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1. Introduction of Research
Methodology
Prepared by: Bipul Kumar Mahto

2. Diffenition
• Research is a carefull investigation or
inquiry specifically through search for
new facts in any branch of knowledge.
• It is an original contribution to the
existing stock of knowledge making for
its advancement.

3. Introduction
• An introduction is the first paragraph of
a written research paper, or the first
thing oral presentation, or the first
thing people see, hear or experience
about your presentation.
• Research methodology is the specific
procedures or techniques used to
identify, select, process, and analyze
paper the methodology.

4. Dr.Asir John Samuel (PT), Lecturer,ACP 4
Objectives of research
• Find out truth which is hidden and which
has not been discovered yet
• Gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to
achieve new insights into it
• Portray accurately the characteristics of a
particular individual, situation or a group.
• Understand research terminology.

5. Nature of objective Objective description
Assessment To observe the situation and infer results
Exploration To uncover the reality facing a problem
Evalution To measure the level of existance
Examination To test the existence
Comparison To compare and contrast between given
variables
Estimation To project probable level of happning
Propagation To declare a concept, theory, system or mpdel

6. Research Design Process
Step 1 : Define the research problem
Step 2 : Estimate the value of the
information to be provided by the research
Step 3 : Select the data collection method
Step 4 :Select the measurement
techniques
Step 5 : Select the sample
Step 6 : Select the analytical approach
Step 7 : Evaluate the ethics of the research
Step 8 : Specify the time and financial
Step 9 : Prepare the research proposal

7. Components of a research proposal
1. Problem definition
2. Study approach and design
3. Population and sampling strategies
4. Sources of data
5. Instrumentation
6. Mechanism for research administration
7. Mechanism for data processing and analysis
8. Confirmation of the expertise involved
9. Time frame of the study
10. Cost of the study

8. Importance of Research Design
• Serves as foundation to formulate and
guide the research study
• Supports in better planning and
execution of the research methodology
• Useful in the estimation of probable
research errors and handling strategies
• Maintains necessary control over the
contents of the study
• Make the study more systematic and
effective

9. Research Design
Determine the exploratory, descriptive, or
causal phases of the research
Determine the information needed
Specify the measurement and scaling
procedures
Construct and pretest appropriate forms of
data collection
Specify sampling process and sample size
Develop a plan of data analysis and
presentation

10. Dr.Asir John Samuel (PT), Lecturer,ACP 10
Motivation in research
• Research degree along with its
consequential benefits
• Face the challenge
unsolved problem
in solving the
joy of doing some• Get intellectual
creative work
• Service to society
• Get respectability

11. Dr.Asir John Samuel (PT), Lecturer,ACP 11
Research approaches
• Quantitative approach
- Inferential
- Experimental
- Simulation
• Qualitative approach

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Inferential approach
• To form a data base from which to infer
characteristics or relationships of
population
• Usually means survey research where a
sample of population is studied to
determine its characteristics

13. Dr.Asir John Samuel (PT), Lecturer,ACP 13
Experimental research
• Some variables are manipulated to
observe their effect on other variables
• Much greatercontrol over the research
environment
• Using groups of people to determine
cause and effect relationship(Causal).

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Simulation approach
environment within which
• Involves construction of an artificial
relevant
information and data can be generated

15. Dr.Asir John Samuel (PT), Lecturer,ACP 15
Qualitative approach
• Subjective assessment of,
- Attitudes
- Opinions
- Behaviour
• Not subjected to rigorous quantitative
analysis
• Qualitative research is a scientific method
of observation to gather non-numerical
data

16. Dr.Asir John Samuel (PT), Lecturer,ACP 16
Criteria of good research
• Purpose should be clearly defined
• Common concepts to be used
• Explain procedure clearly - for continuity
• Results should be as objective as possible
• Report with frankness
- Acknowledge, procedural flaws
- Limitations of the study

17. Dr.Asir John Samuel (PT), Lecturer,ACP 17
Conti…
• Appropriate statistical test of significance
• Reliable outcome measures
• Justify conclusions with data
• Limitation of data
• Experienced researcher
• Systematic
• Logical

18. Dr.Asir John Samuel (PT), Lecturer,ACP 18
Types of research
• Descriptive
• Analytical
• Applied
• Fundamental
• Quantitative
• Qualitative
• Conceptual

19. Dr.Asir John Samuel (PT), Lecturer,ACP 19
Types of research
• Empirical
• One-time research / longitudinal
• Field-setting research/laboratory/simulation
• Clinical / laboratory
• Historical
• Conclusion oriented
• Decision oriented

20. Dr.Asir John Samuel (PT), Lecturer,ACP 20
Descriptive research
• Surveys & fact-finding enquiries
• Description of state of affairs as it exists
at present
• Ex post facto research – social science &
business research
• Has no control over variables
• Can only report what has happened or
what is happening

21. Conti….
Purpose
• Compares how sub-groups view issues
and topics
Importances
• Frequently used in research studies
• Used to influence opinion
• Useful for investigating a variety of
educational problems

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Analytical research
• Has to use facts / information already
available
• Analyse these to make critical evaluation
of material
• Collected data is analysed and explained
• Analytical research aims to understand
phenomena by discovering and
measuring causal relations among them

23. Dr.Asir John Samuel (PT), Lecturer,ACP 23
Fundamental research
• Generalisation
• Formulation of a theory
• Gaining knowledge for knowledge’s sake
is ‘pure’ or ‘basic' research
• Finding information
• E.g. with view to make generalisation
about human behaviour
• Experimental r theoretical work under
taken primarily to acquire new
knowledge

24. Dr.Asir John Samuel (PT), Lecturer,ACP 24
Applied research
• Finding a solution for an immediate
problem / for pressing practical problem
• Society / industrial / business
organisation
• Aimed at certain conclusions
• Marketing research / evaluation research

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Quantitative research
• Based on measurement of quantity or
amount
• Expressed in terms of quantity
• Quantitative research methods are
characterized by the collection of
information which can be analysed
numericals

26. Dr.Asir John Samuel (PT), Lecturer,ACP 26
Qualitative research
• Concerned with qualitative phenomenon
• Motivation research – an important type
• E.g. how people feel or what they think
about a particular subject or institution
• Todiscover underlying motives
• Seek guidance
• Qualitative research aims(causal)
explanation

27. Dr.Asir John Samuel (PT), Lecturer,ACP 27
Conceptual research
• Related to abstract ideas / theory
• To develop new concepts / reinterpret
existing ones
• That is verified by empirical research
• Critically engages with the understanding
of concepts
• This sort of research is generally releated
to some abstract idea or theory

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Empirical research
• Data-based research
• Relies on experience / observation alone
• Verified by observation / experiment
• Works to get enough facts to prove/
disprove hypothesis
• Research using empirical evidence
• Empirical means experience or data
derived from observation or experiment

29. Dr.Asir John Samuel (PT), Lecturer,ACP 29
Some other types of research
• Cross-sectional research/1 time
- Research is confined to a single time-period
• Longitudinal research
- Carried over several-time periods
• Field-setting/laboratory/simulation
- Depends upon the environment

30. Some other types of research
• Clinical research
- case-study method
• Diagnostic research
- In depth approaches to reach basic
casual relations
• Historical research
- Utilizes historical sources like documents,
remains, etc Dr.Asir John Samuel (PT), Lecturer,ACP 27

31. Dr.Asir John Samuel (PT), Lecturer,ACP 31
Research methods
• All those methods/techniques that are
used for conduction of research
• Refer to the methods the researchers use
in performing research operations
• Method used by the researcher

32. Dr.Asir John Samuel (PT), Lecturer,ACP 32
Research methods
• Put into 3 groups,
1. Methods which are concerned with data
collection
2. Statistical techniques for establishment
of relationship b/w data & unknown
3. Evaluating the accuracy of results
obtained

33. Dr.Asir John Samuel (PT), Lecturer,ACP 33
Research methodology
• A systematic way to solve the research
problem
• Science of understanding how research is
done
• Study varies steps adopted by a
researcher
• Researchers should know the relevant
method and which are not

34. bipulkrmahto5@gmail.com