1. The document describes the principles, procedures, and clinical significance of platelet count and hematocrit determination methods. Platelet count involves diluting blood with ammonium oxalate and counting platelets under a microscope, while hematocrit involves filling a capillary tube with blood and centrifuging it to measure the ratio of red blood cells to plasma.
2. Both tests help diagnose bleeding, clotting, and anemia issues by checking platelet and red blood cell levels. Abnormally high or low counts can indicate conditions like blood cancers, blood loss, kidney disease, or dehydration. Precise methods and calculations are required to obtain accurate results.
An absolute eosinophil count is a blood test that measures the number of one type of white blood cells called eosinophils.
Eosinophils become active when you have certain allergic diseases, infections, and other medical conditions.
I have listed out the LE cells structure and Microscopical examinaton of LE CELLS, Difference between tart cells and le cells, clinical symptoms and diagnostic procedure.
An absolute eosinophil count is a blood test that measures the number of one type of white blood cells called eosinophils.
Eosinophils become active when you have certain allergic diseases, infections, and other medical conditions.
I have listed out the LE cells structure and Microscopical examinaton of LE CELLS, Difference between tart cells and le cells, clinical symptoms and diagnostic procedure.
An immature red blood cell without a nucleus, having a granular or reticulated appearance when suitably stained.
Reticulocytes are the immature RBC that contain nucleus.
They are originally seen at the site of their formation i.e. bone marrow. They take 2-3 (lays for maturation only about 1-2% of circulating RBCs are Reticulocytes.
My report . (wbc count)
Report to practical physiology .
......
University of AL_Ameed .
College of Dentistry .
________________________________
Telegram : @Goldenalzaidy
Instagram : goldenalzaidy
__________________________________
تقرير كامل ومفيد عن طريقة حساب عدد الكريات البيض تستطيع اعادة صياغته وتقديمه
---------------
An immature red blood cell without a nucleus, having a granular or reticulated appearance when suitably stained.
Reticulocytes are the immature RBC that contain nucleus.
They are originally seen at the site of their formation i.e. bone marrow. They take 2-3 (lays for maturation only about 1-2% of circulating RBCs are Reticulocytes.
My report . (wbc count)
Report to practical physiology .
......
University of AL_Ameed .
College of Dentistry .
________________________________
Telegram : @Goldenalzaidy
Instagram : goldenalzaidy
__________________________________
تقرير كامل ومفيد عن طريقة حساب عدد الكريات البيض تستطيع اعادة صياغته وتقديمه
---------------
define hematocrit and how's the test is performed
if hematocrit is abnormal what are the symptoms
risks of getting rbc count
if rbc is abnormal what are the consequences
prepare for blood collection for hematocrit
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
2. Platelet count
Principle: A platelet count is the enumeration of platelets which are tiny cells smaller than RBC
which help the blood clot. It may be included in the CBC or complete blood count if the
physician sees it as necessary. An anti-coagulated blood sample is drawn from a patient which
needs to be venous blood due to the nature of the test; then, it is mixed with a reagent
(ammonium oxalate) in 1:20 ratio i.e. 0.2 ml blood made up with 380 ml dilution fluid just like
WBC count dilution and charged into an improved Neubauer chamber on both sides; then, the
counting is performed under 40x objective in the area provided for RBC counting.
Materials:
1- Gloves as PPE
2- Improved Neubauer chamber.
3- Micropippette.
4- Venous blood
5- Reagent ammonium oxalate 10gram/ L preferably with a filter paper.
6- Compound microscope.
Procedure:
1- Once you prepare the ammonium oxalate by mixing it from a still stand point because
the reagent has a tendency to settle down to the bottom of the flask; then you can use
it to dilute your blood which will destroy the red blood cells so that you can view the
platelets as tiny shimmering fragments under a microscope.
2- Next charge your chamber slowly via 45° angle.
3- Place the chamber inside a petridish with wet cotton and cover it up and cover it with
the lid and wait for 15-20minutes.
4- Count the cells in the 5Rs if there is no thrombocytopenia and multiply with 1000.
5- If the cell count is less than 100,000 then you need to count all the 25 boxes in the
RBC counting area and multiply what you find by 200.
Calculations: In case Platelets count the dilution is the same as WBC count but the counting is
performed in the RBC area; thus the VCF is 50 and DCF is 20; thus giving us a multiplying
factor for the cells counted as 1000.
3. To see the math in detail observe carefully the picture below and the RBC counting areas. The
entire box has an area of 1mm by 1 mm; when you divide that by 25 small boxes you get an
area0.04 mm square. Multiply that with 0.1 then you get a volume of 0.004 mm cubed for one R
for 5R we get 0.02 mm cubed (volume used).
Clinical significance: The rise of fall of platelet cells indicate several conditions especially the
ones related with clotting disorders it may be requested in conjunction with other tests like PT
and PTT1
. The test may be ordered when a bleeding disorder manifests; such as prolong
bleeding, numerous nose bleeds (epistaxis), G.I bleeding, petechiae (small red spots on skin from
bleeding capillaries in the skin), heavy menstrual bleeding, purpura (small purple spots from
bleeding in the skin.)2
1
Labbtestsonline.org
2
Labtestsonline.org
4. Factors which decrease the count include:
Disorders of the bone marrow like idiopathic thrombocytopenia (ITP) which is also
called immune thrombocytopenic purpura which a result of antibody attack against
platelets
Viral infection like EBV (Epstein bar virus), and HIV.
Drugs like Ibuprofen, antibiotics, hydralazine etc.
Heparin induced thrombocytopenia i.e. a man receiving heparin therapy will produce
antibodies.
Aplastic anemia.
Lupus
DIC (Disseminated intravascular coagulation) reduces the number of cells available for
clotting elsewhere where they are needed.
Factors the augment the count include:
Malignancy
TB
Rheumatoid arthritis3
Birth control medications
Recovery from VB12 deficiency
Mutation of JAK2 gene which causes thrombocythemia which is process where the bone
marrow produces high number of platelets4
Other pathological anomalies related with platelets include:
Glanzmann’s thrombasthenia
Bernard-Soulier disease
Chediak-Higashi syndrome
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
May-Hegglin syndrome5
3
Labtestsonline.org
4
Labtestsonline.org
5
Labtestsonline.org
5. Hematocrit determination
Principle: First of all the term ‘Hematocrit’ literally means ‘the judgment of blood’ in Greek and
is a term coined by Swedish professor of physiology Magus blix. It is also called erythrocyte
volume fraction (EVF) which is a procedure in which anticoagulated blood of the patient is
drawn into a capillary tube until its ¾ volume is filled with blood 6
and then sealed by a sealant
clay on the opposite side on the tube where blood has been drawn; then inserted into a special
kind of centrifuge for hematocrit and spun at 10,000 to 15,000 for 5 minutes to separate the
formed elements from the plasma; then the volume of packed RBC is measured either through
integral spiral reader, hand-held PCV reader or via a measuring ruler.
Figure 1 Professor Magnus Gustaf blix
Materials:
1- Patients venous blood (anticoagulated)
2- Capillary tube
3- Microhematocrit centrifuge
6
The capillary tube is red band when it is heparinized; blue band when it is plain; measuring 75 mm long with an
internal diameter of 1 mm; which means that 56.25 mm of its length has to be filled with blood.
6. 4- Appropriate sealant clay
5- Gloves and other PPE
6- One of the measuring apparatus as explained in the principle above
Method:
1- Fill the tube with blood ¾ of its volume
2- Seal the opposite side of the tube which is not contaminated with blood.
3- Prepare a balance for it in the centrifuge and insert it into the slot where the sealed clay
part faces outside.
4- Centrifuge as stated above and read using one of the methods stated; in case you are
using a hand held PCV reader the 0 line is adjusted just above the sealant (between the
sealant and the beginning of the RBC packed cells) and the beginning of the plasma line
is set on the hundred line mark. Then, read the size of the packed cell volume and report
in percent. In case you are using a simple ruler the length of the red cell column in mm is
divided by the length of the total column of the tube and reported in percentage.
Clinical significance:
Most routinely a hematocrit is often incorporated into the CBC count by physicians to diagnose
ailments like several types of anemia, polycythemia, to help in making blood transfusions. The
measurement of RBC status does not indicate a full diagnosis―it is a kind of red flag stating
there is something wrong with the RBC index. Thus, additional tests like blood smear, and
maybe even a bone marrow biopsy will reveal the exact issue with our patient.7
Generally the
RBC volume make up around 45% of the whole blood volume; but might be lowered in case of
excessive bleeding in either trauma or chronic internal conditions like G.I ulcers, Vitamin B12
deficiency, radiation, myelodysplastic syndromes of the bone marrow, kidney failure and
erythropoietin production stoppage, pregnancy (due to high amount of fluid in the body) 8
and
uterus bleeding in case of women.
A high hematocrit count may manifest due to Kidney tumor which leads to excessive
erythropoietin production, polycythemia vera, dehydration9
, high altitude abodement, dengue
shock syndrome (blood plasma leakage), congenital heart diseases or malformations which
reduce the total ejected volume of blood into the periphery blood vessels― which is
compensated by the body by more blood production.
7
Labtestsonline.org
8
Labtestsonline.org
9
This is the most common reason for high hematocrit because in a situation when the body fluid plummets the
number of formed elements rises.