This document discusses radiation and radiation protection. It defines key terms like radiation dosimetry, absorbed dose, and dose equivalent. It describes different types of natural and man-made radiation sources, including cosmic rays, terrestrial sources like radon and potassium-40, medical sources, tobacco smoke, and fallout from nuclear weapons testing. It provides estimates of average annual effective radiation doses to humans from various natural and man-made sources.
This document provides an overview of nuclear medicine and radiotherapy. It discusses radioactive decay, interactions of ionizing radiation with matter, and biological effects of ionizing radiation. Key methods covered include radioimmunoassay, imaging techniques like PET and SPECT, and external beam radiotherapy. The document also explains the laws of radioactive decay and concepts such as physical half-life and effective half-life.
The document discusses various units used to measure radiation. It begins by explaining that ionizing radiation removes electrons from atoms, causing ionization. It then discusses the early unit of exposure (SED), before introducing the roentgen (R) as the unit adopted in 1928. The roentgen measures ionization in air. Exposure is defined as charge per unit mass. Relationships between the SI unit of coulomb/kg and the roentgen are provided. Different types of ionization chambers used to measure exposure, such as free air chambers and thimble chambers, are described. Limitations of the roentgen are noted. Various units used to measure radiation energy, exposure, dose, and dose equivalents are defined.
This document discusses radiation health and safety. It covers definitions of radiation, sources of radiation exposure including natural background radiation and medical uses, biological effects of radiation exposure, and methods of radiation monitoring, prevention and regulation. Radiation can come from external sources like X-rays or internal sources from ingesting or inhaling radioactive materials. Exposure is measured in units like the rad, rem and sievert which account for different types of radiation and their effects on tissues.
Radiopharmaceuticals are radioactive compounds used for diagnosis and treatment that contain a radionuclide attached to a pharmaceutical agent and have a short effective half-life. Common radionuclides used are technetium-99m and iodine-131 which decay by isomeric transition or electron capture emitting gamma rays ideal for detection. The rate of radioactive decay follows an exponential curve defined by the physical half-life of the radionuclide and biological half-life within the body determining the effective half-life.
PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF RADIATION ABSORPTION 1.pptxDr Monica P
Radiobiology is the study of the action of Ionizing radiations on the living things.
The absorption of energy from the radiation in biologic material leads to either of the following two processes: EXCITATION, IONIZATION
This document provides an overview of nuclear medicine and radiotherapy. It discusses radioactive decay, interactions of ionizing radiation with matter, and biological effects of ionizing radiation. Key methods covered include radioimmunoassay, imaging techniques like PET and SPECT, and external beam radiotherapy. The document also explains the laws of radioactive decay and concepts such as physical half-life and effective half-life.
The document discusses various units used to measure radiation. It begins by explaining that ionizing radiation removes electrons from atoms, causing ionization. It then discusses the early unit of exposure (SED), before introducing the roentgen (R) as the unit adopted in 1928. The roentgen measures ionization in air. Exposure is defined as charge per unit mass. Relationships between the SI unit of coulomb/kg and the roentgen are provided. Different types of ionization chambers used to measure exposure, such as free air chambers and thimble chambers, are described. Limitations of the roentgen are noted. Various units used to measure radiation energy, exposure, dose, and dose equivalents are defined.
This document discusses radiation health and safety. It covers definitions of radiation, sources of radiation exposure including natural background radiation and medical uses, biological effects of radiation exposure, and methods of radiation monitoring, prevention and regulation. Radiation can come from external sources like X-rays or internal sources from ingesting or inhaling radioactive materials. Exposure is measured in units like the rad, rem and sievert which account for different types of radiation and their effects on tissues.
Radiopharmaceuticals are radioactive compounds used for diagnosis and treatment that contain a radionuclide attached to a pharmaceutical agent and have a short effective half-life. Common radionuclides used are technetium-99m and iodine-131 which decay by isomeric transition or electron capture emitting gamma rays ideal for detection. The rate of radioactive decay follows an exponential curve defined by the physical half-life of the radionuclide and biological half-life within the body determining the effective half-life.
PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF RADIATION ABSORPTION 1.pptxDr Monica P
Radiobiology is the study of the action of Ionizing radiations on the living things.
The absorption of energy from the radiation in biologic material leads to either of the following two processes: EXCITATION, IONIZATION
This document provides an overview of radiobiology and radiation biology. It begins by defining radiobiology as the study of the effects of ionizing radiation on living systems. It then discusses the initial interactions of radiation with matter on an atomic level and how this can lead to molecular changes in cells and organisms over time, potentially resulting in injury or death. The document further explores the composition of matter, types of radiation including ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, radiation measurements, and concepts such as linear energy transfer and relative biological effectiveness. It also examines the sequence of radiation injury and key related terms.
This document provides an overview of various spectroscopy techniques including UV-Vis, IR, and NMR spectroscopy. It discusses key concepts like electromagnetic radiation, photon energy, and the electromagnetic spectrum. It describes the interactions between electromagnetic radiation and matter that are measured in different spectroscopy methods. It also provides examples of spectra for organic compounds and explanations of spectral features.
The document discusses various types of ionizing radiation, their properties and interactions with matter. It describes the dual wave-particle nature of radiation and defines key terms like half-value layer, linear attenuation coefficient, and interaction mechanisms including the photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, pair production, and bremsstrahlung. It also covers particulate radiations like electrons and neutrons, and their penetration and energy deposition in tissues.
The document discusses the interaction of radiation with matter. It describes the various types of interactions including photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, pair production and their dependence on photon energy. It also discusses the linear attenuation coefficient, half value layer, mass attenuation coefficient and energy absorption coefficient. The different effects of ionizing and non-ionizing radiation are summarized along with the radiobiological implications of radiation interactions.
Module 1_Basics of biological effects of ionizing radiation.pptjinprix
The document provides an overview of biological effects of ionizing radiation. It discusses how radiation is absorbed and interacts with matter, producing ionizations through various processes like the photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, and pair production for photons. It also describes radiation quantities like absorbed dose and equivalent dose, which accounts for different biological damage potential of radiation types. DNA damage from ionizing radiation can occur directly or indirectly through free radicals produced by water radiolysis. The cell has repair pathways to respond to DNA damage through checkpoints in the cell cycle. Double-strand breaks are critical lesions that can be repaired by non-homologous end joining or homologous recombination mechanisms.
Units and measurements in radiation oncologyFINAL.pptxTaushifulHoque
This document provides an overview of key concepts and units used in radiation oncology. It discusses governing bodies like ICRU and ICRP, and defines common units like the becquerel (Bq) for activity, gray (Gy) for absorbed dose, and sievert (Sv) for equivalent dose. Various radiation quantities are also explained, such as exposure, KERMA, and half-life in relation to radioactive decay. Clinical applications of these concepts in areas like nuclear medicine and radiation therapy are also briefly mentioned.
Units and measurements in radiation oncologyFINAL.pptxTaushifulHoque
This document provides an overview of key concepts and units used in radiation oncology. It discusses governing bodies like ICRU and ICRP, and defines common units like the becquerel (Bq) for activity, gray (Gy) for absorbed dose, and sievert (Sv) for equivalent dose. Various radiation quantities are also explained, such as exposure, KERMA, and half-life in relation to radioactive decay. Clinical applications of these concepts in areas like nuclear medicine and radiation therapy are also briefly mentioned.
This document discusses various units used to measure radiation and its effects. It introduces electromagnetic radiation and defines ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. It then explains the importance of measurement units and defines common units like becquerels, curies, grays, rads, sieverts and rems used to quantify radioactivity, radiation dose, and biological dose equivalents. The document also discusses concepts like kerma, equivalent dose and effective dose which account for different tissue sensitivities to different radiation types.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in radiation protection including:
- Types of radiation such as ionizing (alpha, beta, gamma) and non-ionizing radiation.
- Units used to measure radiation dose including absorbed dose (Gy, rad), dose equivalent (Sv, rem), and effective dose (Sv).
- Properties and interactions of different types of ionizing radiation (alpha, beta, gamma, neutrons) in matter.
- Concepts of radioactivity, activity, decay constant, half-life, and radioactive decay laws.
- Tissue weighting factors and radiation weighting factors used to calculate equivalent and effective radiation doses.
This document provides an introduction to infrared spectroscopy. It discusses the principle, theory, modes of molecular vibrations, instrumentation, factors influencing vibrational frequencies, and applications of infrared spectroscopy. Specifically, it explains that infrared spectroscopy analyzes the absorption of infrared radiation by molecules and the characteristic vibrational frequencies are dependent on the masses of atoms and the strength of bonds in a molecule. It also describes the different types of molecular vibrations that can be observed, including stretching and bending vibrations.
This document discusses radioactivity and radiopharmaceuticals used in nuclear medicine for diagnosis and treatment. It defines isotopes, radioactive isotopes, and radioactivity. The major types of radioactive decay are described, including alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, and electron capture. The properties and effects of each type of radiation are summarized. The kinetics of radioactive decay are explained using decay constant and half-life. Radiation dosimetry is introduced as the calculation of radiation dose exposed to and absorbed by objects.
1. Radiation can interact with matter through ionization or excitation. Ionization removes an electron from an atom, while excitation raises an electron to a higher energy state.
2. Radiation is classified as either non-ionizing or ionizing. Ionizing radiation can directly or indirectly ionize matter and includes photons, electrons, protons, alpha particles, neutrons, and other heavy charged particles.
3. The interaction of radiation with matter depends on the type of radiation. Electromagnetic radiation can undergo processes like the photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, and pair production. Charged particles lose energy through ionization and excitation of atoms. Neutrons can elastically or inelastically scatter
This document defines key terms in radiobiology such as radiation, ionizing radiation, absorbed dose, and radioactivity. It discusses the interactions of radiation with matter including the photoelectric effect and Compton scattering. The effects of radiation like direct and indirect effects are covered as well as linear energy transfer and relative biological effectiveness. Finally, formulas to calculate x-ray exposure are presented.
1. Nuclear chemistry deals with changes in the nucleus of atoms, which are the source of radioactivity and nuclear power. It studies nuclear particles, forces, and reactions.
2. Nuclear reactions differ from chemical reactions in that the nucleus of an element takes part rather than just electrons, and a much larger amount of energy is evolved. Reaction rates of nuclear reactions are dependent on nuclear concentration but not influenced by temperature or catalysts.
3. Radioactive decay occurs via three types of radiation: alpha, beta, and gamma. Alpha decay decreases mass and atomic number by units of 4 and 2, respectively. Beta decay does not change mass number but increases atomic number by 1. Gamma decay does not change mass or atomic number
Radiation comes in many forms and can be classified as ionizing or non-ionizing. Ionizing radiation has enough energy to remove electrons from atoms and includes gamma rays, X-rays, and alpha/beta particles. Non-ionizing radiation does not have enough energy to ionize atoms and includes visible light, microwaves, and radio waves. Radiation is measured in units like the curie and becquerel that represent radioactive decays, while exposure is measured in rads and grays representing absorbed energy doses. Radiation finds many uses in fields like medical imaging and treatment.
Radiobiology for Clinical Oncologists, IntroductionDina Barakat
Radiobiology is the study of how ionizing radiation interacts with living things. This document provides an overview of different types of ionizing radiation including electromagnetic radiation like x-rays and gamma rays, and particulate radiation like electrons, protons, alpha particles, and heavy ions. It describes the physics of how this radiation is absorbed and can cause excitation or ionization in biological materials. Specifically, it notes that x-rays and gamma rays are indirectly ionizing since they produce fast-moving electrons upon absorption, while particulate radiations can directly ionize materials. Around 10,000 to 20,000 cases of lung cancer per year in the US are attributed to alpha particles from radon gas in homes.
This document defines several key concepts in radiation dosimetry:
1) Radiation is emitted from unstable radioactive isotopes and can be ionizing electromagnetic waves or massive particles. Activity is defined as the number of atomic transformations per unit time. The becquerel is the SI unit of activity.
2) Exposure is the charge generated per unit mass of air due to ionization. The roentgen is a historical unit of exposure. The rate of exposure is exposure over time.
3) Absorbed dose is the energy deposited per unit mass. The gray is the SI unit of absorbed dose, with the rad as a historical unit. The rate of absorbed dose is the time derivative of absorbed dose.
Radiation can be ionizing or non-ionizing. Ionizing radiation has enough energy to remove electrons from atoms and molecules and includes alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, x-rays, and neutrons. Non-ionizing radiation does not have enough energy to ionize but can excite electrons. Radiation is quantified by activity (disintegrations per second), exposure (energy deposited in air), absorbed dose (energy absorbed per mass), and biologically equivalent dose. Different types of ionizing radiation interact differently with tissues depending on their mass and charge. Acute radiation exposure can cause sickness and death while long-term effects include increased cancer risks and organ damage.
These slides briefly introduce the concepts of Radio-chemistry including nuclear stability, half life, nuclear emissions and their detection, and then highlight 02 radio chemical methods namely isotopic dilution methods and radio-chemical titrations.
The document discusses the nature of radioactivity including the three main types of nuclear radiation (alpha, beta, gamma) and their properties. It describes different types of nuclear decay including alpha emission, beta emission, gamma emission, electron capture, and positron emission. Examples of radioactive isotopes used in dating and medicine are provided along with information on half-life, units of radiation measurement, and applications of radioisotopes. Review questions at the end assess understanding of nuclear equations, half-life calculations, and the inverse square law of radiation intensity.
This document provides an overview of radiobiology and radiation biology. It begins by defining radiobiology as the study of the effects of ionizing radiation on living systems. It then discusses the initial interactions of radiation with matter on an atomic level and how this can lead to molecular changes in cells and organisms over time, potentially resulting in injury or death. The document further explores the composition of matter, types of radiation including ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, radiation measurements, and concepts such as linear energy transfer and relative biological effectiveness. It also examines the sequence of radiation injury and key related terms.
This document provides an overview of various spectroscopy techniques including UV-Vis, IR, and NMR spectroscopy. It discusses key concepts like electromagnetic radiation, photon energy, and the electromagnetic spectrum. It describes the interactions between electromagnetic radiation and matter that are measured in different spectroscopy methods. It also provides examples of spectra for organic compounds and explanations of spectral features.
The document discusses various types of ionizing radiation, their properties and interactions with matter. It describes the dual wave-particle nature of radiation and defines key terms like half-value layer, linear attenuation coefficient, and interaction mechanisms including the photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, pair production, and bremsstrahlung. It also covers particulate radiations like electrons and neutrons, and their penetration and energy deposition in tissues.
The document discusses the interaction of radiation with matter. It describes the various types of interactions including photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, pair production and their dependence on photon energy. It also discusses the linear attenuation coefficient, half value layer, mass attenuation coefficient and energy absorption coefficient. The different effects of ionizing and non-ionizing radiation are summarized along with the radiobiological implications of radiation interactions.
Module 1_Basics of biological effects of ionizing radiation.pptjinprix
The document provides an overview of biological effects of ionizing radiation. It discusses how radiation is absorbed and interacts with matter, producing ionizations through various processes like the photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, and pair production for photons. It also describes radiation quantities like absorbed dose and equivalent dose, which accounts for different biological damage potential of radiation types. DNA damage from ionizing radiation can occur directly or indirectly through free radicals produced by water radiolysis. The cell has repair pathways to respond to DNA damage through checkpoints in the cell cycle. Double-strand breaks are critical lesions that can be repaired by non-homologous end joining or homologous recombination mechanisms.
Units and measurements in radiation oncologyFINAL.pptxTaushifulHoque
This document provides an overview of key concepts and units used in radiation oncology. It discusses governing bodies like ICRU and ICRP, and defines common units like the becquerel (Bq) for activity, gray (Gy) for absorbed dose, and sievert (Sv) for equivalent dose. Various radiation quantities are also explained, such as exposure, KERMA, and half-life in relation to radioactive decay. Clinical applications of these concepts in areas like nuclear medicine and radiation therapy are also briefly mentioned.
Units and measurements in radiation oncologyFINAL.pptxTaushifulHoque
This document provides an overview of key concepts and units used in radiation oncology. It discusses governing bodies like ICRU and ICRP, and defines common units like the becquerel (Bq) for activity, gray (Gy) for absorbed dose, and sievert (Sv) for equivalent dose. Various radiation quantities are also explained, such as exposure, KERMA, and half-life in relation to radioactive decay. Clinical applications of these concepts in areas like nuclear medicine and radiation therapy are also briefly mentioned.
This document discusses various units used to measure radiation and its effects. It introduces electromagnetic radiation and defines ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. It then explains the importance of measurement units and defines common units like becquerels, curies, grays, rads, sieverts and rems used to quantify radioactivity, radiation dose, and biological dose equivalents. The document also discusses concepts like kerma, equivalent dose and effective dose which account for different tissue sensitivities to different radiation types.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in radiation protection including:
- Types of radiation such as ionizing (alpha, beta, gamma) and non-ionizing radiation.
- Units used to measure radiation dose including absorbed dose (Gy, rad), dose equivalent (Sv, rem), and effective dose (Sv).
- Properties and interactions of different types of ionizing radiation (alpha, beta, gamma, neutrons) in matter.
- Concepts of radioactivity, activity, decay constant, half-life, and radioactive decay laws.
- Tissue weighting factors and radiation weighting factors used to calculate equivalent and effective radiation doses.
This document provides an introduction to infrared spectroscopy. It discusses the principle, theory, modes of molecular vibrations, instrumentation, factors influencing vibrational frequencies, and applications of infrared spectroscopy. Specifically, it explains that infrared spectroscopy analyzes the absorption of infrared radiation by molecules and the characteristic vibrational frequencies are dependent on the masses of atoms and the strength of bonds in a molecule. It also describes the different types of molecular vibrations that can be observed, including stretching and bending vibrations.
This document discusses radioactivity and radiopharmaceuticals used in nuclear medicine for diagnosis and treatment. It defines isotopes, radioactive isotopes, and radioactivity. The major types of radioactive decay are described, including alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, and electron capture. The properties and effects of each type of radiation are summarized. The kinetics of radioactive decay are explained using decay constant and half-life. Radiation dosimetry is introduced as the calculation of radiation dose exposed to and absorbed by objects.
1. Radiation can interact with matter through ionization or excitation. Ionization removes an electron from an atom, while excitation raises an electron to a higher energy state.
2. Radiation is classified as either non-ionizing or ionizing. Ionizing radiation can directly or indirectly ionize matter and includes photons, electrons, protons, alpha particles, neutrons, and other heavy charged particles.
3. The interaction of radiation with matter depends on the type of radiation. Electromagnetic radiation can undergo processes like the photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, and pair production. Charged particles lose energy through ionization and excitation of atoms. Neutrons can elastically or inelastically scatter
This document defines key terms in radiobiology such as radiation, ionizing radiation, absorbed dose, and radioactivity. It discusses the interactions of radiation with matter including the photoelectric effect and Compton scattering. The effects of radiation like direct and indirect effects are covered as well as linear energy transfer and relative biological effectiveness. Finally, formulas to calculate x-ray exposure are presented.
1. Nuclear chemistry deals with changes in the nucleus of atoms, which are the source of radioactivity and nuclear power. It studies nuclear particles, forces, and reactions.
2. Nuclear reactions differ from chemical reactions in that the nucleus of an element takes part rather than just electrons, and a much larger amount of energy is evolved. Reaction rates of nuclear reactions are dependent on nuclear concentration but not influenced by temperature or catalysts.
3. Radioactive decay occurs via three types of radiation: alpha, beta, and gamma. Alpha decay decreases mass and atomic number by units of 4 and 2, respectively. Beta decay does not change mass number but increases atomic number by 1. Gamma decay does not change mass or atomic number
Radiation comes in many forms and can be classified as ionizing or non-ionizing. Ionizing radiation has enough energy to remove electrons from atoms and includes gamma rays, X-rays, and alpha/beta particles. Non-ionizing radiation does not have enough energy to ionize atoms and includes visible light, microwaves, and radio waves. Radiation is measured in units like the curie and becquerel that represent radioactive decays, while exposure is measured in rads and grays representing absorbed energy doses. Radiation finds many uses in fields like medical imaging and treatment.
Radiobiology for Clinical Oncologists, IntroductionDina Barakat
Radiobiology is the study of how ionizing radiation interacts with living things. This document provides an overview of different types of ionizing radiation including electromagnetic radiation like x-rays and gamma rays, and particulate radiation like electrons, protons, alpha particles, and heavy ions. It describes the physics of how this radiation is absorbed and can cause excitation or ionization in biological materials. Specifically, it notes that x-rays and gamma rays are indirectly ionizing since they produce fast-moving electrons upon absorption, while particulate radiations can directly ionize materials. Around 10,000 to 20,000 cases of lung cancer per year in the US are attributed to alpha particles from radon gas in homes.
This document defines several key concepts in radiation dosimetry:
1) Radiation is emitted from unstable radioactive isotopes and can be ionizing electromagnetic waves or massive particles. Activity is defined as the number of atomic transformations per unit time. The becquerel is the SI unit of activity.
2) Exposure is the charge generated per unit mass of air due to ionization. The roentgen is a historical unit of exposure. The rate of exposure is exposure over time.
3) Absorbed dose is the energy deposited per unit mass. The gray is the SI unit of absorbed dose, with the rad as a historical unit. The rate of absorbed dose is the time derivative of absorbed dose.
Radiation can be ionizing or non-ionizing. Ionizing radiation has enough energy to remove electrons from atoms and molecules and includes alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, x-rays, and neutrons. Non-ionizing radiation does not have enough energy to ionize but can excite electrons. Radiation is quantified by activity (disintegrations per second), exposure (energy deposited in air), absorbed dose (energy absorbed per mass), and biologically equivalent dose. Different types of ionizing radiation interact differently with tissues depending on their mass and charge. Acute radiation exposure can cause sickness and death while long-term effects include increased cancer risks and organ damage.
These slides briefly introduce the concepts of Radio-chemistry including nuclear stability, half life, nuclear emissions and their detection, and then highlight 02 radio chemical methods namely isotopic dilution methods and radio-chemical titrations.
The document discusses the nature of radioactivity including the three main types of nuclear radiation (alpha, beta, gamma) and their properties. It describes different types of nuclear decay including alpha emission, beta emission, gamma emission, electron capture, and positron emission. Examples of radioactive isotopes used in dating and medicine are provided along with information on half-life, units of radiation measurement, and applications of radioisotopes. Review questions at the end assess understanding of nuclear equations, half-life calculations, and the inverse square law of radiation intensity.
Similar to 02. Radiation and Radiation Protection 2324.pdf (20)
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
The CBC machine is a common diagnostic tool used by doctors to measure a patient's red blood cell count, white blood cell count and platelet count. The machine uses a small sample of the patient's blood, which is then placed into special tubes and analyzed. The results of the analysis are then displayed on a screen for the doctor to review. The CBC machine is an important tool for diagnosing various conditions, such as anemia, infection and leukemia. It can also help to monitor a patient's response to treatment.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
2. Radiation protection is concerned with the interaction
of ionizing radiation with the human body. This requires
an understanding of:
• the basic nature of radiation
• interaction between radiation and matter
• radiation detection
• biological effects of radiation
to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of the various
applications of radiation and its limitations.
2
3. There are various kind of radiation which can be classified in electromagnetic
radiation (EM) and particle radiation (p). The X-rays and -rays are part of the
electromagnetic spectrum; both have a wavelength range between 10-4 and 101
nm, they differ only in their origin.
Nature and Origin of Radiation
3
4. When interacting with matter EM-radiation shows particle-like behavior.
The 'particles' are called photons. The energy of the photon and the
frequency ν (or wavelength ) of the EM-radiation are determined by the
Planck constant h:
h=6.62-34 J s = 4.12 10-21 MeVs
The photon energy for X-rays and -rays is in the eV to MeV range.
4
5. X-rays originate either from characteristic de-excitation processes in the
atoms (K, K transitions) (Characteristic X-rays). The photon energy
corresponds to the difference in binding energy of the electrons in the
excited levels to the K-level.
5
6. X-rays also originate from energy loss of high energy charged particles
(e.g. electrons) due to interaction with the atomic nucleus
(bremsstrahlung)
6
7. The nucleus can be in higher excitation if it rotates (rotational
energy), if it vibrates (vibrational energy), if the single particles are in
higher quantum mechanically allowed states (single particle
excitation).
-emission occurs by deexcitation of a high excitation level of the
nucleus to the ground state. The energy difference between the two
excited states corresponds to the energy of the -radiation.
7
8. Particle radiation is typically induced by decay processes of the nucleus. In
these decay processes an internal reorganization of the nucleons takes place
by which a more energetically favorable state can be reached (minimum of
mass, maximum in binding energy).
In -decay processes a neutron is converted into a proton by electron
emission (--decay),
or a proton is converted in a neutron by positron emission (+-decay):
-radiation are electrons which are emitted in the decay process with a certain
kinetic energy which originates from the energy difference between the
decaying nucleus (mother) and the decay product (daughter). 8
9. The released energy is translated into
the kinetic energy of the emitted a-
particle and the heavy recoil nucleus.
In -decay processes the nucleus reduces his mass by emitting a 4
2He2 (helium)
nucleus (-particle) to reach a less massive state.
-decay occurs in particular for heavy massive nuclei. The kinetic energy of the emitted
a particles is determined by the mass of the mother and daughter system.
9
10. Neutron decay occurs either as consequence of a preceding -decay, (-
delayed neutron decay) or as a result of a reaction of fission process.
In most cases neutrons are originated in fission, the splitting of a heavy nucleus
in two approximately equally massed smaller nuclei.
10
11. or
Natural Decay Law
The rate of the decay process is determined by the activity A (number
of decay processes per second) of the radioactive sample.
The activity is proportional to the number of radioactive nuclei (radionuclide)
is the decay constant!
Differential equation for N(t) can be solved
11
12. N(t0), A(t0) are the initial number of radionuclides and initial activity,
respectively.
The half life t1/2 of a radionuclide is the time by which the number of
radionuclides has reduced to 50%.
This shows a direct correlation between
half life and decay constant for each
radionuclide.
The lifetime of a nucleus is defined by:
Quite often the expression “lifetime” can
be found for radionuclides.
This means that after a period corresponding to the “lifetime” of a radioactive
nucleus the initial abundance has decreased to 36.8% of its initial value
12
15. Unit for exposure E is the Roentgen [R] which is defined by the
ionization between EM-radiation and air. 1 Roentgen is the amount of
EM-radiation which produces in 1 gram of air 2.58 10-7 C at normal
temperature (22°C) and pressure (760 Torr) conditions.
Dosimetry Units
Due to the interaction between radiation and material, ionization occurs in
the radiated material. (Energy transfer from the high energetic radiation
photons or particles to atomic electrons.) The ionization can be used as
measure for the amount of exposure which the material had to radiation.
1 R = 2.58 10-4 C/kg
15
16. The absorbed dose D of radiation in any kind of material depends
on the typical ionization energy of the particular material. The
absorbed dose is defined in terms of the absorbed radiation
energy per mass WIP .
It therefore clearly depends on the energy loss behavior of the various
kinds of radiation.
The unit for the absorbed dose is:
1 Gray = 1Gy = 1 J/kg = 104 erg/kg = 100 rad
The average ionization energy for air is W1P 34 eV/ion. With 1 eV = 1.6022
10-19J and the charge per ion is 1.610-19, this yields for the absorbed dose in
air D for 1 R exposure of EM radiation:
D = 1 R • 34 J/C = 2.58 10-4 C/kg 34 J/C = 8.8 10-3 J/kg =
8.8 10-3 Gy = 0.88 rad
16
17. There is an empirical relation between the amount of ionization in air
and the absorbed dose for a given photon energy and absorber
(body tissue).
The absorbed dose in rads per roentgen of exposure is known as the
roentgen-to-rad conversion factor C
C is approximately equal to one for soft body tissue in the energy range
of diagnostic radiology.
17
19. Exposure, exposure rate and absorbed dose are independent of the nature of radiation.
Biological damage depends mainly on the energy loss of the radiation to the body
material. These energy losses differ considerably for the various kinds of radiation. To
assess the biological effects of the different kind of radiations better, as new empirical unit
the dose equivalent H is introduced:
DOSE EQUIVALENT
with the quality factor Q which depends strongly on the ionization power of the various
kinds of radiation per path length. In first approximation QZ of radiation particles, Q(, X,
) 1.
As higher Q as higher the damage the radiation does! 19
20. EFFECTIVE DOSE
The various body organs have
different response to radiation. To
determine the specific sensitivity to
radiation exposure a tissue specific
organ weighting factor wT has been
established to assign a particular
organ or tissue T a certain exposure
risk.
The given weighting factors in the table imply for example that an equivalent dose of 1
mSv to the lung entails the same probability of damaging effects as an equivalent dose
to the liver of (0.12/0.05) 1 mSv = 2.4 mSv
The sum of the products of the equivalent dose to the organ HT and the weighting
factor wT for each organ irradiated is called the effective dose H:
H H
T T
T
=
Like HT, H is expressed in units Sv or rem
20
23. Man is exposed to different kind of natural occurring radiation. That
includes radiation from outer space as well as radiation from natural
sources on earth.
Outer space originated radiation is
mainly absorbed by the atmosphere.
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation in the sunlight
as part of the solar spectrum
Cosmic Rays are high energetic
particles, originated in the solar
flares at the surface of stars or in
supernova explosions over the
lifetime of our galaxy.
23
26. Sources of natural terrestrial radioactivity
Radioactivity originating from the natural decay chains, long lived -
emitters.
There are four natural decay chains:
Uranium series: 238
92U → 206
82Pb
Actinium series : 235
92U → 207
82Pb
Thorium series : 232
90Th → 208
82Pb
Neptunium series : 241
94Pu → 209
82Pb
26
27. There are several long-lived members of the decay chain.
The resulting radioactivity is found in natural environment,
but particularly enriched in uranium and radium quarries.
27
28. Particularly important is the noble gas radon-222 222
86Rn,
which is a member of the uranium series.
It decays by -emission with a half life of t1/2=3.82 days. Because
of its gaseous character it can diffuse out of the rock and mix
into the air where it can be inhaled. Outside its concentration is
low because of the dilution in air, but in closed rooms like
basements its concentration can be quite large.
Once inhaled, the majority of the dose is deposited in the
trachea-bronchial region by the decay of the short-lived
daughters, 218Po and 214Po, which are both -emitters.
28
29. The second largest source for natural background activity comes from the
long-lived radioisotope 40K.
half life of t1/2 = 1.28 109 years.
natural isotopic abundance is
0.0118 %.
It decays by −decay, E 1.3 MeV
(89%) and by -decay, E = 1.46
MeV (11 %).
This isotope is a strong source for natural internal and external radiation
exposure, since potassium is a natural constituent for body tissue like skeletal
muscles and bones. It is also an important regulator for cell processes.
K is also frequent in external materials as stone or concrete.
29
30. N 0.0001180.000380 kg = 0.00294 g.
40 g = 6.0221023 atoms
N 4.441019 40K atoms in the whole body: A 2.441010 decays/yr
The whole body activity on 40K is:
A(40K) = N = 5.410-10 [1/yr]
N 0.03% of the body material is kalium (25 g potassium).
Therefore the natural abundance of 40K in body tissue is:
This corresponds to a whole body activity of A 764 Bq
Assuming that the entire radiation is absorbed in the body tissue, the whole body
exposure is: ER ( A 0.8 MeV) / 80 kg = 4 1.6 10-15 J/kg = 3.8 10-5 J/(kg yr) = 3.80 10-5
Gy/yr = 38 mrad/yr
With a quality factor of Q 1 the equivalent dose rate DR is:
DR 38 mrem/year = 0.38 mSv/y
The external dose from 40K is in the same order of magnitude
28 mrem/yr.
30
31. There is considerable exposure due to artificially produced sources!
Possibly largest contributor is tobacco which contains radioactive
210Po which emits 5.3 MeV particles with an half life of
T1/2=138.4days.
31
32. During smoking process 210Po is absorbed by the bronchial system
Lungs are exposed to radiation!
A few estimates are available which suggest that smokers receive an
equivalent dose rate of: HRT=16 rem/y = 160 mSv/year
Using the lung tissue weighting factor T=0.12:
the total effective dose rate will be HR=1.9 rem/y =19 mSv/y
Averaged over the entire smoking and nonsmoking US
population this yields an annual effective dose of 280 mrem
=2.8 mSv!
32
33.
34. The other considerable exposure sources are:
• fall-out from nuclear bomb testing between 1945 - 1961 (1mrem/yr)
• nuclear power plants and nuclear laboratories (< 0.05 mrem/yr)
• (inhaling radioactivity while smoking ( 200 - 300 mrem/yr average))
34
35. Often mentioned contributor to man-made radiation exposure is the fall-
out from the 450 thermonuclear born tests performed between 1945
and 1961 (test ban into effect since 1980).
Other products are 3H (12 y), 54Mn (312 d), 136Cs
(13 d), 137Cs (30 y) −relatively short-lived
products in comparison with 14C .
Large fraction has since decayed.
Main fall out product is 14C (70%) with T1/2= 5730 y
Today's average effective dose 1 mrem = 10Sv
35