These slides briefly introduce the concepts of Radio-chemistry including nuclear stability, half life, nuclear emissions and their detection, and then highlight 02 radio chemical methods namely isotopic dilution methods and radio-chemical titrations.
Introduction to Activation analysis using Neutron
Baisc Principle of NAA
Instrumental NAA
Characteristics of INAA
Advantages, Limitation and Applications of INNA
All about Radiations, Different energy particles- starting from Basics to New methods of analysis also includes DIfferent applications related to it.
Medha Thakur
(M.Sc Chemistry)
Introduction to Activation analysis using Neutron
Baisc Principle of NAA
Instrumental NAA
Characteristics of INAA
Advantages, Limitation and Applications of INNA
All about Radiations, Different energy particles- starting from Basics to New methods of analysis also includes DIfferent applications related to it.
Medha Thakur
(M.Sc Chemistry)
It is a multi-element analysis technique that will separate a sample into its constituent atoms and ions and excite it to a higher energy level.
Cause them to emit light with a distinct wavelength, which will be analyzed.
IR SPECTROSCOPY, INTRODUCTION, PRINCIPLE, THEORY, FATE OF ABSORBED RADIATION, FERMI RESONANCE, FINGERPRINT REGION, VIBRATIONS, FACTORS AFFECTING ABSORPTION OF IR RADIATION, SAMPLING TECHNIQUES, APPLICATIONS OF IR SPECTROSCOPY.
MASS SPECTROSCOPY ( Molecular ion, Base peak, Isotopic abundance, Metastable ...Sachin Kale
CONTENT:
Molecular Ion Peak
Significance of Molecular ion & Graphically Method
Base Peak
Isotopic Abundance
Metastable Ion
Significance of Metastable ion
Nitrogen Rule & graphs
Formulation of Rule
In this slide contains Interference In Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy and applications.
Presented by: Shaik Gouse ul azam. ( department of pharmaceutical analysis.)
RIPER, anantpur.
It is a multi-element analysis technique that will separate a sample into its constituent atoms and ions and excite it to a higher energy level.
Cause them to emit light with a distinct wavelength, which will be analyzed.
IR SPECTROSCOPY, INTRODUCTION, PRINCIPLE, THEORY, FATE OF ABSORBED RADIATION, FERMI RESONANCE, FINGERPRINT REGION, VIBRATIONS, FACTORS AFFECTING ABSORPTION OF IR RADIATION, SAMPLING TECHNIQUES, APPLICATIONS OF IR SPECTROSCOPY.
MASS SPECTROSCOPY ( Molecular ion, Base peak, Isotopic abundance, Metastable ...Sachin Kale
CONTENT:
Molecular Ion Peak
Significance of Molecular ion & Graphically Method
Base Peak
Isotopic Abundance
Metastable Ion
Significance of Metastable ion
Nitrogen Rule & graphs
Formulation of Rule
In this slide contains Interference In Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy and applications.
Presented by: Shaik Gouse ul azam. ( department of pharmaceutical analysis.)
RIPER, anantpur.
PPTs deals with UNIT 3 of power Plant Engg. Nuclear Power Plants. Basics of Nuclear Engg,. Nuclear fusion , Nuclear Fission, half life , finger prints, Types of Nuclear Reactors, basis of types of Nuclear Reactors, working of Boiler water Reactors, Pressurised water reactor,CANDU Reactor
PPTs cover the portion of Unit 3 of the subject code ME 6701, Power Plant Engineering.
PPTs cover basics of Nuclear Engineering, Nuclear Fission & nuclear Fusion, Nuclear decay, Half life, Types of reactors
Methods of collection of Nuclear wastes, types of nuclear wastes ans disposal of nuclear wastes.
Norman John Brodeur worked at MIT’s instrumentation lab which later became Draper Labs. My responsibility was instrumentation and guidance systems for the Apollo command module and the lunar module. Previous to that I worked for Avco-Everett Research Lab in Everett. There we focused on testing materials for the vehicle’s heat shield. I was doing heat studies of various materials and what we eventually developed would just burn off and the heat with it.
Nuclear physics is a branch of physics that focuses on the study of atomic nuclei and their interactions. It explores the properties and behavior of atomic nuclei, which are the central cores of atoms containing protons and neutrons. This field is crucial for understanding the fundamental forces that govern the behavior of matter at the atomic and subatomic levels.
STRUCTURE OF ATOM
Sub atomic Particles
Atomic Models
Atomic spectrum of hydrogen atom:
Photoelectric effect
Planck’s quantum theory
Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle
Quantum Numbers
Rules for filling of electrons in various orbitals
Higher Education and Research in BrazilSajjad Ullah
This presentation highlight the education system of Brasil and the opportunities of Higher Education/Research in Brazil.
Major Brazilian Funding agencies and the scholarship opportunities they offer are highlighted.
Optical band gap measurement by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (drs)Sajjad Ullah
Introduction to Optical band gap measurement
by electronic spectroscopy and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) with comparison of the results obtained suing different equation and measurement techniques.
The role of scattering in extinction of light as it passes through media is briefly discussed.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
1. Radiochemical Methods of
Analysis
Dr. Sajjad Ullah
Institute of Chemical Sciences
University of Peshawar, Pak
Dr. Sajjad Ullah, ICS, University of Peshawar
2. Nuclear Chemistry--- The Wonders Land
Nuclear
Research
Can the power of the nucleus be harnessed for our benefit Or are the Risks too great?
Mystery
&
Wonder
Enormous potential
Dr. Sajjad Ullah, ICS, University of Peshawar
3. We should remember that there are nations
which meet more than 30 to 60% of their
power requirements through the nuclear
power system.
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
Nuclear power will help provide the electricity that our
growing economy needs without increasing emissions. This is
truly an environmentally responsible source of energy.
Michael C. Burgess
A nuclear power reactor is just a fancy way of boiling water.
Leslie Dewan
Nuclear power plants must be prepared to withstand
everything from earthquakes to tsunamis, from fires to
floods to acts of terrorism.
Ban Ki-moon
We have a legal and moral obligation to rid our world of
nuclear tests and nuclear weapons.
Ban Ki-moon
All the waste in a year from a nuclear power plant can be
stored under a desk.
Ronald Reagan
Dr. Sajjad Ullah, ICS, University of Peshawar
4. Radiochemistry
Radiochemistry deals with the study of the decay of unstable nuclei (radionuclide) and products
(particle or radiation) of the decay.
It studies unstable nuclei (radioactive nuclei) which spontaneously emit or stable nuclei from
which emission can be induced through different mechanisms.
Each type of unstable nucleus has a characteristic rate (from fraction of s to billions of years) of
radioactive decay.
Qualitative analysis: Energy of the emitted particle/radiation is measured
Quantitative analysis: Magnitude of the emission is measured
Radioisotope: An isotope of an element that emits a particle or EMR
Radionuclide: A nucleus that emits.
Radioactive: A substance which spontaneously emit radiation or particle or which undergoes fission.
Fission: The process by which a radionuclide decays into at least two pieces which have atomic number
greater than 2
Density of nucleus = 1014g/mL
Dr. Sajjad Ullah, ICS, University of Peshawar
5. Components of Nucleus: Terms and Notions
Mass number
Atomic number
for nuclide
Symbol for particles/nuclide
Proton = 1
1p or 1
1H
Electron = -1
0e
Neutron = 0
1n
No. of neutrons (N)= A - Z
Alpha particles = α or 2
4H
Beta particles = β or -1
0β or +1
0β
Gamma rays = ɤ or 0
0ɤ
Dr. Sajjad Ullah, ICS, University of Peshawar
6. Neutron/ Proton ratio
The ability of a nuclide to spontaneously emit is
a function of the ratio of neutrons to protons (N/Z).
Neutron/Proton (N/Z) ratio =
𝐴−𝑍
𝑍
For lighter elements (Z< 20), one neutron for each proton (N/Z ~1)
Is enough to provide stability: 2
4He, 6
12C, 8
16O and 10
20Ne
For heavier nuclides to be stable, the number of neutrons must
exceed the number of protons (N/Z >1)
If N/Z ratio is either too HIGH or NOT HIGH enough, the nuclide is
unstable and decay.
The N/Z ratio of stable nuclides increases with increase in Z
No stable nuclides exists with N/Z =1 for Z > 20. Thus, Fe, Ag and W
all have N/Z > 1)
All nuclides with Z > 83 are unstable. Bi-209 is the heaviest stable
nuclide.
Very Few nuclides exists with N/Z < 1 (the only are 1
1H and 2
3He)
Neutron vs. Protons plot
For stable nuclides
Dr. Sajjad Ullah, ICS, University of Peshawar
10. Alpha (α or 4
2He) Particles
• Alpha particles are dense, positively charged particles identical to helium nuclei
• Heavier (greater mass, m) than other nuclear emission and thus have lesser mean
velocity (v) than other emission of the same kinetic energy (KE= 1/2mv2)
• Larger size, so lesser penetration than other emissions
• After emission of α particles from the parent nuclide, the daughter nuclide contains
two lesser p and n.
• α particles emitted from a particular nuclide possess discrete kinetic energy
and they rapidly lose KE as they penetrate into matter (thus they are highly
ionizing). They thus have shallow penetration depth (µm range).
• α particles interact with e in matter causing ionization. Eventually, these α
particles captures e and convert into
He atoms Dr. Sajjad Ullah, ICS, University of Peshawar
11. Beta (β or -1
0β) Particles
• Beta particles are charged particles identified as high-speed electrons.
• Both positively (1
0β or positron) and negatively (-1
0β or negatron) charged electrons can be emitted
• In nucleus, electrons are formed (and ejected from nucleus) either by decay of neutron to yield a proton
• and a negatron (equation 1) Or by decay of a proton to yield a neutron and position. (equation 2)
n p + e-
p n + e+
0
1n 1
1p + -1
0βor
1
1p 0
1n + +1
0βor
-----(1)
-----(2)
71
176Lu 72
176Lu + -1
0β
19
40K 18
40K + +1
0β
• Beta particles are lighter than alpha particles, so they are less effective in ionization of matter than alpha
particles
• For the same reason, their penetration depth is 500 times more than alpha particles of the same energy.
• The maximum energy (Emax) which a beta particle can posses is determined by the energetic loss by the
Emitting atom. It is characteristic of a particular nuclear reaction and can be used for qualitative analysis.
• Beta particles loss energy by ionizing the medium or exciting the target atoms (interaction with e-) and
through Bremsstrahlumg Emission (a shock wave of EMR caused by rapid deceleration of e)
• Annihilation: e+ + e- (in matter) 2 ɤ (0.511 MeV) (remember E= mc2)Dr. Sajjad Ullah, ICS, University of Peshawar
12. Neutron (n or 0
1n)
• They have no charge so exhibit 10 times deeper penetration depth than e-.
• They are primarily used in chemical analysis to induced radioactivity in a bombarded sample.
• Bombarding neutron either transfer energy to the target nucleus (which gets energetically excited)
or are captured by the nucleus (change N/Z ratio and induced radioactivity)
• Measurement of the nuclear emissions (particles or ɤ rays) emitted simultaneously can be used for
chemical analysis
• Neutron Activation Analysis: Analytical technique in which neutrons are used to produce an
unstable nucleus ( to de discussed later)
Dr. Sajjad Ullah, ICS, University of Peshawar
13. Gamma (ɤ) Rays
• Any excess energy produced during nuclear
reactions may be released as ɤ-rays
• Photons emitted from nucleus are called ɤ-
rays
• ɤ-rays are like x-rays except fro the source:
They are formed during relaxation of the
nucleus.
• The E of emitted ɤ-rays is characteristic of the
change in nuclear energetic levels for a
particular nuclide. Emission occurs at discrete
energies (Qualitative Analysis)
• Qualitative analysis: Compare ɤ-rays
spectrum of sample with those of known
nuclides.
• ɤ-rays-Matter interaction: Photoelectric effect,
Compton scattering and pair production Dr. Sajjad Ullah, ICS, University of Peshawar
14. Radiochemical Decay and Activity
Radiochemical decomposition of an unstable nuclide does not require
A collision with any other body, the process occurs by a first-order
mechanism
Activity: The rate at which radiochemical decay occurs is the Activity (A)
of the nuclide and is given by first-order rate law:
where, A= change in number of nuclei (N) divided
by the change in time (t)
λ = first order rate constant (1/s) or decay
constant. The larger the value
of λ, the higher is the decays rate
N = number of parent nuclei present at time t
The number (N) of parent nuclei present at time t is given by:
N0 = initial number of parent nuclei
present at time t0
This equation can be used to determine nuclear decay constant λ for a reaction from measurement of the half life.
The SI unit of radioactivity is Becquerel (Bq).
It is defined as one disintegration (decay of a
single nuclide) per second (d/s)
1 Bq= 1 d/s
Curie (Ci): A much larger unit.
1 curie equals the no. of nuclei disintegration
each second in 1 g of Radiuam-226:
1 Ci= 3.7 x 1010 d/s = 3.7 x 1010 Bq
Smaller units (mCi, µCi) are generally used.
Specific Activity = decay rate per unit substance
SA= Bq/g, Bq/mL, mCi/g, µCi/mL, , µCi/mmol
A α N or A = λN =
The number decaying per unit time is
Proportional to the number present
Dr. Sajjad Ullah, ICS, University of Peshawar
15. The half time t1/2 of a radiochemical decay is defined as the time
at which one half of the nuclides have decayed as is given by:
Half-life of Radioactive Decay
Note that first-order chemical change, the half-life in not dependent on
the number of nuclei and is inversely related to the decay constant (λ).
Lager λ, smaller t1/2 smaller λ, larger t1/2
6
14C 7
14N + -1
0β
Half-life in terms of mass
Initial amount of C = 1g
C left after fist half life= 0.5 g
C left after 2nd second half life = 0.25 g
A depends on N present, so A become ½
after each half-life
The decay constants and half lives of radionuclides vary
over an extremely wide range, even for nuclide of the a
given element (Table 24.5)
Since t1/2 is constant for a particular radionuclide and
since the t1/2 values vary between radionuclides, they can
sometimes be used to identify the nuclides.
Dr. Sajjad Ullah, ICS, University of Peshawar
16. Half lives= fraction of seconds to billions of years
Radionuclides that have half-lives between a fraction
of min and several thousands years could be used
for chemical analysis (see Table 20-2)
Dr. Sajjad Ullah, ICS, University of Peshawar
17. Instrumentation
(Radiochemical methods of analysis)
Source of nuclear particles
(to induce radioactivity)
Detectors
(monitor emission from the sample)
Cell
(to hold the sample)
The simplest apparatus that is used for radiochemical analysis
consists solely of a detector to monitor emission from the sample
Gas-ionization Scintillation) Semiconductive )
Ionization
Chamber
(α particle)
Geiger-Muller
Counter
(portable, total β activity)
Proportional
Counter
(β+ α particle)
Solid Liquid state
(Cocktail)
Proportional, scintillation, and semiconductive are energy
dispersive when operated with a multichannel analyser.
Dr. Sajjad Ullah, ICS, University of Peshawar
19. Gas Ionization Detector
• Easily ionized gas (Ar, Kr, Xe and CH4) and two electrodes
• Cathode (metallic casing grounded)
• Anode: A rod in middle of the detector (positive potential)
• 5 cm thick Lead (Pb) shielding around the apparatus to lower background
count from environmental alpha, beta, gamma, cosmic rays)
• Responds unequally to alpha and beta particle
• Detector is more sensitive to alpha particles when operated in saturation
or proportional region
• Same response for alpha and beta particle in Geiger region
Sealed
(Be or mica)
window
Incident nuclear
emission
Dr. Sajjad Ullah, ICS, University of Peshawar
20. Proportional Counter (PC) Detector
A gas ionization detector operated in proportional
region
Can handle counting rates that approach 1 MHz
Sealed PC and flow-through PC
Filler Gas: 90% Ar and 10% CH4
Dr. Sajjad Ullah, ICS, University of Peshawar
21. Scintillation Counter
• Monitors the amount of emitted visible radiation from a phosphor powder (ZnS, calcium tungstate)
after excitation by incident radiation
• Modern detectors use a singe crystal rather than powder for such conversion.
• Mostly used to monitor β-particles (of E < 0.2 eV) and gamma radiation. For E> 0.2 eV, GM counter
or proportional counter are used
• Consists of a scintillator and one or two PMTs
• The radioactive emission strikes the scintillator and induces emission of visible radiation which is
monitored by PMT.
• Thallium (1 mol%) doped crystals of sodium iodide
(NaI(Tl)) detector is a common scintillation detector.
• Incident radiation excite the I atoms which transfer
some of their excess energy to thallium atoms which
subsequently emit 410 nm radiation (monitored)
• High sensitivity and thousands time amplification factor
Dr. Sajjad Ullah, ICS, University of Peshawar
22. Scintillation Cocktail
• Some detectors contain Scintillation solutions
• Sample and Scintillator are dissolved ins same solvent
• Some Liquid Scintillators: Anthracene, 2,5-diphenyloxazole (PPO),
p-terphenyl
• If primary scintillator (PPO) emit in the UV region, a second
scintillator (POPOP) is used to convert this UV light into visible light
(measured with PMT)
2,5-diphenyloxazole (PPO)
p-terphenyl
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scintillator
Anthracene
1,4-bis(5-phenyloxazol-2-yl) benzene (POPOP)
Dr. Sajjad Ullah, ICS, University of Peshawar
23. Semiconductive Detectors
• Lithium-drifted silicon (Si(Li)) , Lithium-drifted germanium Ge(Li), intrinsic Ge
detectors
• Used to monitor gamma or x-rays
• Detection based on the increase in conductivity when struck by radiation
• The detector has three regions:
- n-type region contains Li atoms in Si,
- p-type region
- intrinsic central region: contains Li ions in Si and has higher resistance
than the other two regions (this portion is sensitive to radiations)
Lithium-drifted silicon detector
• X-rays or gammas rays enter the intrinsic region and excites electrons to a conduction band and the
resistance in this region decreases, allowing a flow of current through the device.
• A large current pulse is generated from each incident x-ray photon.
• The output of the detector is directly proportional to the E of the incident radiation.
• Operational Temperature (77 K, liquid nitrogen bath): Decrease thermal noise, increase reslaution
Dr. Sajjad Ullah, ICS, University of Peshawar
25. Fission: The process by which a radionuclide decays into at least two pieces which have atomic number greater than 2
Dr. Sajjad Ullah, ICS, University of Peshawar
30. Isotopic Dilution Methods:
(1) Direct Isotopic Dilution Analysis (DIDA)
(2) Inverse Isotopic Dilution Analysis (IIDA)
(1) Direct Isotopic Dilution Analysis (DIDA):
The Method of quantitative analysis which relies upon addition of a radioactive component to the sample (non-radioactive) is
DIDA
In this technique, a known amount of radioactive material (m*) is homogenously mixed with a nonradioactive analyte (m)
The added radioactive component is as nearly identical to the analyte as possible. That is, it must behave identically to the
analyte during the separation portion of the assay.
The analyte and the radioactive component are chemically separated, as pure compounds, from the remainder of the
sample.
A weighed portion of the separated component (mM) is measured for it radioactivity and the result is used to calculate
The amount of the analyte in the original sample (see below).
31. During DIDA, it is convenient to use the Specific Activity (SA) of the components
For DIDA, Specific activity is the ratio of the activity to a unit mass of substance. For instance, for the radioactive
component:
As = SAs . m*
ORSAM =
𝐴 𝑀
𝑚 𝑀
AM = SAM . mM
ORSAs =
𝐴 𝑠
𝑚∗
SAs = specific activity of radioactive component
As = activity of radioactive component
m* = mass of radioactive component
SAM = specific activity of the separated mixture of the
radioactive component and the analyte
mM= mass of the mixture (radioactive component + analyte)
i.e., mM = m* + m
AM= activity of the mixture
Similarly, the specific activity (SAM) of the separated mixture of the radioactive component and
the analyte is given by:
AM = SAM . (m + m*)
The number of radionuclides in the pure radioactive component is identical to the number in the mixture.
Consequently, the activity of pure radionuclide (As) and the activity of the mixture (AM) must be identical (As= AM)
SAs . m* = SAM . (m + m*)
m =
𝑚∗(𝑆𝐴𝑠−𝑆𝐴𝑀)
𝑆𝐴 𝑀
This equation allows calculation of mass (m) of the analyte
OR
32. (2) Inverse Isotopic Dilution Analysis (IIDA
The Method of quantitative analysis which relies upon addition of a nonradioactive nuclide to the
radioactive analyte (to be quantified) of the same element is IIDA.
IIDA is used to determine the mass of radionuclide after dilution with a non-radioactive nuclide of the same
element.
The principle of IIDA is the same as that of DIDA.
AM = SAM . (m + m*)
SAM =
𝐴 𝑀
𝑚 𝑀
Setting SAM =
𝐴 𝑀
𝑚 𝑀
33. Radiometric Titrations
• In a Radiometric Analysis, a radioactive substance is used in a chemical reaction with a nonradioactive
Substance for the purpose of quantitatively assaying the nonradioactive substance
• The radioactive substance can be used in a titration with the non-radioactive substances.
• A radiometric titration curve is obtained by plotting the radioactivity as function of titrant volume.
• The Endpoint of the titration is located from a titration curve.
• Can be applied to precipitation (most common), complexometric and redox titration. It can be used when the
titrant gives an insoluble precipitate or compound can be extracted easily, and when one of the reaction
partners can be labeled
• Standard solution of radiometric compound is prepared and used as titrand or titrant
110Ag+ + Cl- AgCl(s)
The activity of solution is measured. Before end point, AgCl precipitates out and Activity is low.
After end point, excess Ag+ added to solution causes an increase in activity and
titration curve: Plot A vs added AgNO3 amount
1102Ag+ + CrO4
2- Ag2CrO4(s)
Ca2+ + 2F- CaF2
Ag+ + Br- AgBr(s)
34. During the titration, the reagent is added in different quantities and the activity of the precipitate or the filtrate is
measured, or in case of extraction the activity of one phase is determined.
There are three methods, depending the way of labeling:
1. The titrant is labeled with its radioactive isotope: the activity of the solution decreases to the equivalent point, and
then it remains constant.
2. The reagent is labeled: the activity of the solution increases after the equivalency.
3. Both reaction partners are labeled: the activity of the solution has a minimum.