simple renal cyst lecture prepare by three medical student in Kerbala university / college of medicine department of surgery to presented as seminar
for download as ppt
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1bOP_UJuZl-dr6wJF6yv3reRw_uNqXGkt
Urolithiasis is a common disease that is estimated to
produce medical costs of $2.1 billion per year in the United States alone.
Renal colic affects approximately 1.2 million people
each year in USA and accounts for approximately 1% of
all hospital admissions.
Most active emergency departments (EDs) manage
patients with acute renal colic every day.
Urolithiasis is a common disease that is estimated to
produce medical costs of $2.1 billion per year in the United States alone.
Renal colic affects approximately 1.2 million people
each year in USA and accounts for approximately 1% of
all hospital admissions.
Most active emergency departments (EDs) manage
patients with acute renal colic every day.
definition of hydronephrosis,
causes and types of hydronephrosis
pathophysiology of hydronephrosis
clinical manifestation and diagnostic test for hydronephrosis
management
Ureteropelvic junction obstruction by\ Eman Salman
It was used for student presentation in Urology course rotation
I Hope you find what is helpful for your knowledge ♥
This presentation comprises of congenital anomalies of kidney and urinary tract made concise and in depth for PG preparation. It contains all important topics of the regarding subject covered in detail.
Side of simple renal cysts usually solitary , but also showed a small but multiple or atrial rarely occurs in bilateral , compared with polycystic kidney disease, the clinical manifestations and pathological manifestations are different.
definition of hydronephrosis,
causes and types of hydronephrosis
pathophysiology of hydronephrosis
clinical manifestation and diagnostic test for hydronephrosis
management
Ureteropelvic junction obstruction by\ Eman Salman
It was used for student presentation in Urology course rotation
I Hope you find what is helpful for your knowledge ♥
This presentation comprises of congenital anomalies of kidney and urinary tract made concise and in depth for PG preparation. It contains all important topics of the regarding subject covered in detail.
Side of simple renal cysts usually solitary , but also showed a small but multiple or atrial rarely occurs in bilateral , compared with polycystic kidney disease, the clinical manifestations and pathological manifestations are different.
By using transvaginal sonography, the bladder can be seen as early as 11 weeks of gestation. By 12 to 13 weeks, the bladder is visualized in 98% of cases using both transabdominal and transvaginal sonography.
Choledochal cysts should be considered in the differential diagnosis in all patients with a history of biliary colic, recurrent cholangitis or pancreatitis with associated dilatation of bile duct, particularly if they are <40 years of age. Delay in the diagnosis increases the incidence of associated biliary pathology and suboptimal surgical therapy
Bilateral Renal Lymphangiectasia: Case PresentationArushi Bhartiya
Renal Lymphangiectasia is a very rarely seen benign usually asymptomatic condition where imaging studies can play a very important role in differentiation from other conditions. Also, it can help in determining the extension of the fluid collection and reduces the morbidity associated with it. In difficult cases, aspiration of fluid can confirm the diagnosis and can avoid the unnecessary surgical interventions with their associated complications. Awareness about this condition will result in early diagnosis, early treatment and reduced morbidity.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
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Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
1. Simple Renal Cysts
by:-
Hasanain g. Khudhair (hasanain.ghaleb@gmail.com)
Afnan Adil Abbas
Zahraa Ahmed Abdulkadhim
Kerbala university / college of medicine
department of surgery
20-11-2017
2. Renal cyst
enclosed liquid or semisolid
fluid and are commonly
identified on abdominal
imaging.
The increasing imaging as an
investigative tool is leading to
the incidental and frequent
finding of renal cysts in the
general population.
3. Simple renal cyst
Simple renal cysts: do not communicate
with any part of the nephron or the renal
pelvis.
filled with clear fluid,
membrane composed of a single layer of
flattened or cuboidal epithelium.
They can be single or multiple,
ranging from a few millimeters to several
centimeters in diameter.
They can be unilateral or bilateral
4. Simple renal cyst
Simple renal cysts: do not communicate
with any part of the nephron or the renal
pelvis.
filled with clear fluid,
membrane composed of a single layer of
flattened or cuboidal epithelium.
They can be single or multiple,
ranging from a few millimeters to several
centimeters in diameter.
They can be unilateral or bilateral
morphological
description, Stage I renal
cyst (Bosniak
Classification)
5.
6. Simple vs nonsimple ?!?!
The presence of a solitary or multiple
renal cysts has been generally considered
benign in the absence of a family history
of renal cystic disease or evidence of
chronic kidney disease.
a number of recent studies have
questioned this consensus by reported
associations with the development of
hypertension or malignant change. ???
7. radiologists (to indicate non-complex
lesions)
nephrologists (to indicate age-related
non-hereditary lesions)
We propose that the term ‘simple’ be
replaced with the morphological
description, Stage I renal cyst (Bosniak
Classification)
9. Prevalence
Increases with age,
the precise prevalence depending on the
method of diagnosis.
On CT, 20% of adults have renal cysts by
age 40y and 33% by the age of 60.1 At
post-mortem, 50% of subjects aged >50y
have simple cysts. ( age )
Cysts do not usually increase in size with
age, but may increase in number.
Males and females are affected equally.
10.
11. Pathogenesis
diverticulae in the distal convoluted
tubule or collecting ducts due to
weakening of the tubular basement
membrane precipitated by obstruction-
related back pressure or age.
This theoryhas since been refuted.
12. Pathogenesis
The currently accepted hypothesis is that
renal ischaemia or injury prompts an
aberrant hypertrophic response leading to
cyst growth and leads to further nephron
loss due to compensatory hyperfiltration.
The risk of exposure to subclinical renal
injury likely increases with age and
ageing is clearly associated with both a
decline in glomerular filtration rate and
an increasing prevalence of renal cysts.
13. The most important
principle in appropriately
managing Stage I renal
cysts is to establish the
correct diagnosis.
14. Presentation
Simple cysts are most commonly
diagnosed as an incidental finding
following a renal ultrasound scan (USS) or
CT performed for other purposes.
The majority are asymptomatic;
very large cysts may present as an
abdominal mass or cause dull flank or
back pain.
Acute severe loin pain may follow
bleeding into a cyst (causing sudden
distension of the wall).
15. Presentation
Rupture (spontaneous or following renal
trauma) is rare.
Rupture into the pelvicalyceal system can
produce haematuria.
Infected cysts (rare) present with flank
pain and fever.
Very occasionally, large cysts can cause
obstruction and hydronephrosis.
16. Differential diagnosis
Renal cell carcinoma (4–7% of RCC are
cystic).
Early autosomal dominant polycystic kidney
disease (ADPKD—diffuse, multiple or
bilateral cysts, associated with hepatic
cysts.
Complex renal cysts (i.e. those which
contain blood, pus or calcification).
17. Differential diagnosis
Renal cell carcinoma (4–7% of RCC are
cystic).
Early autosomal dominant polycystic kidney
disease (ADPKD—diffuse, multiple or
bilateral cysts, associated with hepatic
cysts.
Complex renal cysts (i.e. those which
contain blood, pus or calcification).
18. Investigation
Ultrasound
Computerized tomography (CT) scan
contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS),
alternative modality to CT avoids the use
of potentially nephrotoxic contrast agents
and ionizing radiation
IVU
20. Radiographic features , CT:
Smooth cyst wall
Sharp demarcation
Homogenous Water
density (< 10-15 HU)
No significant enhancement
after IV contrast (<5HU)
Cyst wall too thin to be seen by CT
21. Radiographic features , IVP:
Lucent defect
Cortical bulge
Round indentations on
collecting system
22. Be Careful:
True renal cysts should always
be differentiated from
hydronephrosis, calyceal
diverticulum,
Differentiate renal cyst from
hypoechoic renal artery
aneurysm using color Doppler
US and Angiography
26. Biopsy
Image-guided cyst aspiration or biopsy
can be used to help diagnose
indeterminate cysts and prevent
unnecessary surgery.
27. The most important
principle in appropriately
managing Stage I renal
cysts is to establish the
correct diagnosis.
28. Treatment
A simple cyst (type I: round or spherical,
smooth wall, distinct outline, and no
internal echoes) requires no further
investigation, no treatment, and no
follow-up.
29. Treatment
In the rare situation where the cyst is
thought to be the cause of symptoms
(e.g. back or flank pain), treatment
options include percutaneous aspiration
and injection of sclerosing agent or open
or laparoscopic surgical excision of the
cyst wall.
In the rare event of cyst infection,
percutaneous drainage and antibiotics are
indicated.
30. Treatment
Cysts with features on USS suggesting
possible malignancy (calcification,
septation, irregular margins) should be
investigated by CT with contrast.
31. A 42-year-old female with back pain, hematuria, and a
renal mass discovered by lumbar spine MR.
hyperdense (55
HU) 3 cm mass.
enhance to 88 HU after IV
contrast
32. A 42-year-old female with back pain, hematuria, and a
renal mass discovered by lumbar spine MR.
hyperdense (55
HU) 3 cm mass.
enhance to 88 HU after IV
contrast
Renal cell carcinoma
