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Qualitative Research Basic Introduction.pptx
- 3. Nature of qualitative research • Natural setting • Researcher an instrument • Multiple sources of data • Inductive and iterative data analysis • Emergent design • Emic-insiders view • Holistic account • Interpretive inquiry • Intense contact, prolonged engagement, smaller sample size 3
- 4. Strengths of qualitative research • Qualitative research contributes in understanding the social, psychological, political factors behind health, illness, and health systems. • Explores in greater depth the problems to be investigated 4
- 5. Strengths…. • Versatile and flexible • High Validity • Excellent for establishing rapport 5
- 6. Limitations • Often requires longer time • Cannot be used to test hypothesis • Findings cannot be generalized beyond study population • Cannot be used where quantification is intended 6
- 7. Scope of qualitative research • Understand complex human and societal processes which affect health and illness • Identify research problems, develop hypothesis • Arrive at research definitions • Discover variables • Formulate appropriate questions for a survey • Deal with sensitive issues • Develop rapport • Orient oneself to a new field, generate vocabularies • Explain variations in data 7
- 8. Qualitative and quantitative methodologies Qualitative • Unstructured Interviews, FGDs • Intensive • Subjective • Multiple realities • Interaction • Describing and understanding • Textual • To bring out something new, unexplored, variations Quantitative • Structured interviews, surveys • Extensive • Objective • Single truth • Distance • Determining associations, cause • Numbers • To arrive at universal explanations, hypothesis testing 8
- 9. QUANTITATIVE LINEAR PATH QUALITATIVE CIRCLE Identify problem State hypothesis Collect data Analyze data Report Report Collect data Analyze data Develop a “working hypotheses” Identify problem 9 Dahlgren et al. Qualitative research in public health, Umea University, 2010
- 10. Ontology Epistemology Methodology Methods Sources What is reality? What data can we collect? What tools can we use to acquire knowledge? What and how can I know reality/know -ledge What procedure can we use to acquire knowledge?
- 11. Philosophic assumptions with implications for practice (Creswell 2013) Assumption Question Characteristics Implications for practice Positivist, deductive, Quanti Interpretive, inductive, Quali Quanti Quali Ontological What is nature of reality? • Subjective • Multiple • As seen by the participants • Objective • Single truth out there • Universal, stable Uses statistical analysis, percentages, p values Researcher uses verbatim quotes and themes of participants, provides evidence of different perspectives Epistemological What is relationship between researcher & that being researched? Researcher attempts to reduce the distance between him/herself and that being researched Researcher does not disturb the cite and keeps away from the respondent to avoid bias ETIC approach, remains an outsider by design, data collection is a one time activity Collaborates, spends time in field with participants, becomes insider EMIC approach Axiological What is role of values? Researcher acknowledges that research is value laden and that biases are present Researcher controls for bias Researcher makes great efforts to avoid personal bias Researcher openly discusses values that shape the narrative and includes his or her own interpretation in conjunction with the interpretations of participants Methodological What is the process of research? Researcher uses inductive logic studies the topic within its context , and uses an emerging design Deductive logic, prefixed design and tools, focussed by and large overlook the context Researcher begins with a hypothesis and goes on to collect evidence to prove or disprove it Researcher works with particulars (details ) before generalizations, describes in detail the context of the study, and continually revises questions from field experiences.
Editor's Notes
- Since qualitative research is holistic, interpretive, inductive it focusses on smaller population and greater amount of time is spent on the smaller population. In other words qualitative studies are intensive in nature rather than extensive in nature. If we take an example of a survey it covers a larger population and greater area but a qualitative study covers a smaller population with intense contact. In qualitative studies a good degree of rapport is built with the community and the population or the community or the organization stays undisturbed. This is called lower levels of reactivity because of the process of the study. The outcome of the study is as undisturbed as possible so that the researcher can understand the phenomena under study uncontaminated and naturally occurring. The researcher needs to become unobstrusive.
- Within health, qualitative research contributes in understanding the social, psychological, political factors behind health, illness and health systems What are the psychological effects of being diagnosed as having Tuberculosis? What could be the best strategy to change behaviour of patients with life style diseases? Such complex questions require the researcher to understand the mental, emotional and social processes underlying human health and illness If we look at the strengths of qualitative methods, often it is useful to have a qualitative component as a first step of a research because qualitative studies are exploratory in nature, it helps you to find new research problems, frame research question, to define a concept, to identify new vocabulary, how to frame a question, the sequence of questions etc. So these explanations are possible using a qualitative study. It is always useful to have a qualitative study as prelude to a structured qualitative study.
- As we have already seen qualitative methods are highly versatile and flexible. We use methods such as in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, participant observation this methods provide an environment in which individuals or groups can express their opinion freely and comfortably. Hence it facilitates study of complex processes which will be otherwise difficult to study issues such as sexuality, conflict and concepts such as autonomy satisfaction and quality etc. Which are highly complex abstract may be difficult to be studied using a close ended tools or survey but these aspects however complex they are can be studied efficiently and easily using qualitative methods.
- Qualitative methods cannot be used where quantification is the intention, if a particular evaluation or assessment aims that are arriving at the quantitative statement. It is always better not to use qualitative study. We do find some studies where they use qualitative methods but finally they end up the giving vessels in the form of quantitative data. This is not preferred whether one can engage in doing a proper quantitative study if quantification is the purpose.
- As qualitative methods are intensive and long-term in nature they have bring out variations across groups and across time. The relations could be in perception variations could be reasons people may give for accepting or not accepting a programme. This is purpose another most important strength of qualitative research.
- The difference between the quantitative and qualitative research process one can see that the quantitative research follows a sequential process from problem identification, forming a hypotheses, collecting data related to the hypotheses, analyse data and reject or accept the hypothesis and write the report. Where as as seen in the slide, the qualitative research is a circular process where problem is identified to start with and data collection begins. But as we have discussed analysis starts as soon as data starts coming in and working hypothesis is formed which may lead to refining the research problem and collecting more data. This cycle continues till the time the researcher feels he/she has understood the problem in all its totality, complexity and context. Report is outside the circular path.