Qualitative Research Methods
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Post-Conference (Mangalore Physiocon 2022) Workshop titled, "Qualitative and Quantitative Research Methods: Statistical Software Based Training: Part-1" conducted by, Prof. (Dr.) Asir John Samuel, PhD, MPT at Institute of Physiotherapy, Srinivas University, Mangalore, Karnataka on 27th and 28th March, 2022
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Qualitative Research Methods
- 1. Dr. Asir John Samuel, BSc (Psych), BPT, MPT, PhD (Physiotherapy) Professor Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed-to-be University) Mullana-Ambala, Haryana, India
- 2. Prof. Asir John Samuel, PhD, MPT
- 3. Qualitative research • Provide evidence to, • Identify • Describe • Ultimately understand - Human or organizational behaviours - Attitudes and experiences - How they influences health Prof. Asir John Samuel, PhD, MPT
- 4. Why qualitative research required • Reasons for an intervention does or does not work? • Why some patients adhere to therapeutic regimens while others do not? • Missing underlying elements that can influence outcomes Prof. Asir John Samuel, PhD, MPT
- 5. Qualities of qualitative research • Qualitative research conduct inquiry in natural settings where people interact • Find ways to systematically capture, mostly in narrative forms • Based on text-based, involving open-ended discussions and observations Prof. Asir John Samuel, PhD, MPT
- 6. What does qualitative research do • Inductive process • Captures diverse experiences • Truest possible representation of the real world • Messiness • Insider view & Insights • Address questions that are not easily answerable by experimental methods Prof. Asir John Samuel, PhD, MPT
- 7. 3 important purposes • Describing groups of people or social phenomena • Generating hypotheses • Developing theory Prof. Asir John Samuel, PhD, MPT
- 8. Qualitative research can be used in • Preliminary phase in quantitative investigation - Lack of prior research or theory • When topic has been studied extensively with quantitative approaches - But phenomenon is still not well understood - Findings are contradictory Prof. Asir John Samuel, PhD, MPT
- 9. Qualitative research can be used in • Clarify our understanding of patients’ perspectives about treatment • Better understanding of patients’ preferences • Understanding of professional cultures Prof. Asir John Samuel, PhD, MPT
- 10. What to why • Why something happens, or does not • Investigate complex phenomena • Development of quantitative measurement scales • Insight into potential explanatory mechanism Prof. Asir John Samuel, PhD, MPT
- 11. Naturalistic inquiry • Ethnography • Grounded theory • Phenomenology • Case studies - Observation and interaction in natural environments Prof. Asir John Samuel, PhD, MPT
- 12. Ethnography • Long history in anthropology • Fieldwork - Investigators immerse themselves in the settings and activities studied • Learning local language and customs • Study participants – informants (not subjects) • Inform and teach Prof. Asir John Samuel, PhD, MPT
- 13. Ethnography • Exploration of naturally occurring viewpoints • Cultural patterns of particular group • Habitual customs • Systems of moral values • Social structures • Symbolic meanings Prof. Asir John Samuel, PhD, MPT
- 14. Ethnography • Ties of trust between the researcher and participants – Essential • Unlikely to share details of experiences of interest – without such bonds/trust • Much needed when sensitive or intimate • Not easy – desired research setting Prof. Asir John Samuel, PhD, MPT
- 15. Grounded theory • Simultaneous data collection and theory development • Continuous interplay between data collection and interpretation • Leading to generalizations Prof. Asir John Samuel, PhD, MPT
- 16. Grounded theory • Constant comparison • Developing a theory or explanation from data built • Each new piece of information such as, - belief, experience, symbol, relationship • Compared to data already collected • Agree or conflict Prof. Asir John Samuel, PhD, MPT
- 17. Grounded theory • Iterative process continues until • Saturation occurs • Researcher makes judgment • Additional data yields few new ideas or relationships Prof. Asir John Samuel, PhD, MPT
- 18. Phenomenology • Lived experiences and meanings • Fully knowable to those experience them • Share experiences using language and nonverbal behaviours • Engage in lengthy discussions • Listen carefully • Summarize common themes Prof. Asir John Samuel, PhD, MPT
- 19. Case studies • Mode of inquiry • Investigates and describes a phenomenon • Real-life context • Natural settings • Framework to explore the subject’s condition • Data include both qualitative and quantitative Prof. Asir John Samuel, PhD, MPT
- 20. Methods of data collection • Observation • Interviews • Written documents Prof. Asir John Samuel, PhD, MPT
- 21. Methods of data collection Data collection methods Observation Interview Written Documents Prof. Asir John Samuel, PhD, MPT
- 22. Observation • Social process in real life situations • Without unnaturalness of a laboratory or • Controlled clinical setting • Field notes – sole source of data • Unobtrusive observer Prof. Asir John Samuel, PhD, MPT
- 23. Participant observation • Used in ethnographic research • Researcher becomes part of community • More informed • Researcher experiences are the same being studied • Better position to recognize feelings and thought • First-hand direct experience obtained Prof. Asir John Samuel, PhD, MPT
- 24. Participant observation • Biased by researcher’s own preconceptions • Unavoidable • Only way to gain access • To be a part of them • Insider perspective Prof. Asir John Samuel, PhD, MPT
- 25. Getting close • Closeness • Attentive • Reactive bias – alters behaviour • “look good” in eyes of researcher • Provide what they perceive as “the right answer” • Fit in • Over time – less concerned about the presence • Reveal “true” thoughts and behaviours quickly Prof. Asir John Samuel, PhD, MPT
- 26. Sensitive data • Researcher into closer proximity of participants' lives • Closer to learning sensitive and private topics • Observing morally tenuous activities • Well-prepared • E.g., child abuse, elder abuse Prof. Asir John Samuel, PhD, MPT
- 27. Data analysis • Inductive process • Interplay between - Reality of study participants - Theoretical conceptualizations of reality • Guided by grounded theory • Understand meaning of data Prof. Asir John Samuel, PhD, MPT
- 28. Data analysis • Drawing meaning from narrative data - Coding • Data volume • Evaluating quality - Credibility - Transferability - Dependability - Confirmability Prof. Asir John Samuel, PhD, MPT
- 29. Leaving the field • How best to “exit the field” at end of the study • Deep relationships of trust – established P/R • “someone was interested and listened to them” • Severing this bond • Thank them sincerely for their contribution Prof. Asir John Samuel, PhD, MPT
- 30. Interviews • Face-to-face situations • Telephone/cell phone • Over the internet • In-depth interview Prof. Asir John Samuel, PhD, MPT
- 31. Types of Interviews • Unstructured • Structured • Semi-structured Prof. Asir John Samuel, PhD, MPT
- 32. Written documents • Important information gathered • Existing documents • Previously collected data • Diaries, historical documents, and reports • Clarified • Gathered Prof. Asir John Samuel, PhD, MPT
- 33. Sampling • Nonprobability sampling • Convenience, purposive or snowball sampling • Purposive - most common approach • Information rich cases • Maximum variation sampling Prof. Asir John Samuel, PhD, MPT
- 34. Sampling techniques used Prof. Asir John Samuel, PhD, MPT
- 35. Sample size • n = 25-30 → Ethnographic studies • n < 10 → Phenomenological studies • n = 20-30 → Grounded theory studies - Moser, 2018 Prof. Asir John Samuel, PhD, MPT
- 36. Recruitment • Referrals from other health professionals • Examination of medical records • Organization • Association • “Who, in what setting, will help me understand X?” Prof. Asir John Samuel, PhD, MPT
- 37. Sample size • Misconception is all studies use small samples • Too small – will not support claims • Too large – will not permit in-dept claims • Matter of judgment and experience • Purpose of research • Broader sample – well-studied • Smaller sample – not yet well understood Prof. Asir John Samuel, PhD, MPT
- 38. Theoretical sampling • Research question formulated • Small number of relevant participants recruited • Interviewed and data analyzed • Initial concepts • New participants expand to challenge results • More cases added until saturation Prof. Asir John Samuel, PhD, MPT
- 39. Prof. Asir John Samuel, PhD, MPT
- 40. Evaluating quality - Trustworthiness • Credibility • Transferability • Dependability • Confirmability Prof. Asir John Samuel, PhD, MPT
- 41. Prof. Asir John Samuel, PhD, MPT
- 42. Credibility • Believable • Confidence in “truth” of the findings • Well-developed research methods • Describing the phenomenon of interest • Sampling procedure clear • Requisite training and expertise Prof. Asir John Samuel, PhD, MPT
- 43. Credibility - techniques • Triangulation • Negative case analysis • Member checking Prof. Asir John Samuel, PhD, MPT
- 44. Credibility - Triangulation • Comparing varying sources to validate findings • Field notes • Observation • Interview • Interpretations of several data collectors • Involving multiple person in data analysis • Examine areas of convergence and divergence Prof. Asir John Samuel, PhD, MPT
- 45. Credibility – Negative case analysis • Discuss elements of data that do not support • Appear to contradict explanations • Identifying deviant cases • Can explain • Account for majority of cases Prof. Asir John Samuel, PhD, MPT
- 46. Credibility – Member checking • Opening up the analytical process to others • Sharing preliminary findings • Interpretations with research participants • Allowing them to offer validation • Feedback and critique • Alternative explanations • Most crucial in establishing credibility Prof. Asir John Samuel, PhD, MPT
- 47. Transferability • In all situations – “truths” – No form of inquiry • Transferable – applied to other people • Assessment of generalizability • External validity – quantitative studies • Representative part of population • Purposive sampling Prof. Asir John Samuel, PhD, MPT
- 48. Transferability • Thick descriptions • Participant characteristics • Study settings • Data source • Data collection techniques • Data collection period • Make comparisons across studies possible • Replicate across multiple settings – seldom done Prof. Asir John Samuel, PhD, MPT
- 49. Dependability →Reliability • Stability of data over a span of time • Degree of repeating the study with similar results • Experience of heath condition change over time • Impact on daily life may change over time • Grow older • Conditions progress • Social role change Prof. Asir John Samuel, PhD, MPT
- 50. Dependability – Audit trial • Independent researcher • Who familiar with • Qualitative study • Methodology • Findings • Conclusion • Audit research decisions • Confirm its findings Prof. Asir John Samuel, PhD, MPT
- 51. Confirmability • Ensuring findings are due to • Experiences and • Ideas of participants • Rather than • Characteristics and • Preferences of the researcher Prof. Asir John Samuel, PhD, MPT
- 52. Confirmability • Impossible to enter as blank slates • Commonplace for qualitative researchers to • Document their own biases • Assumptions • Thoughts • Feelings throughout the research process • How bias have influenced the study and findings Prof. Asir John Samuel, PhD, MPT
- 53. Confirmability - Reflexivity • Systematic consideration • How researchers shape • Shaped by qualitative research process • Approach question with different perspectives • Different understandings of meaning Prof. Asir John Samuel, PhD, MPT
- 54. Confirmability - Reflexivity • Involving multiple investigators • Varied insight • Transparent in reporting • Without • Preconceptions • Assumptions • Values that are relevant to research process Prof. Asir John Samuel, PhD, MPT
- 55. Prof. Asir John Samuel, PhD, MPT
- 56. Prof. Asir John Samuel, PhD, MPT
- 57. Feedbacks Feedbacks asirjohnsamuel@gmail.com Prof. Asir John Samuel, PhD, MPT