This document summarizes psychiatric manifestations that can occur with epilepsy. It discusses preictal, ictal, and postictal conditions as well as interictal personality disturbances, psychotic symptoms, mood disorders, violence, and suicide risk. Correct diagnosis can be difficult when psychiatric symptoms are severe without changes in consciousness. Maintaining suspicion for epilepsy even without classic signs is important. New psychiatric symptoms in a patient with epilepsy may represent disease evolution rather than an independent disorder.
This presentation gives detailed description of symptoms of catatonia with its etiologies and differential diagnoses. It should help to differentiate catatonia in neurological and psychiatric disorders.
DISORDER CONTENTOF THOUGHT -DELUSION
BY DR.WASIM
UNDER GUIDANCE OF
DR.SANJAY.JAIN
Definition of delusion:
Delusions are categorized into four different groups
THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF DISORDERS OF THOUGHT CONTENT
1.DELUSION
2.OVERVALUED IDEAS
DISTINGUISED
DELUSION
OTHER MEMBERS OF THE CULTURE DONOT SHARE THE BELIEF.
NEED NOT BE ASSOCIATED WITH AFFECT.
FIRMLY SUSTAINED BELIEF.
CONVINCED THAT DELUSION IS REAL.
RECOGNIZED AS ABSURED.
CANNOT BE ACCEPTED.
OCCUR IN MENTALLY ILL PATIENTS.
OVERVALUED IDEAS
OTHER MEMBERS OF THE CULTURE SHARE THE BELIEF.
ASSOCIATED WITH VERY STRONG AFFECT.
NOT HELD FIRMLY.
ATLEAST SOME LEVEL OF DOUBT AS TO ITS TRUTHFULNESS.
NOT RECOGNIZED AS ABSURED.
ACCEPTABLE.
CAN OCCUR IN BOTH HEALTHY AND MENTALLY ILL PATIENTS.
KENDLER’S VECTORS FOR DELUSION:
five stages in the development of delusion(FISH & CONRAD)
FACTORS CONCERNED WITH GENERATION OF DELUSIONS
PATHPOPHYSIOLOGY OF DELUSIONS
PRIMARY DELUSIONS
SECONDARY DELUSIONS
SYSTEMATIZATION
DELUSIONS ON THE BASIS OF CONTENT OF DELUSIONS
THANK YOU
Schizophrenia is a chronic and severe mental disorder that affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves. People with schizophrenia may seem like they have lost touch with reality. Although schizophrenia is not as common as other mental disorders, the symptoms can be very disabling.
This presentation gives detailed description of symptoms of catatonia with its etiologies and differential diagnoses. It should help to differentiate catatonia in neurological and psychiatric disorders.
DISORDER CONTENTOF THOUGHT -DELUSION
BY DR.WASIM
UNDER GUIDANCE OF
DR.SANJAY.JAIN
Definition of delusion:
Delusions are categorized into four different groups
THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF DISORDERS OF THOUGHT CONTENT
1.DELUSION
2.OVERVALUED IDEAS
DISTINGUISED
DELUSION
OTHER MEMBERS OF THE CULTURE DONOT SHARE THE BELIEF.
NEED NOT BE ASSOCIATED WITH AFFECT.
FIRMLY SUSTAINED BELIEF.
CONVINCED THAT DELUSION IS REAL.
RECOGNIZED AS ABSURED.
CANNOT BE ACCEPTED.
OCCUR IN MENTALLY ILL PATIENTS.
OVERVALUED IDEAS
OTHER MEMBERS OF THE CULTURE SHARE THE BELIEF.
ASSOCIATED WITH VERY STRONG AFFECT.
NOT HELD FIRMLY.
ATLEAST SOME LEVEL OF DOUBT AS TO ITS TRUTHFULNESS.
NOT RECOGNIZED AS ABSURED.
ACCEPTABLE.
CAN OCCUR IN BOTH HEALTHY AND MENTALLY ILL PATIENTS.
KENDLER’S VECTORS FOR DELUSION:
five stages in the development of delusion(FISH & CONRAD)
FACTORS CONCERNED WITH GENERATION OF DELUSIONS
PATHPOPHYSIOLOGY OF DELUSIONS
PRIMARY DELUSIONS
SECONDARY DELUSIONS
SYSTEMATIZATION
DELUSIONS ON THE BASIS OF CONTENT OF DELUSIONS
THANK YOU
Schizophrenia is a chronic and severe mental disorder that affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves. People with schizophrenia may seem like they have lost touch with reality. Although schizophrenia is not as common as other mental disorders, the symptoms can be very disabling.
“Epilepsy and mental disorder are two states of illness of the very closest relationship; they represent identical pathological conditions in two different areas of the nervous system”
Austin Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Science is an international, open access, peer review Journal publishing original research & review articles in all the related basic, clinical and translational aspects of diagnosis, understanding and treatment of neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders. Austin Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Science focus upon areas includes but not excludes neuropsychiatry, neurology, psychiatry, behavioral neurology, pharmacology, psychology and clinical neurosciences that focus mainly upon on succinct rapid reporting of clinical or pre-clinical studies on a range of neuropsychiatric disorders- Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, Movement Disorders, Neuroimaging, Traumatic brain injury, Parkinson's disease, and Seizure disorders. It is a base for all Neuropsychiatrists, neurologists, psychologists, researchers, medical doctors, health professionals, scientists, scholars, and students to publish their research work & update the latest research information.
Austin Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Science Treatment strongly supports the scientific renovation and reinforcement in Medical and Clinical research community by amplifying access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin also brings universally peer reviewed academic journals under one roof thereby promoting awareness, knowledge sharing, collaborative and promotion of interdisciplinary science.
As a society, we have changed our views about mental Health overtime. In most situations it is now acceptable, or even common to bring up the issue of mental Health. This may be due to the fact that, over the past two decades there has been a significant increase in the amount of teenagers that are diagnosed with depression. This powerpoint will explore a division of depression, Bipolar Disorder.
Recent studies both community and hospital based have shown that there is a significant burden of psychiatric disorder in epilepsy, with as many as 50% of all subjects studied being affected.
The available epidemiological data suggests that psychiatric disorders are over-represented in epilepsy, the evidence for psychosis in particular being rather compelling
Neuropsychiatric aspects of hiv infection and aidsRobin Victor
HIV & AIDS are closely related to psychiatry with the infection giving rise to many psychiatric problems and psychiatric illnesses leading to risk of acquiring HIV. Hence the approach to such a situation must be holistic with good coordination between medical specialists and psychiatrists, psychologists to bring maximum possible benefit to people with such a difficult illness
Schizophrenia is a chronic psychiatric disorder. People with this disorder experience distortions of reality, often experiencing delusions or hallucinations.
The exact cause of schizophrenia isn't known, but a combination of genetics, environment and altered brain chemistry and structure may play a role.
Schizophrenia is characterised by thoughts or experiences that seem out of touch with reality, disorganised speech or behaviour and decreased participation in daily activities. Difficulty with concentration and memory may also be present.
Treatment is usually lifelong and often involves a combination of medications, psychotherapy and coordinated speciality care services.
Schizophrenia is a serious mental disorder in which people interpret reality abnormally. Schizophrenia may result in some combination of hallucinations, delusions, and extremely disordered thinking and behavior that impairs daily functioning, and can be disabling. People with schizophrenia require lifelong treatment.
It's a types of mental disorder , in which person leave as alone & hallucination & delusion is common factor of the mental health disorder.
for more info visit@ mindtotalk.in
Effective treatment for Bipolar disorder at Mindheal homeopathyShewta shetty
"Personalised online consultancy & treatments provided at our clinic by efficient panel of doctors in our center at mumbai,Bombay,Chembur, India.Contact us."
Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that usually appears in late adolescence or early adulthood. Characterized by delusions, hallucinations, and other cognitive difficulties, schizophrenia can often be a lifelong struggle. In this article, we will cover the causes, symptoms, and treatment of schizophrenia
This slide contains information regarding psychosis.This can be helpful for proficiency level and bachelor level nursing students. Your feedback is highly appreciated.
Neuropsychiatric manifestations of endocrine disordersDheeraj kumar
This is a subject seminar of neuropsychiatric manifesations of endocrine disorders.It took a lot of time to prepare,it helps fellow residents of Gen medicine to download and present as it is.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
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NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
2. Philosophy or science
There is nothing either good or bad but
thinking makes it so
William
Shakespeare
3. Introduction
Epilepsy is the most common chronic
neurological disease
Its not a disease, should be considered as a
symptom of brain diseases
4. What is epilepsy
Recurrent unprovoked seizure
Caused by uncoordinated neuronal discharge
5. Is it simple to diagnose
The diagnosis of epilepsy is often difficult
Diagnosis is almost clinical
A correct diagnosis can be particularly difficult
when the ictal and interictal symptoms of
epilepsy are severe manifestations of
psychiatric symptoms in the absence of
significant changes in consciousness and
cognitive abilities
6. Irony of epileptics
A large fraction of patients with seizure
disorder are misdiagnosed and treated
inappropriately
About one third of the epileptics are
misdiagnosed in both way
Computerized diagnosis is trying
7. Why psychiatrists
Psychiatric co morbidity is common in epilepsy
Consideration of an epileptic diagnosis in
psychiatric patients
The psychosocial ramifications of epilepsy
The psychological and cognitive effects of
AEDs
Shared pathophysiology
Stigma & psychosocial impairment
8. Psychiatric aspect
30 to 50 percent of epileptics have psychiatric
difficulties sometime during the course of their
illness
The most common behavioral symptom of
epilepsy is a change in personality
9. Preictal conditions
Autonomic sensations
Increasing tension, anxiety, irritability, fear, panic
Fullness in the stomach, blushing and changes in
respiration
Cognitive sensations
Dreamy states, forced thinking, dejà vu, jamais
vu
Affective states
Depression, elation
Classical automatisms
Lip smacking, rubbing, chewing
10. Ictal conditions
Brief, disorganized, and uninhibited behavior characterizes
the ictal event
The cognitive symptoms include amnesia for the time during
the seizure and a period of resolving delirium after the
seizure
Transient confusional state, affective disturbances, anxiety,
automatism.
On occasion abnormal mental state may be the only sign of
non-convulsive status epilepticus
Psychosis-
Sudden onset & termination of disturbances
Olfactory & Gustatory hallucination
Relative lack of first rank symptoms
Amnesia for the period of disturbances
11. Post ictal conditions
Diverse motor, sensory, cognitive & autonomic
symptoms may occur
Post ictal violence may occur
12. Interictal
Personality Disturbances : patients with
epilepsy of temporal lobe origin
Religiosity
increased participation in overtly religious activities
unusual concern for moral and ethical issues
preoccupation with right and wrong
heightened interest in global and philosophical
concerns.
sometimes seem like the prodromal symptoms of
schizophrenia
13. Interictal- personality
disturbances
Viscosity of personality
Most noticeable in a patient's conversation
Slow, serious, ponderous, overly replete with
nonessential details, and often circumstantial
The listener may grow bored but be unable to find a
courteous and successful way to disengage from the
conversation
The speech tendencies, often mirrored in the patient's
writing, result in a symptom known as hypergraphia,
which some clinicians consider virtually
pathognomonic for complex partial epilepsy.
14. Interictal- personality
disturbances
Changes in sexual behavior
Hypersexuality: deviations in sexual interest,
transvestism
Hyposexuality: both by a lack of interest in sexual
matters and by reduced sexual arousal
15. Interictal- continue
Psychotic Symptoms
Interictal psychotic states are more common
than ictal psychoses
Schizophrenia-like interictal episodes can occur in
patients with temporal lobe epilepsy
Risk factors
female gender
left-handedness
the onset of seizures during puberty
a left-sided lesion
16. Interictal- psychotic symptoms
The onset of psychotic symptoms in epilepsy is
variable
Classically, psychotic symptoms appear in
patients who have had epilepsy for a long time,
and the onset of psychotic symptoms is
preceded by the development of personality
changes related to the epileptic brain activity
17. Interictal- psychotic symptoms
The most characteristic symptoms of the
psychoses are hallucinations and paranoid
delusions
Patients usually remain warm and appropriate
in affect, in contrast to the abnormalities of
affect commonly seen in patients with
schizophrenia
The thought disorder symptoms in patients with
psychotic epilepsy are most commonly those
involving conceptualization and
circumstantiality, rather than the classic
18. Interictal- continue
Violence
Episodic violence has been a problem in some
patients with epilepsy, especially epilepsy of
temporal and frontal lobe origin.
Whether the violence is a manifestation of the
seizure itself or is of interictal
psychopathological origin is uncertain
19. Interictal- continue
Mood Disorder Symptoms
Mood disorder symptoms, such as depression
and mania, are seen less often in epilepsy than
are schizophrenia-like symptoms
The mood disorder symptoms that do occur tend
to be episodic and appear most often when the
epileptic foci affect the temporal lobe of the
nondominant hemisphere
The importance of mood disorder symptoms may
be attested to by the increased incidence of
attempted suicide in people with epilepsy
20. Risk factor of depression in
epilepsy
Behavior
FH of mood disorder
Focus in temporal or frontal lobe
Left side focus
Psychosocial
Perceived stigma
Fear of seizure
Pessimistic attribution style
Decreased social support
Unemployment
Iatrogenic
Epileptic surgery
AED- polypharmacy with high serum levels
22. Diagnosis
A correct diagnosis of epilepsy can be difficult
when the ictal and interictal symptoms of
epilepsy are severe manifestations of
psychiatric symptoms in the absence of
significant changes in consciousness and
cognitive abilities
Psychiatrists, must maintain a high level of
suspicion during the evaluation of a new
patient even in the absence of the classic signs
and symptoms
23. Previously diagnosed
The appearance of new psychiatric symptoms
should be considered as possibly representing an
evolution in their epileptic symptoms
The appearance of psychotic symptoms, mood
disorder symptoms, personality changes,
symptoms of anxiety should cause a clinician to
evaluate the control of the patient's epilepsy and to
assess the patient for the presence of an
independent mental disorder
Compliance with the anticonvulsant drug regimen
and its adverse effects
When psychiatric symptoms appear in a patient
who has had epilepsy in the past
24. Not previously diagnosed
Four characteristics should cause to be suspicious
:
the abrupt onset of psychosis in a person
previously regarded as psychologically healthy
the abrupt onset of delirium without a recognized
cause
a history of similar episodes with abrupt onset
and spontaneous recovery
a history of previous unexplained falling or
fainting spells
25. What makes us comfortable
Feature Epileptic Seizures Pseudoseizure
Nocturnal seizure Common Uncommon
Stereotyped aura Usually None
Cyanotic skin changes during seizures Common None
Self-injury Common Rare
Incontinence Common Rare
Postictal confusion Present None
Body movements Tonic or clonic or both Nonstereotyped and
asynchronous
Affected by suggestion No Yes
26. Queries????
“The important thing is not to stop
questioning. Curiosity has its own reason
for existing”
Albert Einstein