Sigmund Freud founded psychoanalysis in the late 19th century. Psychoanalysis views the mind as consisting of the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious. It proposes that early childhood experiences and unconscious desires strongly influence behavior. Freud believed the psyche comprises the id, ego, and superego. The id operates on the pleasure principle, seeking instant gratification, while the ego and superego balance it with reality. Freud also developed theories of psychosexual development and the life and death instincts. His work revolutionized views of sexuality and the treatment of mental illness.

1. School of Psychoanalysis
- Freud's system of psychology.

2. Sigmund Freud
- Born May 6, 1856, Freiberg, Moravia, Austrian Empire
- Died September 23, 1939, London, England,
- Austrian neurologist
- Founder of psychoanalysis
- Theory of psychosexual development
- The id, ego, and superego
- Dream interpretation

3. • Psychoanalysis - is a school of psychology founded
by Sigmund Freud. This school of thought put forward
altogether different view quite contrary to
structuralism, functionalism, behaviourism and gestalts.
THEORITICAL SIDE - to understand and explain
human psyche.
PRACTICAL SIDE- the study of human behaviour and
treating a mental illness.

4. Structure of the psyche or
mind
• Two different parts arrange in three
different layers.
First- Conscious, Subconscious, Unconscious.
Second – Id , Ego, Superego

5. The concept of Conscious,
Subconscious, Unconscious
Conscious Mind
Lies Thoughts, feelings, and urges
that we are aware of or can easily
bring into awareness.
Subconscious Mind is the part of our
mind that is not in current awareness.
Reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and
memories that outside of conscious
awareness.
Unconscious Mind is the primary
source of human behaviour, the most
important part of the mind is the part you
cannot see. influenced by our past
experiences, and stored in the unconscious

6. Impact of the Unconscious
Unconscious thoughts, beliefs, and feelings can potentially cause a number
of problems including:
• Anger
• Bias
• Compulsive behaviours
• Difficult social interactions
• Distress
• Relationship problems
Freud believed that many of our feelings, desires, and emotions are
repressed or held out of awareness because they are simply too threatening.
Freud believed that sometimes these hidden desires and wishes make
themselves known through dreams and slips of the tongue (aka "Freudian
slips").

7. Human mind was composed of three elements:
• ID
• EGO
• SUPEREGO

8. Id
• The id is the primitive and instinctive component of
personality.
• The id is the impulsive (and unconscious) part of our
psyche which responds directly and immediately to basic
urges, needs, and desires.
• The most selfish, unethical and basic component of man’s
animal nature.
• The id operates on the pleasure principle (Freud, 1920)
which is the idea that every wishful impulse should be
satisfied immediately, regardless of the consequences.

9. Ego
• The ego is 'that part of the id which has been modified by
the direct influence of the external world.‘
• The ego develops to mediate between the unrealistic id
and the external real world. It is the decision-making
component of personality. Ideally, the ego works by
reason, whereas the id is chaotic and unreasonable.
• The ego operates according to the reality principle,
working out realistic ways of satisfying the id’s demands,
often compromising or postponing satisfaction to avoid
negative consequences of society. The ego considers
social realities and norms, etiquette and rules in deciding
how to behave.

10. Super ego
• The superego incorporates the values and morals of
society which are learned from one's parents and others.
It develops around the age of 3 – 5 years during the
phallic stage of psychosexual development.
• Referred as the conscience.
• Idealistic in nature, perfection is its goal.

11. Psychodynamic behavioural process
Instinct plays decisive role in shaping human behaviour.

12. Life instinct
• referred to as sexual instincts, the life instincts are those
which deal with basic survival, pleasure, and reproduction.
These instincts are essential for sustaining the life of the
individual as well as the continuation of the species.
• The life instincts are focused on the preservation of life,
both of the individual and of the species.
• It also exerts itself through sexual drives, motivating people
to create and nurture new life.

13. Death Instinct (Thanatos)
• The concept of the death instincts was initially described in
Beyond the Pleasure Principle, in which Freud proposed that
“the goal of all life is death.” Freud believed that people
typically channel their death instincts outwards.
• Aggression, for example, arises from the death instincts.
• Sometimes these instincts towards destruction can be directed
inwards, however, which can result in self-harm or suicide.

15. Infantile Sexuality and
Psychosexual development

17. Criticism of Freud's
system of psychoanalysis
• He reflects only in medical background tried to emphasize man
only as a natural or biological and not as cultural entity.
• Has not been sufficiently scientific and objective.
• Overemphasis the role of sex in human life.
• Freud took the unconscious as the dumping ground of all the
discarded or repressed wishes and a safe abode for all evils and
vices.
• Laid to much emphasis on the role of early childhood
experiences in the determination of the course of human life
as well as the over all personality.

18. Contribution to education
• It has given a good method for the study of behaviour.
• It has provided a good therapy for treatment of mental
illness and abnormal behaviour.
• It has highlighted the importance of good education and a
healthy environment in the early years by emphasising
the role of childhood experiences.
• Frued’s concept of the unconscious has helped in
understanding the cause of maladaptive behaviour.

19. • His emphasis on the role f sex in ones life has brought out
the necessity of providing proper sex education to
children.
• Providing education for mental health by revealing the
role of the unconscious, psychosexual development the
role of early childhood experiences.
• Highlighted the importance of releasing pent –up
emotions, repressed desires and wishes.
• High-lighting the role of sex in ones life in terms of
shaping ones personality and determining ones behaviour.

20. Opened a new chapter in the history of sex
education.
 Discussing the stages of psycho-sexual
development.
 Emphasizing the needs for spontaneous expression of
the sex instinct.
 Changing the general attitude towards sex by treating
it as a natural, essential, biological function instead
of regarding it as shameful, dirty or bad.