This document discusses the physiological foundations of human behavior. It begins by stating that human behavior is influenced by many physiological and psychological factors. It then provides an overview of the nervous system, including the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. Within the central nervous system, it describes the main parts of the brain (hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain) and spinal cord. It also discusses neurons, nerves, and the classifications and functions of different types of neurons. The document concludes by covering the peripheral and autonomic nervous systems, and describing the main endocrine glands in the body.

1. CHAPTER 3
THE
PHYSIOLOGICAL
FOUNDATION
OF
BEHAVIOR

2.  HUMAN BEHAVIOR IS INFLUENCED BY
MANY FACTOR
 THESE MULTIPLE BASES OF BEHAVIOR,
PHYSIOLOGICALAND PSYCHOLOGICAL,
ARE APPARENT IN ALMOSTALL AREAS OF
HUMAN FUNCTIONING
 UNDERSTANDING MANY BASIC
PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTSANDTHEORIES,
FROM HOWWE SEE AND HEARTO ALTERED
STATESOF CONSCIOUSNESS, DEMANDS
BASIC UNDERSTANDING OF
PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES

3. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
The most complex and elaborate
system of structures in the human body
Composed of a group of interrelated
and interrelating units that enable man
to receive stimuli from the environment
and to make the necessary and
appropriate responses to such stimuli
Regulates the behaviour of the whole
individual to enable him to survive

4. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
PERIPHERAL
NERVOUS SYTEM
Part of the nervous
system outside the
brain and the spinal
cord which includes
all the nerves
CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Composed of the
brain and the spinal
cord

5. Central Nervous System
SPINAL CORD
Composed mainly of the nerve
connections running between
the brain and the various parts of
the body
There are 31 pairs of spinal
nerves
These nerves are mixed nerves
with both motor and sensory
fibers
Each nerve is attached to the
cord by two roots:
1. Dorsal root
Transmits sensory impulses
2.Ventral root
Transmits motor impulses
BRAIN
Portion of the nervous
system that is encased
in the cranial bones
Weighs 3 lbs and
contains 90 % of the
body’s neurons
The most specialized
organ in the body

6. THE BRAIN
BRAIN
HINDBRAIN
1. CEREBELLUM
2. PONSVAROLI
3. MEDULLA OBLONGATA
MIDBRAIN FOREBRAIN
1.THALAMUS
2. LIMBIC SYSTEM
3. CEREBRUM

7. • Situated at the back of and above the medulla
• Composed of hemisphere
• Controls body balance and keeps us right side up
• Assists in coordinating our bodily movements and keeping
them rhythmic and accurate
• Plays an important role in controlling the tonicity of the
skeletal muscles
Cerebellum
• Contains nerve fibers that connects both hemispheres of the
cerebellum with each other as well as with nerve fibers that
transmit neural impulses upward and downward within the
central nervous system
• Portion of the brain with an enlarge ventral portion above the
medulla
PonsVaroli
• The lowest portion of the brain and it connects with the spinal
cord
• Nervous impulses travel through it to and from the higher brain
centers
• It contains centers that regulate heart beat, blood pressure and
breathing and it controls the activities of the internal organs
Medulla
Oblongata

8. • Brain’s major relay station connecting the lower structure of
the brain and the spinal cord with the cerebrum
• Here lies the cell bodies of important connecting neurons for
the various senses
• These neurons receive messages from the sense organs and
send them to specific centers in the cerebrum
Thalamus
• IncludesAmygdala, Hippocampus, Siptum, and portions of the
Hypothalamus andThalamus
• It performs many functions specially receiving sensory messages from the
visceral organs and helps control their activities
• AMYGDALA-connected with Hypothalamus serves as the main area
involved with emotions and fundamental for self-preservation, when
triggered, it gives rise to fear and anxiety which leads animal to a stage of
alertness
• HIPPOCAMPUS-involved with memory, especially the formation of long-
term memory
Limbic
System
• The largest part of the brain
• Divided into two halves called the Cerebral Hemispheres
• These hemispheres contains centers for sensory integration and
for voluntary motor activity activities
• Also play important roles in governing memory and intelligence
Cerebrum

9. THE NEURON
 The basic unit of nervous system also known
as nerve cell
 About 100 billion of it in the brain of an
average size
 variety of shape and sizes but all possess
common attributes
 Each of it is composed of a cell body which
contains a nucleus

10. NERVE
 A compound structure consisting of a number
of neuron fibers bound together
 There may be thousands of fibers in a single
nerve
 Each of these neuron fibers is insulated from
all the others and conduct impulses
independently of the others

11. CLASSIFICATION OF
NEURONS
ACCORDING TO THEIR FUNCTION
 AFFERENT or Sensory Neurons
 Carry messages towards the central nervous system
from the receptors such as the eyes, ears, and other
sense organs
 EFFERENT or Motor Neurons
 Carry messages from the central nervous system to
the muscles and glands
 CONNECTING or Association Neurons
 Also called as middle me between neurons
 Between the sensory and motor neurons
 Most of it found within the central nervous system

12. THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
COMPOSED OF NERVESTHAT CONNECTSTHE BRAINANDTHE SPINAL
CORDTOTHE PERIPHERYOFTHE BODY
• Are found outside the central nervous system
• They connect to the skin, muscles and glands
Peripheral
Nerves
• Nerves carrying sensory input to the central
nervous system
Afferent
nerves
• Carrying motor output away from the central
nervous system to muscles and glands
Efferent
nerves

13. THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
BEYOND OURVOLUNTARY CONTROL AND IT
CONTROLS HEART ACTION, DIGESTION,
EXCRETION, SALIVATION, AS WELL ASTHOSE
INVOLVED WITH SEXUAL ORGASM,
PERSPIRATION
 DIVIDED INTO :
 SYMPATHETIC
 Tends to operate in stress situations
 Example: it increases heart beat when danger threatens
 PARASYMPATHETIC
 Governs regular activities
 Example: it slows down the heart for normal functioning

14. THE ENDOCRINE GLANDS
1. PITUITARY GLANDS
 Sometimes called the master glands
2. THYROID GLANDS
 Located in the neck and produce the hormone Thyroxin
3. PARATHYROID GLANDS
 Secret Parathormone, a hormone necessary to control balance of
various minerals in the bloodstream especially calcium
4. THYMUS
 Sometimes called the Gland of Childhood
5. ADRENALS
 Composed of two part: the Medulla (inner part) secretes Adrenalin,
and the Cortex (outer part). Adrenalin is referred to as the
emergency hormone because it enables one to cope with
emergency situations
6. ISLETS OF LANGERHANS
 Group of cells in the Pancreas which secrets Insulin that is needed in
the regulation of blood sugar by the cells
7. GONADS
1. Refer to the Ovaries (produce Estrogens and Progesterone) and
Testes ( produce male sex hormone Testosterone)