Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of disorders that affect movement and posture, caused by non-progressive damage to the developing brain. The motor disorders of CP are often accompanied by disturbances in other functions. CP affects 2-3 per 1000 live births and is a common cause of physical disability in children. Risk factors include problems during pregnancy, labor/delivery, or in the neonatal period. Symptoms include abnormal muscle tone, atypical posture, and delayed motor development. Treatment involves assessing motor skills, imaging, and developing individualized plans to address impairments and promote functional abilities.
NDT, BOBATH TECHNIQUE, BASIC IDEA OF BOBATH, CONCEPT OF BOBATH, NEUROPHYSIOLOGY OF NDT, ICF MODEL, PRINCIPLES OF TREATMENT OF NDT IN STROKE AND CP, AUTOMATIC AND EQUILIBRIUM REACTIONS, KEY POINTS OF CONTROL, FACILITATION, INHIBITION AND HANDLING IN NDT
NDT, BOBATH TECHNIQUE, BASIC IDEA OF BOBATH, CONCEPT OF BOBATH, NEUROPHYSIOLOGY OF NDT, ICF MODEL, PRINCIPLES OF TREATMENT OF NDT IN STROKE AND CP, AUTOMATIC AND EQUILIBRIUM REACTIONS, KEY POINTS OF CONTROL, FACILITATION, INHIBITION AND HANDLING IN NDT
Spinal cord injury is a low incidence, high cost disability requiring tremendous changes in an individual’s lifestyle
Tetraplegia - lesion
Paraplegia - lesion
Detailed description of clinical examination of higher mental functions like conscoiusness, cognition, memory, pereception,etc. in neurological conditions.
This presentation contains detailed knowledge about Down's Syndrome its types, clinical presentation, diagnosis, medical and physio therapeutic management of the condition.
Down syndrome is a condition in which a person has an extra chromosome. Chromosomes are small “packages” of genes in the body. They determine how a baby’s body forms and functions as it grows during pregnancy and after birth. Typically, a baby is born with 46 chromosomes. Babies with Down syndrome have an extra copy of one of these chromosomes, chromosome 21. A medical term for having an extra copy of a chromosome is ‘trisomy.’ Down syndrome is also referred to as Trisomy 21. This extra copy changes how the baby’s body and brain develop, which can cause both mental and physical challenges for the baby.
This presentation is detail about Volta therapy which is commonly used in paediatric neurological conditions and also for adults. this presentation explains what are the various techniques, methods of application of Volta therapy, indications, contraindications, etc.
این پاورپوینت در کارگاه ارزیابی و توانبخشی مشکلات راه رفتن در کودکان مبتلا به فلج مغزی توسط دکتر محمد خیاط زاده ارائه شده است.
برای مطالعه مطالب بیشتر در این زمینه به وب سایت فروردین مراجعه کنید.
www.farvardin-group.com
Spinal cord injury is a low incidence, high cost disability requiring tremendous changes in an individual’s lifestyle
Tetraplegia - lesion
Paraplegia - lesion
Detailed description of clinical examination of higher mental functions like conscoiusness, cognition, memory, pereception,etc. in neurological conditions.
This presentation contains detailed knowledge about Down's Syndrome its types, clinical presentation, diagnosis, medical and physio therapeutic management of the condition.
Down syndrome is a condition in which a person has an extra chromosome. Chromosomes are small “packages” of genes in the body. They determine how a baby’s body forms and functions as it grows during pregnancy and after birth. Typically, a baby is born with 46 chromosomes. Babies with Down syndrome have an extra copy of one of these chromosomes, chromosome 21. A medical term for having an extra copy of a chromosome is ‘trisomy.’ Down syndrome is also referred to as Trisomy 21. This extra copy changes how the baby’s body and brain develop, which can cause both mental and physical challenges for the baby.
This presentation is detail about Volta therapy which is commonly used in paediatric neurological conditions and also for adults. this presentation explains what are the various techniques, methods of application of Volta therapy, indications, contraindications, etc.
این پاورپوینت در کارگاه ارزیابی و توانبخشی مشکلات راه رفتن در کودکان مبتلا به فلج مغزی توسط دکتر محمد خیاط زاده ارائه شده است.
برای مطالعه مطالب بیشتر در این زمینه به وب سایت فروردین مراجعه کنید.
www.farvardin-group.com
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a disorder that affects muscle tone, movement, and motor skills (the ability to move in a coordinated and purposeful way). CP usually is caused by brain damage that happens before or during a baby's birth, or during the first 3 to 5 years of a child's life.
Cerebral palsy for MBBS (undergraduate medical teaching)Siddhartha Sinha
This presentation gives an overview regarding Cerebral palsy. Its causes, pathogenesis , classification, clinical and examination findings and an overview of its orthopaedic management. Please feel free to drop in any doubts or queries regarding the presentation.
Post-Conference (Mangalore Physiocon 2022) Workshop titled, "Qualitative and Quantitative Research Methods: Statistical Software Based Training: Part-2" conducted by, Prof. (Dr.) Asir John Samuel, PhD, MPT at Institute of Physiotherapy, Srinivas University, Mangalore, Karnataka on 27th and 28th March, 2022
Post-Conference (Mangalore Physiocon 2022) Workshop titled, "Qualitative and Quantitative Research Methods: Statistical Software Based Training: Part-1" conducted by, Prof. (Dr.) Asir John Samuel, PhD, MPT at Institute of Physiotherapy, Srinivas University, Mangalore, Karnataka on 27th and 28th March, 2022
What is Muscular Dystrophy?
Types of Muscular Dystrophy
What is Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), pathophysiology, clinical presentation, Gowers sign, DMD and Becker's muscular dystrophy and functional grades
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Cerebral Palsy
1. Cerebral Palsy
Dr. Asir John Samuel, PhD (Physiotherapy), MPT (Neurosciences and Paediatric Neurology),
BPT, BSc (Psychology), DYScEd, MAcu,
Additional Professor,
Yenepoya Physiotherapy College
Yenepoya (Deemed to be University),
Mangalore, Karnataka
2. Definition of CP
A group of permanent disorders of the
development of movement and posture,
causing activity limitation, that are attributed
to non-progressive disturbances that occurred
in the developing foetal or infant brain.
(Modified after Bax et al. 2005)
3. Definition of CP (Continuation)
The motor disorders of CP are often
accompanied by disturbances of sensation,
perception, cognition, communication,
behaviour, seizures and secondary
musculoskeletal problems.
(Modified after Bax et al. 2005)
4. Prevalence
• CP only affects between 2 and 3 ( 2.11) per
1000 live births
• Most common cause of serious physical
disability in childhood
5. Aetiology
• There is no single specific
• potential causes of CP are known to occur
in the prenatal stage of development,
• Prenatal (prepartum), perinatal (peripartum)
or neonatal time period, and
• Postnatal or post-neonatal time period
8. Signs & symptoms - Diagnosis
• Abnormal muscle tone
• Atypical posture
• Movement with persistence of primitive reflexes
- Diagnosed < 2 years
• Milder cases
- Diagnosed 4 to 5 years
9. Diagnosis
• Evaluation of child’s motor skills
• Neuroimaging
• Cranial ultrasound (CUS) – high-risk preterm infant
• Computed tomography (CT)
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
• Not progressing
10. Prenatal Causes of CP
• Vascular events such as a middle cerebral artery
infarct
• Maternal infections during the first and second
trimesters,
• Rubella, cytomegalovirus, and toxoplasmosis
• Metabolic disorders, maternal ingestion of toxins
• Rare genetic syndromes
11. Perinatal Causes of CP
Problems During Labor and Delivery
• Obstructed labour
• Antepartum haemorrhage
• Cord prolapse
• Other Neonatal Causes
12. Other Neonatal Causes
• Hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy (HIE)
• Neonatal stroke, usually of the middle cerebral
artery
• Severe hypoglycemia
• Untreated jaundice
• Severe neonatal infection
17. Classification: Anatomical location
• Hemiplegia, which involves one arm and one leg on
the same side of the body
• Diplegia, which involves both lower extremities
• Quadriplegia, which refers to involvement of all
four limbs as well as back and neck musculature
18. Classification: Motor dysfunction
• Gross Motor Function Classification System
(GMFCS), by Palisano and colleagues in 1997
• Bimanual Fine Motor Function Classification System
(BFMFCS), by Beckung and Hagberg
22. Spastic
• Spasticity occurs in approximately 75% of all children
with CP
• Distribution of spastic CP as,
- 40% to 44% quadriplegia
- 17% to 33% diplegia, and
- 21% to 23% hemiplegia
- < 1% monoplegia
23. Hypotonic
• Hypotonia/low tone – less common
• Hypotonia in a child with CP can be permanent but
is more often transient in the evolution of athetosis
or spasticity
• Might not represent a specific type of CP
24. Dyskinetic
• Cortical–basal ganglia–thalamic loop
• Sensory and motor feed-forward and feedback
circuit
• Result in generally uncontrolled and involuntary
movement that includes athetosis, rigidity, tremor,
dystonia, ballismus, and choreoathetosis
25. Ataxic
• Ataxic CP (39%) is primarily a disorder of balance
and weakness, incoordination, a wide-based gait,
and a noted tremor.
• Deficits in cerebellum
• Difficulty with transference of skills
• Specific task-oriented approach to treatment
26. Classification: Anatomical location
• Hemiplegia, which involves one arm and one leg on
the same side of the body
• Diplegia, which involves both lower extremities
• Quadriplegia, which refers to involvement of all
four limbs as well as back and neck musculature
28. Diplegia
• Diplegia is the most common form of spastic CP
• White matter infarct in the periventricular areas
caused by hypoxia can lead to spastic diplegic CP
• Affects bilateral LEs, resulting in issues with gait,
balance, and coordination
29. Hemiplegia
• A subtype of spastic CP in which UE & LE
on the same side of the body are affected
• Periventricular white matter abnormalities
• Cervical–subcortical lesions, brain
malformations, and nonprogressive
postnatal injuries
30. Hemiplegia
• UE is typically more affected than the LE, and
both tend to have more distal involvement than
proximal involvement
• Muscle spasticity on the affected side
decreases muscle and bone growth, resulting
in decreased ROM
31. Quadriplegia
• A subtype of CP in which volitional muscle control
of all four extremities is severely impaired
• Neck and trunk involvement
• Periventricular white matter lesions
• Extensive lesions affecting the basal ganglia or
occipital area often lead to visual impairments and
seizures
32. Quadriplegia
• Cognition can vary from normal to severely
impaired and is unique to each child with
quadriplegia
• Who are unable to speak are often regarded as
being cognitively impaired
35. Assessment of the infant and child
with CP
Data Collection
• Date of birth
• Date of assessment
• Chronologic age/adjusted age
• Reason for referral
• Relevant medical history
• Overview of function (a few sentences)
• Family and environmental characteristics
• Contextual factors (conditions and restraints on function)
• Assistive technology/adaptive equipment
36. Assessment of the infant and child
with CP
Examination
• Morphology
• Functional skills and the capacity for change
• Gross motor control
• Communications
• Fine motor control
• Social skills/control of behavior
• Objective test results
• Observation of posture and movement
37. Assessment of the infant and child
with CP
Evaluation
• List client’s competencies
• Areas of concern
• System impairments
• Ineffective posture and movement
• Functional limitations
• Barriers to participation
• Analyze each level and how they interrelate, creating
the functional limitations of the client
• Analyze the potential for change according to the
findings
38. Assessment of the infant and child
with CP
Individual system review related to function
• Neuromuscular
• Musculoskeletal
• Sensory
• Respiratory
• Cardiovascular
• Integumentary
• Gastrointestinal
• Perceptual/cognitive
• Regulatory
39. Assessment of the infant and child
with CP
Plan of Care
• Specify the anticipated goals and expected outcomes
(long term and short term)
• Specify frequency and duration of intervention
• Strategies of intervention
• Role of client, family, and other medical and
educational professionals
• Client-centered programs as appropriate
• Measures to promote health, wellness, and fitness
• Schedule for re examination
40. Positions to assess functional
antigravity control
• Supine
• Prone
• Side-lying
• Sitting—short sit, long sit, side sit, ring sit
• Quadruped
• Kneeling
• Half-kneeling
• Standing
• Walking
41. If the child possesses higher-level
skills, then evaluate
• Climbing stairs
• Navigating ramps or curbs
• Unilateral stance
• Running
• Jumping
• Skipping
42. Child who functions from a
wheelchair should be observed for
• Alignment and mobility of body
• Shifting of weight
• Propulsion of wheelchair
• Management of wheelchair and its parts
• Transfer to and from wheelchair
43. Impairments (Neuromotor system)
• Decreased stiffness in neck and trunk
• Increased stiffness in extremities, distal or
proximal
• Difficulty initiating certain muscle groups (i.e.,
hip extensors and triceps)
44. Impairments (Neuromotor system)
• Difficulty sustaining certain muscle groups (i.e.,
thoracic extensors and abdominals)
• Difficulty terminating certain muscle groups
(i.e., hip flexors, adductors, and internal
rotators)
• Activation of muscles only in small ranges
• Difficulty with eccentric control (quadriceps)
45. Impairments (Musculoskeletal system)
• Limited range of motion of certain muscles
• Some muscles are overlengthened (the antagonists)
• Decreased ability to generate force in certain muscles,
also in spastic muscles
• Decrease muscle strength
• High risk for scoliosis
• At risk for hip subluxation and/or dislocation
46. Impairments (Cardiovascular and
Respiratory Systems)
• Decreased breath support
• Shallow breathing with weak abdominals
• Poor diaphragm – weak cough
• Decreased cardiovascular fitness
47. Impairments (Sensory system)
• Decreased tactile and proprioceptive awareness
• Difficulty discriminating different kinds of touch
• Decreased kinesthesia throughout the body
• Decreased vestibular registration
• Decreased body awareness
• Vision used more in an upward gaze, sometimes
asymmetrically
48. Impairments (Fine motor)
• Poor skills due to an inability to grade precise
movements
• Difficulty with activities requiring dissociation of
the arms
49. Impairments (Gross motor)
• Uses a very wide base to move independently
• Keeps legs flexed in vertical to lower the center of
gravity
• Poor balance in upright
50. Impairments (Oral motor)
• Wide range of movement
• Difficulty with a variety of textures and tastes
• Difficulty in mouth closure
• Drooling
• Drooping of food particles
51. Activities limitation
• Toileting (bladder, bowels and bathing)
• Feeding
• Mobility
• Transfer
• Stairclimbing
• Dressing
• Self care activities