinfusion of blood or blood products taken from the same patient
ABT is not a new concept, fear of transfusion- transmitted diseases stimulated the growth of autologous programme
blood transfusion is a life saving procedure. so role of nurse here while transfused the blood in the ward is important. in this slide role of nurse is given here. if you like kindly give your comment and share it to others. follow my account to know more.
Blood transfusion - components , procedure , pre transfusion testing and comp...prasanna lakshmi sangineni
blod transfusion- introduction , procedure , pre transfusion tests , complications , characteristics of components and components usually used like packed red cells, FFP, platelet rich plasma, cryoprecipitate, albumin and other plasma derivatives
Autologous Blood Transfusion (ABT) means reinfusion of blood or blood products taken from the same patient
ABT is not a new concept, fear of transfusion- transmitted diseases stimulated the growth of autologous programme
blood transfusion is a life saving procedure. so role of nurse here while transfused the blood in the ward is important. in this slide role of nurse is given here. if you like kindly give your comment and share it to others. follow my account to know more.
This presentation explains Physiology of blood, Variations in blood cells-Oral manifestations and Clinical importance, Blood groups and Transfusion of blood
The cellular components of blood are erythrocytes (red blood cells, or RBCs), leukocytes (white blood cells, or WBCs), and thrombocytes (platelets). By volume, the RBCs constitute about 45% of whole blood, the plasma about 54.3%, and white blood cells about 0.7%. Platelets make up less than 1%.
Karl Landsteiner (June 14, 1868 – June 26, 1943).
Austrian biologist, physician, and immunologist.
Father of Transfusion Medicine .
In 1900 ,Karl Landsteiner found out that the blood of two people under contact agglutinates.
In 1901 ,he found that this effect was due to contact of blood with blood serum.
As a result, he succeeded in identifying the three blood group A,B,and O, which he labelled as C, of human blood.
Landsteiner also found out that blood transfusion between persons with the same blood group did not lead to the destruction of blood cells, whereas this occurred between persons of different blood groups
1 GNM - Anatomy unit - 3 - blood by thirumurugan.pptxthiru murugan
By:M. Thiru murugan
Unit – III:
Composition and formation of blood
Functions of blood
Blood clotting, blood grouping and cross matching
Blood products and their use
Blood
It is a connective tissue and circulating fluid including plasma and blood cells.
Physical characteristics:
More viscous than water.
100.4 degree F temperature.
8% of total body weight.
Average blood volume in males is 5-6 liters and female 4-5 liters
Composition of blood
Blood is made up of two main components.
Plasma (55%)
Blood cells (45%)
Plasma:
Normally 55% of our blood is made up of plasma
Composed of approximately 90% water.
plasma is the liquid portion of the blood.
Composition of blood
Plasma can be divided into 6 components:
Inorganic ions or Mineral ion.
The plasma proteins
Organic nutrients
Nitrogenous waste products
Hormones
Gases
Composition of blood
Blood cells 3 types of blood cells are
Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
White blood cells (leucocytes)
Platelets (thrombocytes)
Red blood cells:
Also called erythrocytes & Biconcave shape
95% of the RBC consist of haemoglobin(red pigment)
Remaining 5% consist of enzymes, salts and other protein
Formed in red bone marrow
Average life span is 4 months (120 days)
Composition of blood
Function:
To transport oxygen & carbon dioxide.
Blood of male contains 5-5.5 million RBC per cubic millimetres.
Blood of female contains 4-4.5 million RBC per cubic millimetres
2) White blood cells: Also called as leucocytes
They are colourless & Much larger than red blood cells
One cubic millimetres of blood contains 7000 to 8000 WBC
Formed in bone marrow
Their life span depends on the body need so they have life span of months or even years
Composition of blood:
Types of WBC:
Granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils.
Agranulocytes: monocytes and lymphocytes.
Main function:
These are the cells of the immune system that are involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders.
Composition of blood:
3) platelets: also called Thrombocytes.
Normal platelet count is 150,000-400,000/ drop of blood
Platelets have a life span of only 5 to 9 days
Platelets are formed in Bone marrow
Function:
Involving in blood coagulation (blood clotting)
Blood Formation
Hemopoiesis ( haematopoiesis) or hemopoiesis, is the process that produces the formed elements of the blood.
Hemopoiesis takes place in the bone marrow found in the epiphyses of long bones (for example, the humerus and femur), flat bones (ribs and cranial bones), vertebrae, and the pelvis.
Within the bone marrow, hemopoietic stem cells ( hemocytoblasts) divide to produce various “blast” cells.
Each of these cells matures and becomes a particular blood cells.
The rate of blood cell formation depending on the individual
But - average 200 billion RBC per day, 10 billion WBC per day, and 400 billion platelets per day
Blood Formation
Blood cells are made in the bone marrow & located inside some bones.
It contains young p
This presentation gives you the knowledge about the body fluids, blood components, the process of blood clotting, blood grouping. It is helpful to determine the knowledge of human blood.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
3. OBJECTIVES
• Properties and functions of blood
• Plasma proteins
• Bone marrow
• Red blood cells
• White blood cells
• Platelets
blood and blood transfusions 3
4. • Blood is considered as river of life, fluid of life, fluid
of growth, fluid of health.
• Average human has 5 liters of blood i.e 8% of total
body weight.
• It is a transporting fluid.
• It carries vital substances to all parts of body.
4blood and blood transfusions
5. Properties Of Blood
• Color range
• Oxygen-rich blood is scarlet
red bright crimson
• Oxygen-poor blood is purple
red.
• Red color comes from the
several million red cells, present
in it
• pH must remain between 7.35–
7.45
• Temp 38 c or 100.4 F
5blood and blood transfusions
6. • Blood is 5 times more viscous
than water.
• Blood is a specialized type of
connective tissue in which living
blood cells, (formed elements),
are suspended in a non living fluid
matrix called plasma.
• Cellular Part (Formed
Elements)
• Non cellular part (Plasma)
6blood and blood transfusions
8. Functions of blood
Blood performs a number of functions.
• Distribution
• Regulation
• Protection
Distribution Functions
Nutritive Function:
Respiratory Function:
Excretory Function:
Transport Function:
8
blood and blood transfusions
9. Regulation Functions
• Maintainance Functions
• Buffering Functions
Protection Functions
• Preventing blood loss
• Defensive function
9blood and blood transfusions
10. PLASMA
• Plasma is the fluid portion of the blood. It constitutes about
5% of the body weight.
• If blood is allowed to clot, then a clear, straw colored fluid
oozes out. This is the serum .
• Serum is similar to plasma, except that serum does not
have clotting factors.
• SERUM = PLASMA - FIBRINOGEN
blood and blood transfusions 10
11. • It contain all the vital substances.
• These vital substances include digested
food, salts, hormones, enzymes,
substances essential for clotting of blood,
and antibodies , which are important for
defense.
blood and blood transfusions 11
13. Separation Of Plasma Proteins
• Precipitation method
• Salting out method
• Electrophoretic method
• cohn’s fractional precipitation method
• Ultracentrifugation method
• gel filtration chromatography
• Immunoelectrophoretic method
blood and blood transfusions 13
14. PROPERTIES
• Molecular weight Albumin- 69,000
globulin- 1,56,000
fibrinogen- 4,00,000
• Oncotic pressure- about 25 mm Hg
• Specific gravity- 1.026
• Buffer capacity- 1/6 of total buffering action
of blood
ORIGIN
• In embryo – synthesized by mesenchymal
cells.
• In adults – mainly from reticuloendothelial
cells of liver
blood and blood transfusions 14
15. Functions of plasma
• Helps in transport of substances in the
body
• Maintains colloid osmotic pressure of
blood
• Causes blood clotting because it contains
the fibrinogen and prothrombin
• Stores proteins for supply in needs
• Helps provides viscosity to blood
• Contains antibodies and antitoxins
15blood and blood transfusions
16. BONE MARROW
• The bone marrow is present in the bone cavities.
• It can be considered as one of the largest organs in the
body, and also one of the most active.
• In children, blood cells are produced in the marrow
cavities of all the bones.
• Gradually, it gets replaced by fat (yellow marrow).
• In the adult blood cells are produced in the bone marrow
of selected bones (e.g. backbone – vertebral column,
ribs, bones of the skull, etc.)
16blood and blood transfusions
18. Bones require their own blood supply which travels through the
periosteum to the inner bone marrow.
18blood and blood transfusions
19. RED BLOOD CELLS
• RBCs are also called
erythrocytes .
• They are tiny (7.5u in diameter,
2u thick) biconcave discs.
• They survive for about 120
days.
• RBCs are non nucleated
formed elements in the blood.
• The average normal RBC count
is –
• for men 5.4 million/uL
• for women 4.5 million/uL
19
20. 20blood and blood transfusions
Production of Erythrocytes: Erythropoiesis
21. • Hemoglobin is the most important
component of red blood cells.
• It is composed of a protein called
heme, which binds oxygen.
• In the lungs, oxygen is
exchanged for carbon dioxide.
• Abnormalities of an individuals
hemoglobin value can indicate
defects in red blood cell balance.
• Both low and high values can
indicate disease states.
21blood and blood transfusions
22. Formation of RBCs
• Takes place in the bone marrow.
• A feedback exists – if the RBC count
rises, further increases are inhibited.
• Low levels of oxygen in the
atmosphere stimulate the formation
of RBCs.
• This is an important part of the
body’s adjustment to high altitudes.
People living in the mountains
actually do have higher RBC counts
than usual.
• RBC formation is regulated by a
substance secreted by the kidneys.
22
24. • Destruction of RBCs
• About 5 X 10 11 RBCs are
destroyed everyday, in the liver
and spleen.
• Functions of RBCs
• Carriage of oxygen.
• Hemoglobin (Hb) – the red pigment
– acts as the vehicle for the
transport of oxygen from the lungs,
via the heart to the rest of the
body.
• Also carries CO2, though greater
amounts of CO2 are transported
dissolved in plasma.
• Average Hb level in normal men
16gdL and 14gdL in normal
women.
blood and blood transfusions 24
25. • Iron is essential for the synthesis of Hb.
• Hence after excessive bleeding iron supplements (tonics)
plus a diet rich in iron are necessary for more Hb to be
formed.
• Carriage of CO2 (less significant) – as described above,
most of the CO2 is dissolved in plasma.
• Presence of specific substances on their surface, which
are responsible for ‘typing’ blood into different groups.
blood and blood transfusions 25
27. Variations in number of RBCs
PHYSIOLOGIC VARIATIONS
• Increase
• Age
• Sex
• High altitude
• Muscular exercise
• Emotional conditions
• Increased environmental
temperatureAfter meals
• Decrease—
• High barometric pressure
• During sleep
• pregnancy
blood and blood transfusions
27
29. WHITE BLOOD CELLS
• WBCs or leukocytes consists of 5
categories of cells.
• Each category has a distinct shape and
appearance.
• Some cells are smaller than RBCs (5u in
diameter) whereas others are definitely
bigger (15 u in diameter).
blood and blood transfusions 29
31. Formation and destruction of WBCs
• The WBCs are formed in the bone marrow.
• The different categories of cells have different stimuli
for production. For e.g. one category (called
neutrophils ) are produced in large number whenever
there is short or severe (acute) infection.
• There life span also differs. Some categories (e.g.
neutrophils) may survive upto 7 hours.
• In contrast other cells ( lymphocytes ) are called ‘
memory cells .’
blood and blood transfusions 31
32. • They are able to ‘ remember’ an invader
for several months, even years.
• If the invader enters the body again, these
memory cells are alerted, and the body’s
response to the second invasion is much
more extensive and rapid.
blood and blood transfusions 32
34. Functions of WBCs
• WBCs are concerned with defense .
• Some of them are concerned with fighting acute (short,
severe) infections, whereas others fight chronic infections.
• Some WBCs are capable of moving in the tissues, acting
like vigilant guards.
• If they encounter a bacterium, they may consume it or
make it inactive.
• The pus which may be seen oozing out of an infected
wound, is made up of dead WBCs .
• A particular category of WBCs – the eosinophils – are
increased in allergic reactions and also in cases of worm
infestation. blood and blood transfusions 34
35. PLATELETS
• The platelets are tiny bodies, 2-4um in diameter.
• There are about 0.25 to 0.4 million/uL of circulating blood.
• They have a half life of about 7 days.
• The platelets are called thrombocytes , because they
release thrombin , which aids in blood clotting.
blood and blood transfusions 35
36. Platelets (Thrombocytes)
Formation Large multinucleated cells that
pushes against the wall of the capillary.
Cytoplasmic extensions stick through and
separate.
blood and blood transfusions 36
38. OBJECTIVES
• Provide overview of transfusion therapy.
• Describe pre-transfusion responsibilities.
• Describe transfusion responsibilities.
• Describe post-transfusion responsibilities.
• Describe types of transfusions.
• Describe transfusion reactions.
• Describe autologous transfusions.
blood and blood transfusions 38
39. OVERVIEW
• It is a procedure in which a patient
receives a blood product through an
intravenous line.
• It is the introduction of blood components
into the venous circulation.
• Process of transferring blood-based
products from one person into the
circulatory system of another.
blood and blood transfusions 39
40. HISTORY OF BLOOD
TRANSFUSION
• Before The Nobel Prize
awarded, Karl Landsteiner
discovered the ABO
human blood groups in
1901, it was thought that
all blood was the same.
This misunderstanding led
to fatal blood transfusions
and many death.
blood and blood transfusions 40
41. • Prof. Karl Landsteiner discovered that blood
clumping was an immunological reaction
• Karl Landsteiner's work made it possible to
determine blood types
• For this discovery he was awarded the Nobel Prize
in Physiology or Medicine in 1930.
blood and blood transfusions 41
42. • 450ml of blood can save as many as
three lives.
• Every two seconds, someone in India
needs blood.
• One out of every three of us will need
blood in our life time.
• Even with all of today’s modern
technology, there is no substitute for
blood.
Someone has to give blood
in order for someone to
receive blood.blood and blood transfusions 42
43. •A person has 5 - 6 liters of blood in their
body.
•A person can donate blood every 90 days (3
months).
Body recovers the Blood very quickly:
• Blood plasma volume– within 24 - 48
hours
• Red Blood Cells – in about 3 weeks
• Platelets & White Blood Cells – within
minutes
blood and blood transfusions 43
44. Purposes
•To replace losses of: Circulating volume
Oxygen carrying capacity .
•To restore: Metabolic homeostasis.
•To replenish: Normal RBC’s (eg. Refractory
anemias, Thalasemias, Sickle cell anemias
etc)
•In cancer patients like ALL; AML; with /
orafter Chemothrapy drugs
• For emergency surgery, heart surgery
blood and blood transfusions 44
45. Typical Situations in which blood
products are given
• Major injuries after an accident or disaster
• Surgery on an organ such as the liver and
the heart
• Severe Anemia
• Bleeding such as Haemophilia and
Thrombocytopenia
• Pre-mature, pre term babies
• Cancer patients
blood and blood transfusions 45
46. What are the different blood
groups?
•There are more than 20 genetically
determined blood group systems known today
• The AB0 and Rhesus (Rh) systems are the
most important ones used for blood
transfusions.
• Not all blood groups are compatible with each
other. Mixing incompatible blood groups leads
to blood clumping or agglutination, which is
dangerous for individuals.
blood and blood transfusions 46
47. ABO blood grouping system
• According to
the ABO
blood typing
system there
are four
different
kinds of blood
types: A, B,
AB or O
(null).
blood and blood transfusions 47
48. AB0 blood grouping system
• Blood group A If you belong to
the blood group A, you have A
antigens on the surface of your
RBCs and B antibodies in your
blood plasma.
• Blood group B If you belong to
the blood group B, you have B
antigens on the surface of your
RBCs and A antibodies in your
blood plasma.
blood and blood transfusions 48
49. Blood group O
If you belong to the blood group
O (null), you have neither A or B
antigens on the surface of your
RBCs but you have both A and B
antibodies in your blood plasma.
blood and blood transfusions 49
50. Possible Blood group Genotypes
blood and blood transfusions 50
Parent
Allele
A B O
A AA AB AO
B AB BB BO
O AO BO OO
51. The ABO blood groups
• The most important thing is in assuring a safe blood
transfusion.
• The table shows the four ABO phenotypes ("blood groups")
present in the human population and the genotypes that give
rise to them.
blood and blood transfusions 51
Blood
Group
Antigens
on RBCs
Antibodies in Serum Genotypes
A A Anti-B AA or AO
B B Anti-A BB or BO
AB A and B Neither AB
O Neither Anti-A and anti-B OO
52. The Rhesus (Rh) System
• Well, it gets more complicated here, because
there's another antigen to be considered always -
the Rh antigen.
• Some of us have it, some of us don't have.
• If it is present, then blood is RhD positive, if not it's
RhD negative.
• So, for example, some people in group A will have
it, and will therefore be classed as A+ (or A
positive).
• While the ones that don't, are A- (or A negative).
• And so it goes for groups B, AB and O.
blood and blood transfusions 52
53. What is that Rh antigens?
•Rh antigens are transmembrane proteins with
many loops exposed at the surface of red blood cells.
• They appear to be used for the transport of carbon
dioxide and/or ammonia across the plasma
membrane.
• They are named for the rhesus monkey in which
they were first discovered.
• RBCs that are "Rh positive― Must express the
antigen designated as D.
• A person with Rh- blood does not have Rh
antibodies naturally in the blood plasma
blood and blood transfusions 53
54. • According to above blood grouping systems, you
can belong to either of following 8 blood groups:
blood and blood transfusions 54
55. • A person with Rh- blood can develop Rh antibodies
in the blood plasma if he or she receives blood from
a person with Rh+ blood, whose Rh antigens can
trigger the production of Rh antibodies.
• A person with Rh+ blood can receive blood from a
person with Rh- blood without any problems.
blood and blood transfusions 55
61. blood and blood transfusions 61
Blood
Group
Antigens Antibodies Can give
blood to
Can
receive
blood from
AB A and B None AB AB, A, B, O
A A B A and AB A and O
B B A B and AB B and O
O None A and B AB, A, B, O O
62. • Rh+ can receive blood from: Rh+ and Rh-
• Rh- can receive blood from: Rh- only
blood and blood transfusions 62
63. BLOOD BANKS
• Blood banks collect, test, and store blood.
• Autologous transfusion - If surgery is
scheduled months in advance, patients
may be able to donate their own blood and
have it stored.
blood and blood transfusions 63
64. BLOOD STORAGE
• Blood products must be stored at 4C +-
2C.
• Stored blood has a shelf life of 3 weeks.
• After a storage time of 24-72 hr RBCs
have reduced capability to release oxygen
to tissues.
• If the patient needs massive transfusions
its better to give blood that’s less than 7
days old.
blood and blood transfusions 64
65. Requesting Procedure
• Check the patient’s case note
• Transfusion history
• Special requirements
• e.g., irradiated, CMV
negative
• Complete request form or
order communications
blood and blood transfusions 65
66. blood and blood transfusions 66
Casenote
Surname
Forename
DOB
Ethnic Origin
Location
Consultant
Sex
Patient Category NHS
Date of Request
Entered by
Originator
Date of Specimen
Service (Type of Request)
Blood Group
Previous Transfusion
Units (amount) Date Reqd
Reaction
Specimen type
Vacutainer 7mls pink + 4.5 mls EDTA
Antibodies
Specimen taken by Sign and print Name Requesting Medic Sign and Print name
Copy of this request must be filed in the notes. See Trust Transfusion policy
Diagnosis, referral reason, relevant medication
Information found on the Request
Forms
67. PRE-TRANSFUSION
RESPONSIBILITIES
• Assess laboratory values
• Verify the medical prescription.
• Assess the client’s vital signs, urine
output, skin color and history of
transfusion reactions.
• Obtain venous access. Use a
central catheter or at least a 20-
gauge needle, if possible.
blood and blood transfusions 67
68. Sampling Procedure
• Step 1: Ask the patient to tell you their:
Full Name + Date of Birth
• Check this information against
the patient’s ID wristband
• Be extra vigilant when checking
the identity of the unconscious /
compromised patient
blood and blood transfusions 68
69. Step 2: Check the patient’s ID wristband
against documentation
e.g., case notes or request form for:
• First name
• Surname
• Date of birth
• Hospital number
blood and blood transfusions 69
70. Sampling Procedure
Only bleed one patient at a time using Aseptic
non touch technique
Do NOT use pre-labeled tubes
Label the sample tube beside the patient
Send the sample to the laboratory in the most
appropriate way for the clinical situation, i.e.
routine / emergency
Remember emergency requests must
always be phoned through to the
Transfusion Laboratory.
blood and blood transfusions 70
71. Labelling the venous blood sample
• Information to include:-
• Full name
• Date of birth
• Hospital number
• Gender
• Date
• Signature of person who has taken
the sample
• At the bedside
• By the person taking the sample
blood and blood transfusions 71
73. IV Blood/ Blood Component
Chart
blood and blood transfusions 73
74. Prescribing a transfusion
• Each unit must be entered separately on
the patient’s prescription sheet.
• The entry must specify the type of product
any special requirements the rate of
transfusion – max 4hrs/unit
blood and blood transfusions 74
76. • Obtain blood products from a blood bank;
transfuse immediately.
• With another registered nurse, verify the
patient by name and number, check blood
compatibility and note expiration time.
• Administer the blood product using the
appropriate filtered tubing.
blood and blood transfusions 76
77. Good Documentation
Minimum Transfusion Dataset: the following should be
documented in the notes
• Reason for transfusion
• Current blood results
• Component type and amount to be prescribed
• Anticipated outcome
• Any reported transfusion adverse events/reactions
• Review following the transfusion including how
much blood has been transfused
blood and blood transfusions 77
78. Warming Blood
• STORED BLOOD IS COLD 4*C
• PATIENTS UNDERGOING SURGERY WILL
ALREADY BE LOSING BODY HEAT DUE TO
WOUND OR CAVITY EXPOSURE
• LARGE VOLUMES OF COLD BLOOD MAY
INDUCE HYPOTHERMIA OR CARDIAC
ARYTHMIA
blood and blood transfusions 78
79. • AT INFUSION RATES>100ml/minute, COLD BLOOD MAY BE A
CONTRIBUTING FACTOR IN CARDIAC ARREST. HOWEVER,
KEEPING THE PATIENT WARM IS PROBABLY MORE IMPORTANT
THAN WARMING THE INFUSEDBLOOD !
• WARMED BLOOD IS MOST COMMONLY REQUIRED IN
LARGEVOLUME RAPID TRANSFUSIONS & EXCHANGE
TRANSFUSION IN INFANTS.
• BLOOD SHOULD ONLY BE WARMED IN A BLOOD WARMER THAT
HAVE A VISIBLE THERMOMETER AND AN AUDIBLE WARNING
ALARM AND SHOULD BE PROPERLY MAINTAINED.
blood and blood transfusions 79
80. Can the Patient be Safely
Transfused ?
• Is the product clearly prescribed?
• Are any drugs required before or during
transfusion? i.e. antibiotics
• Is the rate of transfusion appropriate?
• Does the patients condition require medical review prior to
transfusion
All patients having a blood transfusion MUST have a NAMEBAND
containing all of their required details
blood and blood transfusions 80
81. Monitoring of Patient
Base line observations – Temperature, pulse and blood
pressure
Further observations (as above) at 15 minutes
A set of observations at the end of transfusion
More frequently if the patient is unwell, unobservable,
unconscious or a child.
blood and blood transfusions 81
82. MONITORING PATIENTS
• Ensure the venflon is secure, patent and there are no
signs of inflammation
• Give the patient the call bell
• Patients should remain in a clinical area for the
duration of the Transfusion
• Review the patients fluid balance and medication.
blood and blood transfusions 82
83. Pre-administration Procedure
• Step 1: Check the blood component has
been prescribed
• Step 2: Undertake baseline observations
• Step 3: Undertake visual inspection
blood and blood transfusions 83
LEAKS
DISCOLOURATION
CLUMPING
EXPIRY DATE
84. Pre-administration checks
• Personal checks:
- ANTT
- wear personal protective equipment
• Equipment checks:
- Personal protective equipment is available and is clean
and sterile
- A correctly completed prescription chart
- Observation chart
- Giving set
- Disposable bags
- Trolley
blood and blood transfusions 84
85. Administration Procedure
• Step 1: Ask the patient to tell you their
Full Name + Date of Birth
• Check this information against the
patient’s ID wristband
blood and blood transfusions 85
86. Administration Procedure
• Step 2: Check the patient’s
– First name
– Surname
– Date of birth
– Hospital number
• on the compatibility/
traceability label against
the patient’s ID wristband
blood and blood transfusions 86
87. Administration Procedure
• Step 3: Check the
compatibility/traceability label
with the blood bag label
blood and blood transfusions 87
Any discrepancies
DO NOT
TRANSFUSE !
88. Blood Component Bedside
Check Procedure
blood and blood transfusions 88
SURNAME
FIRST NAME(s)
HOSPITAL NUMBER
D.O.B.BLOOD GROUP
(Patient and Unit)
DONOR NUMBER
EXPIRY DATE
Special Requirements
89. • Remain with the patient during
the first 15-30 minutes of the
infusion.
• Infuse the blood product at the
prescribed rate.
• Monitor vital signs.
blood and blood transfusions 89
90. Reporting Incidents/Transfusion
Reactions
• Stop the Transfusion and seek Medical Input and inform the
Transfusion Laboratory staff
• Check the Blood component matches the patient details
• Replace the unit and giving set with Normal Saline 0.9%
• Send the discontinued unit with giving set attached back to
transfusion capped off at the end with a white venflon cap – and any
previous transfused bags sealed with the blue plugs all in biohazard
bags
• Documentation (complete the checklist)
• Complete a Trust Incident form
blood and blood transfusions 90
93. Types of BT
• Based on time of transfusion
• Fresh whole blood transfusion
• Stored CPD Blood
• Based on composition
• Whole blood
• Blood fraction
• Based on the donor
• Autologous blood transfusion
• Blood from diff donor
blood and blood transfusions 93
94. Whole Blood
Packed Red Blood Cells Platelet Rich Plasma
Slow Centrifugation
High Speed Centrifugation
1 Unit of Random Donor
Platelets
1 Unit of Fresh Frozen Plasma
Cryoprecipitate
Thawing precipitates the
plasma proteins
BLOOD COMPONENTS
95. Whole Blood
• Storage
• 4 for up to 35 days
• Indications
• Massive Blood Loss/Trauma/Exchange
Transfusion
• Considerations
• Use filter as platelets and coagulation
factors will not be active after 3-5 days
• Donor and recipient must be ABO
identical
96. RBC Concentrate
• Storage
• 4 for up to 42 days, can be frozen
• Indications
• Many indications—ie anemia, hypoxia,
etc.
• Considerations
• Recipient must not have antibodies to
donor RBC’s (note: patients can
develop antibodies over time)
• Usual dose 10 cc/kg (will increase Hgb
by 2.5 gm/dl)
• Usually transfuse over 2-4 hours
(slower for chronic anemia
97. Platelets
• Storage
• Up to 5 days at 20-24
• Indications
• Thrombocytopenia, Plt <15,000
• Bleeding and Plt <50,000
• Invasive procedure and Plt <50,000
• Considerations
• Contain Leukocytes and cytokines
• 1 unit/10 kg of body weight increases Plt count
by 50,000
• Donor and Recipient must be ABO identical
98. Plasma and FFP
• Contents—Coagulation Factors (1 unit/ml)
• Storage
• Comes in 200ml bags.
• FFP--12 months at –18 degrees or colder
• Indications
• Coagulation Factor deficiency, fibrinogen
replacement, DIC, liver disease, exchange
transfusion, massive transfusion
• Considerations
• Plasma should be recipient RBC ABO
compatible
• In children, should also be Rh compatible
• Account for time to thaw
• Usual dose is 20 cc/kg to raise coagulation
factors approx 20%
99. Cryoprecipitate
• Description
• Precipitate formed/collected when FFP is
thawed at 4
• Storage
• After collection, refrozen and stored up to 1
year at -18
• Indication
• Fibrinogen deficiency or dysfibrinogenemia
• vonWillebrands Disease
• Factor VIII or XIII deficiency
• DIC (not used alone)
• Considerations
• ABO compatible preferred (but not limiting)
• Usual dose is 1 unit/5-10 kg of recipient body
weight
100. Granulocyte Transfusions
• Prepared at the time for immediate
transfusion (no storage available)
• Indications – severe neutropenia
assoc with infection that has failed
antibiotic therapy, and recovery of
BM is expected
• Donor is given G-CSF and steroids
or Hetastarch
• Complications
• Severe allergic reactions
• Can irradiate granulocytes for GVHD
prevention
101. Leukocyte Reduction
Filters
• Used for prevention of transfusion
reactions
• Filter used with RBC’s, Platelets,
FFP, Cryoprecipitate
• Other plasma proteins (albumin,
colloid expanders, factors, etc.) do
not need filters—NEVER use filters
with stem cell/bone marrow
infusions
• May reduce RBC’s by 5-10%
• Does not prevent Graft Verses Host
Disease (GVHD)
102. RBC Transfusions
Preparations
• Type
• Typing of RBC’s for ABO and Rh are
determined for both donor and recipient
• Screen
• Screen RBC’s for atypical antibodies
• Approx 1-2% of patients have
antibodies
• Crossmatch
• Donor cells and recipient serum are
mixed and evaluated for agglutination
103. RBC Transfusions
Administration
• Dose
• Supplied in 250ml bags.
• Usual dose of 10 cc/kg infused over 2-4 hours
• Maximum dose 15-20 cc/kg can be given to
hemodynamically stable patient
• Procedure
• May need Premedication (Tylenol and/or
Benadryl)
• Filter use—routinely leukodepleted
• Monitoring—VS q 15 minutes, clinical status
• Do NOT mix with medications
• Complications
• Rapid infusion may result in Pulmonary edema
• Transfusion Reaction
104. Platelet Transfusions
Preparations
• ABO antigens are present on
platelets
• ABO compatible platelets are ideal
• This is not limiting if Platelets indicated
and type specific not available
• Rh antigens are not present on
platelets
• Note: a few RBC’s in Platelet unit may
sensitize the Rh- patient
105. Platelet Transfusions
Administration
• Dose
• May be given as single units or as apheresis units
• Usual dose is approx 4 units/m2—in children using 1-2
apheresis units is ideal
• 1 apheresis unit contains 6-8 Plt units (packs) from a
single donor
• Procedure
• Should be administered over 20-40 minutes
• Filter use
• Premedicate if hx of Transfusion Reaction
• Complications—Transfusion Reaction
106. Autologous Blood
Transfusions
• Collection/infusion of client’s own blood
Four types:
• Preoperative autologous blood donation
• Acute normovolemic hemodilution
• Intra-operative autologous transfusion
• Postoperative blood salvage
blood and blood transfusions 106
107. Preoperative autologous blood
donation
• Collecting whole blood from the client,
dividing it into components and storing it
for later use
• Can be collected weekly as long as client’s
H&H are within safe range
• Can be stored up to 40 days; up to 10
years for rare blood types.
blood and blood transfusions 107
108. Acute normovolemic
hemodilution
• Withdrawal of client’s RBCs and volume
replacement just before a procedure
• Goal is to decrease RBC loss during
surgery
• Blood is stored at room temperature for up
to 6hrs and reinfused after surgery.
• Not for anemic clients or those with poor
kidney function.
blood and blood transfusions 108
109. Intra-operative autologous
transfusion & Post operative
blood salvage
• Recovery/reinfusion of client’s own blood
from operative field or bleeding wound.
• Special devices collect, filter, drain blood
into transfusion bag
• Used for trauma or surgical patients with
severe blood loss
• Blood must be reinfused within 6 hours.
blood and blood transfusions 109
118. DISSEMINATED
INTRAVASCULARCOAGULATION(DIC)
• DIC is the abnormal activation of the coagulation and
fibrinolytic systems,resulting in the consumption of
coagulation factors and platelets.
• DIC may develop during the course of massive blood
transfusion,although its cause is less likely to be due to the
transfusion itself than related to the underlying reasons for
transfusion,such as:
• Hypovolaemic shock
• Trauma
• Obstetric complications
blood and blood transfusions 118
119. MANAGEMENT
• Treatment of DIC should be directed at
correcting the underlying cause and at
correction of the coagulation problems as
they arise.
blood and blood transfusions 119
120. Transfusions of blood & blood components
are labour intensive & expensive but are
frequently life saving
In a few patients, however they can result in
potentially fatal complications.
It is therefore essential that they are only
given when the benefits outweigh the risks
Conclusion