Hypertension can be caused by underlying renal disease through several mechanisms: renal artery stenosis, chronic glomerulonephritis, chronic pyelonephritis, polycystic kidney diseases, and polyarteritis nodosa. Imaging plays a role in diagnosing renal artery stenosis and evaluating kidney size and structure in renal failure and congenital kidney anomalies. Bladder tumors are most commonly transitional cell carcinoma and are best detected by cystoscopy although other imaging modalities can provide information on tumor extent.