This document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system. It describes the main structures involved in respiration including the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, and respiratory muscles. It explains the processes of gas exchange that occur in the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries. It also discusses concepts such as dead space, surfactant, pleural pressure, alveolar pressure, transpulmonary pressure, compliance, and spirometry.
The apparatus used to measure
Volume of air exchanged during breathing
Respiratory rate
The record is called a spirogram
Upward deflection inhalation
Downward deflection exhalation
This presentation is an overview of the description of the 4 stages of the cardiac cycle (atrial diastole, atrial systole, ventricular systole, ventricular diastole) as well as explaining the mechanism of the cardiac cycle.
The apparatus used to measure
Volume of air exchanged during breathing
Respiratory rate
The record is called a spirogram
Upward deflection inhalation
Downward deflection exhalation
This presentation is an overview of the description of the 4 stages of the cardiac cycle (atrial diastole, atrial systole, ventricular systole, ventricular diastole) as well as explaining the mechanism of the cardiac cycle.
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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.pptxAyurgyan2077
Anatomy and physiology of respiratory system basics. The structural and functional unit of life are called cells. The group of cells with similar structure and function constitute a tissue and similar group of tissues constitute an organ. Likewise, the similar functioning organs constutute the body system.
1 GNM - Anatomy Unit - 6 Respiratory System.pptxthiru murugan
By:M. Thiru murugan
Unit – 6:
The structure and functions of respiratory organs
The physiology of respiration
Characteristics of normal respiration and deviation
Respiratory system
The respiratory system is the one of vital organs that involve in respiration
Play important role in the intake and exchange of O2 and CO2 .
The respiratory system performs two major tasks:
Exchanging air between the body and the outside environment known as external respiration.
Bringing O2 to the cells and removing CO2 from them referred to as internal respiration.
Parts of respiratory system
Upper respiratory tract: (outside thorax)
Nose
Nasal Cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Nose:
Also called external nares.
Divided into two halves by the nasal septum.
Contains the paranasal sinuses where air is warmed.
Contains cilia which is responsible for filtering out foreign bodies.
Pharynx:
Common space used by both the respiratory and digestive systems. Commonly called the throat.
Start from the nasal and oral cavities and extends inferiorly near the level of the bifurcation of the larynx and esophagus.
There are 3 types:
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Larynx:
Voice box is a short, cylindrical airway - ends in the trachea.
Prevents swallowed materials entering into the lower respiratory tract.
It Passes air into the lower respiratory tract.
Produces sounds.
Supported by cartilage help to held in place by ligaments and muscles.
Voice is produced by vibration of the vocal folds or vocal cords. The vocal folds are a pair of pliable shelves of tissue that stretch across the top of the trachea (windpipe). They are enclosed within the thyroid cartilage. The vocal folds, together with the muscles and cartilages that support them, are known as the larynx.
Biologically, the larynx evolved as a valve to protect the airway and lungs. Thus, it is positioned where the airway and the esophagus separate. The vocal folds open to allow breathing and close during swallowing to prevent food from entering into the lungs and during voicing.
Trachea:
A flexible tube also called windpipe.
Extends through the mediastinum and lies anterior to the esophagus and inferior to the larynx.
Cartilage rings help the trachea to remains open at all times.
Bronchus:
The two large tubes that carry air from your windpipe to your lungs.
Left and right main bronchus in each lung.
Each bronchus divided into bronchioles
Lung:
Each lung has a conical shape. Its wide, concave base rests upon the muscular diaphragm.
Its superior part called the apex
Both lungs are supported anteriorly by thoracic wall, laterally, and posteriorly by the rib cage.
Mediastinum
Left lung: divided into 2 lobes by, smaller than the right lung & cardiac notch accommodates the heart
Right lung: divided into 3 lobes by, located more superiorly in the body due to liver on right side
Pleura:
The outer surface of each lung covered by a layer called pleura.
The outer - parietal pleura & the internal - visceral pleura.
Post-Conference (Mangalore Physiocon 2022) Workshop titled, "Qualitative and Quantitative Research Methods: Statistical Software Based Training: Part-2" conducted by, Prof. (Dr.) Asir John Samuel, PhD, MPT at Institute of Physiotherapy, Srinivas University, Mangalore, Karnataka on 27th and 28th March, 2022
Post-Conference (Mangalore Physiocon 2022) Workshop titled, "Qualitative and Quantitative Research Methods: Statistical Software Based Training: Part-1" conducted by, Prof. (Dr.) Asir John Samuel, PhD, MPT at Institute of Physiotherapy, Srinivas University, Mangalore, Karnataka on 27th and 28th March, 2022
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1. Physiological
Anatomy of
Respiratory system
D.A. Asir John Samuel, BSc (Psy), MPT (Neuro Paed),
MAc, DYScEd, C/BLS, FAGE
Lecturer, Alva’s college of Physiotherapy,
Moodbidri
Dr.Asir John Samuel (PT)
2. Respiration
• Exchange of gases between an organism and
its environment
• Physiological processes that contribute to
uptake of oxygen and elimination of carbon
dioxide
Dr.Asir John Samuel (PT)
3. Anatomical structures
• Respiratory passages
• Lungs
• Respiratory muscles operating on body
structures of thoracic cage
Dr.Asir John Samuel (PT)
4. Respiratory passages
• Nasal cavity
• Pharynx
• Larynx
• Trachea
• Bronchi
• bronchioles
Dr.Asir John Samuel (PT)
5. Nose (nasal cavity)
• Both olfactory and respiratory functions
• Inspired air is warmed or cooled
• Brought close to body temperature
• Also moistened by fluid derived from
transudation through epithelium and
secretions of glands and goblet cells
Dr.Asir John Samuel (PT)
6. Nose (nasal cavity)
• Warming and humidification of inspired air
• Moist air is necessary for integrity and proper
functioning of ciliated epithelium
• Secretions have bactericidal actions
• Stiff hairs trap dust and foreign particles
• Resonator in voice and speech
Dr.Asir John Samuel (PT)
7. Pharynx
• Nasal cavity opens posteriorly into
nasopharynx
• During swallowing, respiration is temporarily
inhibited permitting food to enter oropharynx
• Elevation of larynx and closure of vocal cords
prevents entry of food into larynx
Dr.Asir John Samuel (PT)
8. Larynx
• Lower part of pharynx and at upper end of
trachea
• Cartilagenous, cartilages being held together
ligaments
• Production of voice
• Achieved by forcible expulsion of air from
lungs, causing production of sound
• Contraction of adductor muscles and glottis
Dr.Asir John Samuel (PT)
9. Trachea and main bronchi
• Tubular structure about 10cm long and 1cm in
diameter
• Begins at lower end of larynx
• Lumen of trachea is kept patent by a number
of C-shaped fibro cartilaginous ring
• Divides into right and left bronchus
Dr.Asir John Samuel (PT)
10. Lungs
• One on either side
• Large cone-shaped spongy structures which
occupy most of thoracic cavity
• Left lung is divided into 2 lobes and right into 3
• Lined by pleura (visceral and parietal)
Dr.Asir John Samuel (PT)
14. Terminal branches
• Bronchioles branch further and the smallest
subdivisions being terminal bronchiole
• It is estimated, no. of divisions from tracheal
bifurcation to terminal bronchiole is 16
• Total no. of divisions till alveoli is 23
Dr.Asir John Samuel (PT)
17. Dead space
• The bronchiole tree upto and including
terminal bronchiole is purely conducting
pathway for passage of air
• Respiratory gas exchange does not occur in
this region
• Referred to as anatomical dead space
Dr.Asir John Samuel (PT)
18. Gas exchange apparatus
• Terminal bronchiole divides into respiratory
bronchioles
• Respiratory bronchioles give rise to a number of
short passages called alveolar ducts
• These open into wider alveolar sacs
• On the walls located pulmonary alveoli
• Some alveoli present in respiratory bronchioles
Dr.Asir John Samuel (PT)
21. Pulmonary alveoli
• Alveoli are lined by a single layer of flat epithelial
cells
• Alveolar type I cells are principal lining
• Type II are cuboidal cells, secrete surfactant
• Average width is 0.3 mm
• 300 million alveoli in human lung
Dr.Asir John Samuel (PT)
23. Surfactant
• Formed from fatty acids by alveolar type II cells
• Complex mixture of several phospholipids,
proteins and ions
• Most important components are phospholipid,
dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline (DDPC),
surfactant appoproteins and calcium ions
Dr.Asir John Samuel (PT)
24. RD (Respiratory Distress)
• Deficiency of surfactant at birth causes a serious
pulmonary disease of new born called Neonatal
Respiratory Distress Syndrome (NRDS) or hyaline
membrane disease
• Lung shows several areas of collapse
• Reduced compliance
• Poor expansion
• Presence of fluid in alveoli
Dr.Asir John Samuel (PT)
25. Muscles of respiration
• Downward and upward movement of
diaphragm
• Elevation and depression of ribs
Dr.Asir John Samuel (PT)
26. Pleural pressure
• Pressure of fluid in the narrow space b/w
visceral pleura and parietal pleura
• Normally a slight suction, which means a slightly
negative pressure
• At beginning of inspiration is about -5 cm of H2O
• Required to hold lungs open to their resting level
Dr.Asir John Samuel (PT)
27. Pleural pressure
• During normal inspiration, the expansion of
chest cage pulls outward on lungs with still
greater force
• Creates still more negative pressure to an
average of about -7.5 cm of H2O
• Increasing negativity of pleural pressure from -
5 to -7.5 cm of H2O
• During expiration, events are reversed
Dr.Asir John Samuel (PT)
28. Alveolar pressure
• Pressure of air inside the lung alveoli
• Pressure in all parts of respiratory tree are
equal to atmospheric pressure
• 760 mm of Hg/0 cm of H2O
• During normal inspiration, alveolar pressure
decreases to about -1 cm of H2O
Dr.Asir John Samuel (PT)
29. Alveolar pressure
• Slight negative pressure is enough to pull 0.5
liter of air into lungs in 2 seconds
• During expiration, opposite changes occur
• Alveolar pressure rises to about +1 cm of H2O
• This forces 0.5 liter of inspired air out of lungs
during 2-3 seconds of expiration
Dr.Asir John Samuel (PT)
30. Transpulmonary pressure
• Pressure difference b/w alveolar pressure and
pleural pressure
• Pressure difference between that in alveoli
and that on outer surfaces of lungs
• Measure of elastic forces in lungs that tend to
collapse at each instant respiration
• Recoil pressure Dr.Asir John Samuel (PT)
31. Compliance of lungs
• Extent to which lungs expand for each unit
increase in transpulmonary pressure
• Total compliance of both lungs together in
normal human being averages about 200 ml
of air/1 cm of H2O
• Every time transpulmonary pressure increases
by 1 cm of H2O, lung volume expands 200 ml
Dr.Asir John Samuel (PT)
32. Compliance diagram
• Inspiratory compliance curve and expiratory
compliance curve
• Determined by, elastic forces of lungs
- Elastic forces of lung tissue itself
- Elastic forces caused by surface tension of
fluid that lines inside walls of alveoli
Dr.Asir John Samuel (PT)
35. Spirometry
• The process by which pulmonary ventilation is
recorded by the volume movement of air into
and out of lungs
• Consists of drum inverted over a chamber of
water, with drum counterbalanced by weight
• Drum rises and falls. Recorded on paper
Dr.Asir John Samuel (PT)