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Chapter 4 class version(1)
- 1. Chapter 4 Ethics inResearch
- 2. Roadmap • Reminder: Exam2 on Tuesday! – Chapters 5, 6, 4 – Format: MC, short answer, maybe matching – Good study guide: outlines at beginning of chapters • Quick review • Chapter 4: Ethics in Research (cover all today)
- 3. Announcement • Association forPsychological Science • Discounted membership rates through Oct. 6 • Rate for undergrads: $25 • www.joinaps.org/?p=PCR13&s=join – Membership application – Promo code at bottom of page • www.psychologicalscience.org
- 4. Quick Review • ResearchValidity – Statistical Conclusion – Construct: threats – Internal: threats – External: types • Internal vs. External
- 5. Research Ethics • 3areas of ethical concerns – Relationship between society and science – Professional issues – Treatment of research participants
- 6. Relationship Between Societyand Science • How do scientists choose their research topics? • Funding for scientific research • Public interpretation of science
- 7. Relationship Between Societyand Science • Senator Tom Coburn, NSF oversight report
- 8. Professional Issues • Researchmisconduct: fabricating, falsifying or plagiarizing the proposal, conduction, or reporting of research • You make ethical choices at each stage of the research process
- 9. Professional Issues • Lessobvious forms of research misconduct – Overlooking flawed data – Failing to present/consider work contradicting your own – Changing your work to meet demands of funding sources
- 10. Professional Issues • InstitutionalReview Boards (IRB) require information to ensure professionalism in research: – Purpose – Background & Rationale – Population – Design – Incentives – Risks/Benefits – Privacy/Confidentiality
- 11. Treatment of ResearchParticipants • Fundamental to ethical research • Ethical dilemma – Balance risk and benefit • IRB determines if balance is appropriate
- 12. Ethical Guidelines—History • NurembergCode – Valid research designs – Inform participants; freedom to choose • Tuskegee Experiment – p. 106 – Accurate reporting of results; coercion • Led to creation of ethical guidelines for research
- 13. APA’s Ethical Guidelinesfor Research 5 Basic Moral Principles • Respect for persons and their autonomy • Beneficence and nonmaleficence • Justice • Trust • Fidelity and scientific integrity
- 14. Respect for Personsand Their Autonomy • Giving people the right to choose to participate (or not)
- 15. Beneficence and Nonmaleficence •Beneficence = do good • Nonmaleficence = do no harm
- 16. Justice • Who shouldbenefit, who should bear burdens of research • Fairness of benefit distribution
- 17. Trust • Researchers shouldestablish and maintain trust with research participants
- 18. Fidelity and ScientificIntegrity • Truthful reporting of results • Quality research – Valid designs
- 19. APA Ethical Standardsfor Research • Exhibit 4.5, pp. 110-112 • Researchers must comply with the following standards
- 20.
- 21. Informed Consent • Must do this • Forgoing consent—rare • Consent vs. Assent • Active vs. Passive consent
- 22. Deception • Misleading participantsabout nature of study or omitting details of experiment • Only use when necessary • Can’t use it when harm or severe stress is involved
- 23. Debriefing • Post-experimental discussionabout the details of a study • Dehoaxing • Desensitizing
- 24. Coercion • Can’t exploitpeople • Must be free to decline or leave study
- 25. Confidentiality • Very importantin research with humans • Anonymity • Confidentiality
- 26. Animal Research • Separateboard to review animal research • Institutional Animal Care & Use Committee • (IACUC)