By:M. Thiru murugan Unit – III: Composition and formation of blood Functions of blood Blood clotting, blood grouping and cross matching Blood products and their use Blood It is a connective tissue and circulating fluid including plasma and blood cells. Physical characteristics: More viscous than water. 100.4 degree F temperature. 8% of total body weight. Average blood volume in males is 5-6 liters and female 4-5 liters Composition of blood Blood is made up of two main components. Plasma (55%) Blood cells (45%) Plasma: Normally 55% of our blood is made up of plasma Composed of approximately 90% water. plasma is the liquid portion of the blood. Composition of blood Plasma can be divided into 6 components: Inorganic ions or Mineral ion. The plasma proteins Organic nutrients Nitrogenous waste products Hormones Gases Composition of blood Blood cells 3 types of blood cells are Red blood cells (erythrocytes) White blood cells (leucocytes) Platelets (thrombocytes) Red blood cells: Also called erythrocytes & Biconcave shape 95% of the RBC consist of haemoglobin(red pigment) Remaining 5% consist of enzymes, salts and other protein Formed in red bone marrow Average life span is 4 months (120 days) Composition of blood Function: To transport oxygen & carbon dioxide. Blood of male contains 5-5.5 million RBC per cubic millimetres. Blood of female contains 4-4.5 million RBC per cubic millimetres 2) White blood cells: Also called as leucocytes They are colourless & Much larger than red blood cells One cubic millimetres of blood contains 7000 to 8000 WBC Formed in bone marrow Their life span depends on the body need so they have life span of months or even years Composition of blood: Types of WBC: Granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils. Agranulocytes: monocytes and lymphocytes. Main function: These are the cells of the immune system that are involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders. Composition of blood: 3) platelets: also called Thrombocytes. Normal platelet count is 150,000-400,000/ drop of blood Platelets have a life span of only 5 to 9 days Platelets are formed in Bone marrow Function: Involving in blood coagulation (blood clotting) Blood Formation Hemopoiesis ( haematopoiesis) or hemopoiesis, is the process that produces the formed elements of the blood. Hemopoiesis takes place in the bone marrow found in the epiphyses of long bones (for example, the humerus and femur), flat bones (ribs and cranial bones), vertebrae, and the pelvis. Within the bone marrow, hemopoietic stem cells ( hemocytoblasts) divide to produce various “blast” cells. Each of these cells matures and becomes a particular blood cells. The rate of blood cell formation depending on the individual But - average 200 billion RBC per day, 10 billion WBC per day, and 400 billion platelets per day Blood Formation Blood cells are made in the bone marrow & located inside some bones. It contains young p

1. By:
M. Thiru murugan
Blood

2. Unit – III:
a)Composition and formation of blood
b)Functions of blood
c)Blood clotting, blood grouping and cross matching
d)Blood products and their use

3. Blood
•It is a connective tissue and circulating fluid
including plasma and blood cells.
Physical characteristics:
More viscous than water.
100.4 degree F temperature.
8% of total body weight.
Average blood volume in males is 5-6 liters and
female 4-5 liters

4. Composition of blood
• Blood is made up of two main components.
1. Plasma (55%)
2. Blood cells (45%)
Plasma:
• Normally 55% of our blood is made up of plasma
• Composed of approximately 90% water.
• plasma is the liquid portion of the blood.

5. Composition of blood
• Plasma can be divided
into 6 components:
1. Inorganic ions or Mineral
ion.
2. The plasma proteins
3. Organic nutrients
4. Nitrogenous waste
products
5. Hormones
6. Gases
• Function of plasma:
Maintain BP
Regulates body temperature
It contain minerals, salts,
hormones and proteins that
perform important
function in the body

6. Composition of blood
• Blood cells 3 types of blood cells are
1. Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
2. White blood cells (leucocytes)
3. Platelets (thrombocytes)
1) Red blood cells:
• Also called erythrocytes & Biconcave shape
• 95% of the RBC consist of haemoglobin(red pigment)
• Remaining 5% consist of enzymes, salts and other protein
• Formed in red bone marrow
• Average life span is 4 months (120 days)

7. Composition of blood
• Function:
• To transport oxygen & carbon dioxide.
• Blood of male contains 5-5.5 million RBC per cubic millimetres.
• Blood of female contains 4-4.5 million RBC per cubic millimetres
2) White blood cells: Also called as leucocytes
• They are colourless & Much larger than red blood cells
• One cubic millimetres of blood contains 7000 to 8000 WBC
• Formed in bone marrow
• Their life span depends on the body need so they have life span of
months or even years

8. Composition of blood:
• Types of WBC:
•Granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils and
basophils.
•Agranulocytes: monocytes and lymphocytes.
Main function:
•These are the cells of the immune system that are
involved in protecting the body against both
infectious disease and foreign invaders.

9. Composition of
blood:
3) platelets: also called Thrombocytes.
• Normal platelet count is 150,000-400,000/ drop of
blood
• Platelets have a life span of only 5 to 9 days
• Platelets are formed in Bone marrow
Function:
• Involving in blood coagulation (blood clotting)

10. Blood Formation
• Hemopoiesis ( haematopoiesis) or hemopoiesis, is the process
that produces the formed elements of the blood.
• Hemopoiesis takes place in the bone marrow found in the
epiphyses of long bones (for example, the humerus and femur), flat
bones (ribs and cranial bones), vertebrae, and the pelvis.
• Within the bone marrow, hemopoietic stem cells ( hemocytoblasts)
divide to produce various “blast” cells.
• Each of these cells matures and becomes a particular blood cells.
• The rate of blood cell formation depending on the individual
• But - average 200 billion RBC per day, 10 billion WBC per day,
and 400 billion platelets per day

11. Blood Formation
• Blood cells are made in the bone marrow & located inside some
bones.
• It contains young parent cells called stem cells, stem cells can grow
into all 3 types of blood cells – RBC, WBC & platelets.
• When blood cells are fully mature and functional, they leave the
bone marrow and enter the blood.
• Healthy people have enough stem cells to keep making all the blood
cells
• After their life span they die off and replaced by new cells from the
bone marrow.
• Your bone marrow remains very busy throughout your life.

12. • Erythropoiesis: the process of making erythrocytes
• Erythropoietin (EPO): a hormone produced mostly by the kidneys,
stimulates bone marrow to produce erythrocytes
(stimulates erythropoiesis).
• Leukopoiesis: the process of making leukocytes
• Thrombopoiesis: the process of making platelets
Functions of blood: Supplies essential nutrients in cells such as glucose,
fatty acid & amino acids.
1. Transport oxygen O2 and carbon dioxide CO2 , and hormones in the
body.
2. Protects from pathogens & diseases.
3. Helps regulate body temperature.
4. Blood clotting

13. Blood clotting
Blood clotting:
•Coagulation or clotting is defined as the process in
which blood losses its fluid and becomes a jelly like
mass
Factors involved in blood clotting
• Coagulation of blood occurs through a series of
reactions due to the activation of a group of
substances necessary for clotting are called clotting
factors.

14. Blood clotting factors
13 clotting factors are identified.
1. Factor – 1: Fibrinogen
2. Factor – II: Prothrombin
3. Factor – III: Thromboplastin
4. Factor – IV: Calcium
5. Factor – V: Labile Factor
6. Factor – VI: Presence has not
been proved
7. Factor – VII: Stable factor
8. Factor – VIII: Antihemophilic
9. Factor – IX: Christmas Factor
10. Factor – X: Stuart Prower
11. Factor – XI: Plasma
Thromboplastin Antecedent
12. Factor – XII: Hageman factor
13. Factor – XIII: Fibrin

15. Steps of blood clotting
In general blood clotting occurs in three stages.
1.Formation of Prothrombin activator
2.Conversion of prothrombin into thrombin
3.Conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin
Formation of Prothrombin activator:
Blood clotting start with the formation of a substance called
prothrombin activator, which converts prothrombin into
thrombin.
It has 2 typed intrinsic and extrinsic

16. Steps of blood clotting
Intrinsic: In this pathway, the formation of prothrombin activator is initiated by
platelets, which are within the blood itself.
Extrinsic: In this pathway, the formation of prothrombin activator is initiated by
the tissue thromboplastin, which is formed from the injured tissues.
Conversion of prothrombin into thrombin:
Blood clot is all about thrombin formation. Once thrombin is formed definitely it
leads to clot formation.
 Prothrombin activator that is formed in intrinsic and extrinsic pathways converts
prothrombin into thrombin. In the presence of calcium (factor IV).
Conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin:
 Thrombin converts inactive fibrinogen into activated fibrinogen .the activated
fibrinogen is called fibrin monomer help to form a stable clot.

17. Blood grouping
• Blood grouping is based on type of antigen present on the red
blood cells.
• There are more than 300 blood group systems but ABO & Rh
(Rhesus) are of importance from clinical point of view.
ABO blood group:
• Discovered by Karl Landsteiner in 1900.
• The red cells contain different types of Antigen(Agglutinogen)
while plasma contains antibody(Agglutinins)
• Genes that control the system are present on chromosome 9
• Universal donor – blood group O
• Universal recipient – blood group AB

19. Blood grouping
• Rh TYPING:
• Rh blood group system is second in significance after ABO system.
• Therefore , in practice Rh negative and Rh positive depends on presence of D
antigen on the surface of red cells
• Rh positive There is presence of D antigen.
• Occasionally, Anti - D,C,E,C,E may develop in case of pregnancy or transfusion
• Rh incompatibility results in hemolytic transfusion reaction & Hemolytic disease
of newborn
• BOMBAY blood group:
• Very rare. & H is the precursor of A & B antigen.
• These people lack H, along with A and B antigen but plasma contains anti A, anti B
and anti H

20. Cross matching
• Also known as compatibility testing. It is the most important test before
a blood transfusion is given.
• The primary purpose of cross matching is to detect ABO
incompatibilities between donor and recipient.
• Two main functions of cross matching test:
1. It is a confirm ABO compatibility between donor and recipient.
2. It may detect presence of irregular Ab in patient’s serum that will react with
donor RBCs.
• Cross matching test can be 1) major 2) minor
• Major cross match test: Mixing the patient’s plasma with donor RBCs.
• Minor cross match test: mixing the donor’s plasma with patient’s RBCs.

21. Blood products and their use
• A blood product is any therapeutic substance prepared from
human blood. This includes whole blood; blood components; and
plasma derivatives. Components of the blood which are collected from
a donor for use in blood transfusion
• Whole blood (WB) is human blood from a standard blood
donation. It is used in the treatment of massive bleeding, in exchange
transfusion,
• Blood or Cellular Components : Red Cell Concentrates, Platelet
Concentrates, Granulocyte Concentrate
• Red blood cell transfusions are used to treat hemorrhage and to
improve oxygen delivery to tissues, anemia, acute sickle cell crisis, and
acute blood loss of more than 30 percent of blood volume

22. Blood products and their use
• Platelet transfusion is indicated to prevent hemorrhage in
patients with thrombocytopenia or platelet function defects
• Plasma Components: Fresh Frozen plasma, Cryoprecipitate
• Fresh frozen plasma infusion can be used for reversal of
anticoagulant effects
• Cryoprecipitate is used in cases of hypofibrinogenemia,
which most often occurs in the setting of massive hemorrhage
or consumptive coagulopathy.
• Plasma Derivatives: Albumin, Immunoglobulin and
Coagulation Factors