An overview of Sampling Techniques or Sampling Methods or Sampling Types (Probability Sampling: Simple Random Sampling, Stratified Random Sampling, Cluster Sampling, Systematic Random Sampling, Multi Stage Sampling and Non Probability Sampling: Convenience Sampling, Quota Sampling,Judgmental Sampling,Self Selection Sampling,Snow Ball Sampling) Sampling Errors and Non Sampling Errors..
Probability Sampling and Types by Selbin Babuselbinbabu1
The presentation will cover probability sampling and all the types of probability sampling like Random sampling , systematic random sampling, strtified random sampling, cluster random sampling and multi stage sampling.
Probability Sampling and Types by Selbin Babuselbinbabu1
The presentation will cover probability sampling and all the types of probability sampling like Random sampling , systematic random sampling, strtified random sampling, cluster random sampling and multi stage sampling.
Basic Terminologies
Population
Sample and Sampling
Advantages & Disadvantages of Sampling
Probability Sampling
Types of Probability sampling
Non-Probability Sampling
Types of Non-probability sampling
The paper discusses how to select representative samples and parameters for deciding sampling techniques. It also adopts a more friendly approach to the determination of samples for population parameters by adopting the use of sample size calculator
Sampling Meaning needs and modes by shohrabshohrabagashe
what is sampling?
WHAT ARE THE MODES?
WHAT ARE THE NEEDS?
AND ITS MEANING.
This was a presentation that was carried out in our research method class by our group. It will be useful for PHD and master students quantitative and qualitative method. It consist sample definition, purpose of sampling, stages in the selection of a sample, types of sampling in quantitative researches, types of sampling in qualitative researches, and ethical Considerations in Data Collection.
Personality in Psychology
An overview of Personality, Definition of Personality , Nature and Determinants of Personality , Types of Personality, Theories of Personality and Measurement of Personality
INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTION
IM Injection (Introduction, Definition, Purpose, Technique, Rights of Medication, Z-Track Method, Equipment, Procedure and Responsibilities)..
IMNCI (Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illness)Alam Nuzhathalam
An overview of IMNCI (Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illness). IMNCI - Introduction, Objectives, Components, Principles, Case Management Process - Assess, classify, identify and treat the sick child age up to 2 months and 2 months up to 5 years, F-IMNCI and C-IMNCI.
Play in Children or Play Therapy (Importance of Play, Functions of Play, Age-Related Play, Categories of Play, Types of Play, Selection, Safety and Guidelines)..
Preventive Pediatrics (MCH, RCH, ICDS, Underfive Clinic, BFHI and School Heal...Alam Nuzhathalam
Preventive Pediatrics (MCH, RCH, ICDS, BFHI Maternal and Child Health, Reproductive and Child Health, Integrated Child Development Services, Underfive Clinic, Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative and School Health Service)..
Experimental Research Design (True, Quasi and Pre Experimental Design)Alam Nuzhathalam
Experimental Research Design., Introduction, Definition, Characteristics and Classification (True Experimental Research Design, Quasi Experimental Research Design and Pre Experimental Research Design)..
Program Evaluation Review Technique, GANTT Chart and Benchmarking. PERT (Introduction, Definition Construction of network diagram and Process)., GANTT Chart (Introduction, Definition, Purpose and Steps)., BENCHMARKING (Introduction, Definition, Process and Types)..
Human Resource Management or Human Resource
Introduction, Definition, Human Resource Management Activities, Concepts and Functions of Human Resource Management..
Research Design (Research Types, Quantitative Research Design and Qualitative...Alam Nuzhathalam
An overview of Research Design: Definition, Classification of Research Design, Experimental Research Design, Non Experimental Research Design, Qualitative Research Design, Quantitative Research Design..
An overview of Child Welfare Services (ICDS, Mid Day Meal Program, Balwadi Program, Anganwadi Program, Day Care Center's and New Parent Support Program)..
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Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
4. Population: The entire set of individuals or objects having
some common characteristics selected for a research study
Target Population: Entire group of people or objects to
which the researcher wishes to generalize the findings of
the study
Sample: A subset of the population study population
target population sample
Study Population (Sampling): The population to be
studied/to which the investigator wants to generalize his
results
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5. Sampling Unit: Smallest unit from which sample can be
selected
Sampling Frame: List of all the sampling units from which
sample is drawn
Sampling Scheme: Method of selecting sampling units
from sampling frame
Sampling Fraction: Ratio between sample size and
population size
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7. Definition:
Sampling is the process of selecting units (e.g., people,
organizations) from a population of interest so that by
studying the sample we may fairly generalize our results
back to the population from which they were chosen
The process by which researchers select a representative
subset or part of the total population that could be
studied for their topic so that they will be able to draw
conclusions about the entire population
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8. A sample should be reliable
A sample should be economical
A sample should be proportional
A sample should be goal oriented
A sample should be appropriate in size
A sample should be selected at randomly
A sample should be free from bias and errors
A sample should be true representation of population
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9. Sampling criteria refers to the essential characteristics
of a subject or respondent such as ability to read and
write responses on the data collection instruments
For example, these criteria could include:
Age (elderly, children, etc)
Gender (male/female)
Marital status
Ability to understand English/Hindi, etc
Ability to write
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10. Factors that influence sampling process:
Element Type
Research Type
Population size
Available Resources
Constraints/ limitations
Participation (response)
When might you sample the entire population?
When your population is very small, When you have
extensive resources, When you don’t expect a very high
response
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12. SSCSM: Soft Skill Computer
Shaksharta Mission
S - Simple
S - Stratified
C - Cluster
S - Systematic
M - Multi Stage
CQPSS: Continuous Quality
Process Software & Systems
C - Convenience
Q - Quota
P - Purposive
S - Self Selection
S - Snow Ball
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Probability Sampling Non-Probability Sampling
14. Probability sampling is defined as a sampling technique
in which the researcher chooses samples from a larger
population using a method based on the theory of
probability. For a participant to be considered as a
probability sample, he/she must be selected using a
random selection
Probability sampling uses statistical theory to randomly
select a small group of people (sample) from an existing
large population and then predict that all their responses
will match the overall population
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Simple random sampling is a sampling technique where
every item in the population has an even chance and
likelihood of being selected in the sample. Here the selection
of items completely depends on chance and therefore this
sampling technique is also sometimes known as a method of
chances (i.e., Lottery method, random table)
Example: A simple random sample would be the names of
25 employees being chosen out of a hat from a company of
250 employees. In this case, the population is all 250
employees, and the sample is random because each
employee has an equal chance of being chosen
18. Advantages:
It is a fair method of sampling and if applied appropriately it
helps to reduce any bias involved as compared to any other
sampling method involved
Since it involves a large sample frame it is usually easy to pick
smaller sample size from the existing larger population
Disadvantages:
It is a costlier method of sampling as it requires a complete list
of all potential respondents to be available beforehand
This sampling method is not suitable for studies involving face-
to-face interviews as covering large geographical areas have
cost and time constraints
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20. Stratified sampling is a probability sampling technique
wherein the researcher divides the entire population into
different subgroups or strata, then randomly selects the
final subjects proportionally from the different strata
A stratified sample is one that ensures that subgroups
(strata) of a given population are each adequately
represented within the whole sample population of
a research study. Example: one might divide a sample of
adults into subgroups by age, like 15–19, 20–24, 25–29,
30–34, and 35 and above
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21. Advantages:
Assures representation of all groups in sample population
Characteristics of all groups in same population
Disadvantages:
Requires accurate information on proportions of each
stratum
Stratified lists costly to prepare
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23. Cluster sampling refers to a type of sampling method.
With cluster sampling, the researcher divides the
population into separate groups, called clusters. Then, a
simple random sample of clusters is selected from the
population. The researcher conducts his analysis on data
from the sampled clusters
For example, a researcher wants to survey academic
performance of nursing students in India. He can divide
the entire population into different cities. Then the
researcher selects a number of clusters depending on his
research through simple or systematic random sampling
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24. Advantages:
Requires fewer resources; Since cluster sampling selects only
certain groups from the entire population, the method
requires fewer resources for the sampling process
More feasible; The division of the entire population into
homogenous groups increases the feasibility of the sampling
Disadvantages:
The cost to reach an element to sample is very high
Each stage in cluster sampling introduces sample error. The
more stages there are more error tends to be
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26. Systematic sampling is a type of probability sampling
method in which sample members from a larger
population are selected according to a random starting
point but with a fixed, periodic interval. This interval,
called the sampling interval, is calculated by dividing the
population size by the desired sample size
For example, if a researcher is seeking to form a
systematic sample of 50 volunteers from a nursing
students of 500, they can select every 10th student to
build a sample systematically
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27. Advantages:
It’s extremely simple and convenient for the researchers to
create, conduct, analyze samples
As there’s no need to number each member of a sample,
it is better for representing a population in a faster and
simpler manner
Disadvantages:
Periodic ordering required
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29. Multistage sampling is defined as a sampling method that
divides the population into groups (or clusters) for
conducting research. During this sampling method, significant
clusters of the selected people are split into sub-groups at
various stages to make it simpler for primary data collection
Example: Stratify the population by region of the country.
For each region, stratify by urban, suburban, and rural and
take a random sample of communities within those strata.
Divide the selected communities into city blocks as clusters,
and sample some blocks. Everyone on the block or within the
fixed area may then be sampled
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30. Advantages:
More accurate than the cluster sampling for same size
population
Less time consuming
Disadvantages:
Costly
Not as accurate as simple random sampling
Each stage in sampling introduces sample error. The more
stages there are more error tends to be
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31. Population divided into
few groups
Homogeneity within sub-
groups
Heterogeneity between
sub-groups
Choice of elements from
within sub-groups
Population divided into
many groups
Heterogeneity within sub-
groups
Homogeneity between
sub-groups
Random choice of sub-
groups
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32. Non-probability sampling is a sampling method in which not
all members of the population have an equal chance of
participating in the study
It is most useful for exploratory studies like a pilot survey.
Researchers use this method in studies where it is not
possible to draw random probability sampling due to time
or cost considerations
It is defined as a sampling technique in which the researcher
selects samples based on the subjective judgment of the
researcher rather than random selection. It is a less stringent
method
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Convenience sampling (grab sampling, accidental sampling,
or opportunity sampling) is a type of non-probability
sampling that involves the sample being drawn from that
part of the population that is close to hand. This type of
sampling is most useful for pilot testing. Convenience
sampling involves choosing respondents all the convenience
of the researcher
A convenience sample is a type of non-probability sampling
method where the sample is taken from a group of people
easy to contact or to reach. Example is using subjects that
are selected from a clinic, a class or an institution that is
easily accessible to the researcher
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Advantages:
Quick
Convenient
Economical
Extensivelyused
Disadvantages:
Restriction of Generalization
Sample may not be representative
Projecting data beyond sample not justified
Variability and bias cannot be measured or controlled
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Quota sampling is a method for selecting survey participants
that is a non-probabilistic version of stratified sampling. The
population is first segmented into mutually exclusive sub-groups, just
asin stratified sampling
In quota sampling, a population is first segmented into mutually
exclusive sub-groups, just as in stratified sampling. Then
judgment is used to select the subjects or units from each
segment based on a specified proportion
Example, interviewers might be tempted to interview those
people in the street who look most helpful, or may choose to
use accidental sampling to question those closest to them, to
save time
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Alam Nuzhathalam
Advantages:
Used when research budget is limited
No need for list of population elements
Easy to carry out than stratifies sampling
Disadvantages:
Time consuming
Selection of sample upon accessibility, prone to bias
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Purposive sampling, also known as judgmental, selective,
or subjective sampling, is a form of non-
probability sampling in which researchers rely on their
own judgment when choosing members of the population
to participate in their study
Participants are selected according to the needs of the
study. Applicants who do not meet the profile are
rejected. For example, Conducting a study on why high
school students choose community college over university
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Advantages:
Low cost
Less time involved
Meet the specific objective
There is a assurance of quality response
Disadvantages:
Time consuming process
Bias selection of sample may occur
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Self-selection sampling (volunteer sampling) is a non-
probability technique, that is based on the judgement of
the researcher. This is a useful tool for researchers, who
want people or organizations, to participate as part of
a study on their own accord
As a sampling strategy, self section sampling can be used
with a wide range of research designs
and research methods
Example, Survey researchers may put a questionnaire
online and subsequently invite anyone within a particular
organisation to take part
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Advantages:
More accurate
Access to a variety of participants
Useful in specific circumstances to serve the purpose
Disadvantages:
Massare left
Volunteer based
More costly due to Advertizing
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Snowball sampling is also known as chain sampling,
chain-referral sampling, referral sampling. It is a non-
probability sampling technique where existing study
subjects recruit future subjects from among their
acquaintances
The research starts with a key person and introduce the
next one to becomeachain
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Advantages:
Lowcost
Locate hidden population
Useful in specific circumstances & for locating rare populations
Disadvantages:
Not Random
Not independent
Projecting data beyond sample not justified
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Error caused by act of taking sample
Sampling error is the error caused by observing a
sample instead of the whole population. The sampling
error is the difference between a sample statistic used to
estimate a population parameter and the actual but
unknown value of the parameter
Twotypes of samplingerrors
Biased Errors: Due to selection of sampling technique; size of
the sample
Unbiased Errors/Random sampling errors: Differences between
the members of the population included or notincluded
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Sampling errors can be reduced by the following methods:
Increase the sample size. A larger sample size leads to a
more precise result because the study gets closer to the
actual population size
Randomize selection to eliminate bias
Divide the population into groups
Perform an external record check
Know your population
Train your team
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Any error or inaccuracies caused by factors other
than sampling error
Non-sampling errors to biases and mistakes in selection of
sample
Examples of non-sampling errors are:
Selection bias
Interviewer error
Population mis-specification error
Respondent error, non-response error
Sampling frame error, processing error
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53
Causes for non-sampling error:
Sample size
Processing error
Loaded questions
Lack of knowledge
Sampling operations
Inadequate of response
Concealment of the truth
Misunderstanding the concept
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54
Probability sampling can generalize to population
Probability sampling should be attempted as it has lowest bias
and more importantly significance of the result
Non-probability sampling can be generalize to the institution
or place where the sample was studied
Using a sample in research saves mainly on money and time, if
a suitable sample strategy is used appropriate size selected
and necessary precautions to reduce on sampling and
measurement errors, then a sample should yield valid and
reliable information