The document provides an overview of the origins and development of psychology. It discusses: 1) The early influences of Greek philosophers like Plato and Aristotle who used speculation and empirical observation. 2) The introduction of measurement techniques by 19th century German psychologists to study sensation, laying the foundations of scientific psychology. 3) Wilhelm Wundt who opened the first experimental laboratory in 1879, considered the "Father of Experimental Psychology". He advocated structuralism to study consciousness. 4) Subsequent schools of thought like functionalism, behaviorism, and psychoanalysis that developed new approaches to studying behavior. 5) Key figures like William James, Ivan Pavlov, John Watson, and Sigmund Freud who influenced the emerging

1. BACKGROUND
OF
PSYCHOLOGY
Origins and Beginnings
of
Psychology

2. I. GREEK PHILOSOPHERS
 Their ideas about psychology were based from the writing of the
ancient Greek philosophers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle
 They used two approaches to wit;
1. SPECULATION
The motivational aspect of human
behavior
2. EMPIRICAL METHOD
Through observation. Further
sharpened by the empiricists of the
17th century

3. II. RENAISSANCE SCIENTISTS
 Introduced the idea that observation could
be further objectified through
measurements
 Objectified means, to present or regard
as an object or to make
objective, external, or concrete

4. III. 19TH CENTURY GERMAN PSYCHOLOGISTS-PHYSICISTS
 Used measurement techniques to study
sensation, the foundation of scientific
psychology
 Sensation is the faculty to feel or
perceive; physical sensibility

5. IV. WILHELM WUNDT
 Opened his laboratory at Leipzig, Germany in 1879. The beginning of
psychological research
 Often considered as the “Father of Experimental Psychology”
 His students opened psychological laboratories at the major universities in
Europe and in the United States
 STRUCTURALISM
- His approach to the study of human behavior
- It is concerned with identifying and studying the elements that
form the structure of consciousness
 CONSCIOUSNESS
- Special awareness or sensitivity or alertness to or concern for
a particular issue or situation

6. V. WILLIAM JAMES
 Developed a different approach in the
study of behavior called Functionalism
 FUNCTIONALISM
–Emphasized the study of behavior
as an integrated process

7. VI. GERMAN PSYCHOLOGISTS
 Popularly known as the “ Gestalts”
 Objected to the idea of studying behavior
by analyzing the elements
 Proposed that behavior shall be studied in
terms of organization or form

8. VII. JOHN B. WATSON
 The man who did more than any other to set
the direction of modern experimental psychology
 Expressed skepticism about studying any aspect
of behavior that cannot be objectively observe
 Proposed that psychologist should study the
behavior of organism
 This approach led to the movement called
“Behaviorism”

9. VIII. SIGMUND FREUD
 Initiated the “ Psychoanalytic “ movement
 It is another conceptual source of modern
psychology
 The concept entered the American psychology
late but brings great impact on personality
theory and methods of treating mental illness

10. SUBJECT MATTER OF MODERN PSYCHOLOGY
 The following
constitute the
subject matter
of modern
Psychology
- Individual Differences
- Sensation-Perception
- Motivation
- Intelligence
- Emotion
- Innate Patterns
- Learning
- Thinking
- Personality
- Group Dynamics
- Behavior Pathology

11. DIFFERENT SCHOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGY
STRUCTURALISM GESTALT SCHOOL
PURPOSIVISMASSOCIATIONISM
FREUDAN FACTIONS
BEHAVIORISM
SCHOOLS
Of
PSYCHOLOGY
FUNCTIONALISM PSYCHOASNALYTIC

12. NOTE
 PSYCHOLOGY
- A young and growing science
- Internal disputes often occur
- Psychologists have different ideas
about
* What psychology should or
should not include
* What it should emphasize
* What research methods are
best
 SCHOOL
- When a large number
of psychologists strongly
support a certain view, it
is established
- Began a revolt against the
established order
- Each has historical
background begins within
1879 and 1930 of its
development

13. DIFFERENT SCHOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGY
SCHOOL PLACE OF ORIGIN ADVOCATES
VIEWS
and
PRACTICES
1. STRUCTURALISM Germany
Center of Study
1879
Wilhelm Wundt
E. B. Titchener
 Thought of Psychology as
the study of conscious
experience
 Started with a premise that
all complex substances could
be analyzed through their
component elements
 Held that elementary
mental states form the
structure of consciousness
 Sought to discover the
psychological basis of various
types of conscious experience
 Emphasis on the knowledge
of body structures
 The method used are
“Introspection” and
“Experiment
 Introspection
1. Contemplation of
one's own thoughts,
feelings, and sensations;
self-examination
2. Looking inward, so to
speak, and describing
one’s experiences

14. 2. FUNCTIONALISM University of Chicago
America
1898
William James
James E. Angell
John Dewey
 Paid little attention to
conscious experience
 Focused on the operations
or functions of conscious
activity
 The total behavior and
experience of an individual is
studied, including the interest
in the functions served by the
things an individual does
Redefined psychology as
“the study of man’s
adjustments to his
environment”
 The method used are
“Introspection” and
“Observation”
3. ASSOCIATIONISM Greece
(Europe)
Modern World
Aristotle
Edward Thorndike
John Locke
Thomas Hobbes
 Concerned with the factors
of learning such as
remembering and thinking
 It starts with the
philosophical concept that
learning is the formation of
bonds or connections in the
nervous system
 Man is the greatest learner
because he makes the
greatest number of
connections
 They proposed that
everything around can be
explained by association

15. 4. BEHAVIORISM America
1912
John Watson
E. L. Thorndike
 A revolt against both
Structuralism and Functionalism
 Turned to the study of overt
behavior
- Observable by others, a social
and explicit act
 Rejected the study of
conscious experience as a
subject for scientific research
 defines psychology as “the
science of behavior and not of
consciousness”
 Emphasizes conditional
reflexes of the elements of
behavior
 Denies the existence of instinct
or inborn tendencies, and insist
on learned behavior
“Instinct”
-An inborn pattern of behavior
that is characteristic of a species
and is often a response to
specific environmental stimuli
 Studies animal behavior and
emphasizes the objective
method in observing responses
 it is psychology based upon
“Stimulus-Response” connections
 Believes that there can be no
response with out a stimuli
“Stimulus”
- Any factor inside or outside, or
anything which causes the
organism to react or response

16. 5. GESTALT SCHOOL Germany
1912
Max Wertheimer
Wolfgang Kohler
Kurt Koffka
 Maintains that
psychology should study
the whole patterns of
behavior or experience or
the perception of organized
configuration
 “ The whole is more than
the sum of all its parts” is
their fundamental principle
 They believed that the
overall pattern of any
experience which was
stored is important to study
than the specific elements
which made it up
 With emphasis on the
study of human behavior
and perception
“Perception”
-Recognition and
interpretation of sensory
stimuli based chiefly on
memory
 Contributed much to the
understanding of learning,
memory, and problem
solving
 Uses Introspection and
observation

17. 6. PSYCHANALYTIC
SHOOL
Germany
1912
Sigmund Freud
Alfred Adler
Carl Jung
 Insist on human desires and
primitive impulses as the central
factors of behavior
 They attributed inner conflicts
on the individual to repression of
desires which remain submerged
in his subconscious
SUBCONSCIOUS
-The part of the mind below the
level of conscious perception
- Postulated the existence of
unconscious mental processes
which influence the individual’s
behavior in various indirect ways
- He attempted to find the cause
and cure of personality disorder
- Stresses the role of motives and
cravings, often hidden and
repressed in the subconscious or
unconscious mind
- This repression results in
abnormal behavior
- LIBIDO THEORY- (Freud
assertion) The sex urges in the
unconscious constitute the main
human drive
- PSYCHOANALYSIS- Method
of treatment emphasizes “ Free
Association”
- The patients freely associates
his thoughts and experiences
- This is done with the help of the
psychiatrist and analyses the
cause of his difficulty

18. 7. FREUDAN
FACTIONS
America
1911-1912
Carl Jung
 People are either extroverts
or Introverts
 Extrovert- person who is
energized by being around
other people. This is the
opposite of an introvert who is
energized by being alone
 Introvert- is a person who
is energized by being alone
and whose energy is drained
by being around other people
 Founded the school called
the
“Analytical School”
Alfred Adler  He believes that the prime
mover of people is their desire for
superiority
8. PURPOSIVISM Duke University
Durham, North Carolina
Great Britain
William McDougall
 He believes that objects,
movements, and behavior have a
definite purpose
 Because of its emphasis on
hormones in life, Purposivism was
called “Hormic Psychology”
 HORMONES- A substance,
usually a peptide or steroid,
produced by one tissue and
conveyed by the bloodstream to
another to effect physiological
activity, such as growth or
metabolism
 Regard the human being not
only as a unit but also as a
purposive, striving organism
 They strongly opposed the
mechanistic or behaviorist point
of view

19. DIFFERENT SCHOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGY
STRUCTURALISM
Centers on
sensation
GESTALT SCHOOL
Centers on
Perception
PURPOSIVISM
Centers on the
Purposive Activity
ASSOCIATIONISM
Centers on the
Learning and
Memory
FREUDAN FACTIONS
• Characteristics
• Desire for Superiority
BEHAVIORISM
Centers on
Individual as
A Whole
SCHOOLS
Of
PSYCHOLOGY
FUNCTIONALISM
Centers on the
Function of
Consciousness
PSYCHOASNALYTIC
Centers on
Desire

20. BRANCHES OF PSYCHOLOGY
 NOTE:
- The rebel against certain school in psychology continues since the 1900s.
Contemporary educational psychologists tend to make use of the discoveries and
ideas contributed by all the preceding schools of thoughts
- Psychologists realizes that the study of behavior was so broad that no single
approach could be relied on to give the necessary answers to all the questions that
were being raised
- Many psychologists stop identifying with the school or approach to psychology and
began to define areas where many approaches could be used
- They no longer bore the names of schools but took on the names of sub-fields of
psychology
- There are 45 divisions or major fields on the Directory of American Psychological
Associations

21. COMMON BRANCHES OF PSYCHOLOGY
General Psychology Explains principles of human behavior
Comparative Psychology Human-Animal Psychology, Compared /Differentiated
Developmental/Genetic
Psychology
Aspects of growth and development
Child Psychology Post-natal starts with early adolescence
Adolescent Psychology From Puberty to later life
Senescent Psychology Behavior of man in old age
Consumer Psychology Relationships between the buyer and the seller
Abnormal Psychology Etiology/ cause of personality defects
Dynamic Psychology Personality Psychology, talents, skills, whole being
Psychiatry Treatment of mental diseases
Business Psychology Applied to business, employee and employers relationship
Social Psychology Sociological relationship, group dynamics, opinions, interest
Cognitive Psychology Related with the creation of artificial intelligence, computer tech
Forensic/Legal Psychology Law, reliability of witnesses and jury decisions
Community Psychology Psychological problem in the community, juvenile, crimes

22. AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION IN PSYCHOLOGY
 The field of
psychology is so
varied that it offers
a rich selection of
professional
opportunities for
individuals of
widely differing
interests,
personalities and
abilities
Kinds of work that psychologist can do
Clinical
Psychology
Areas of Specialization
Counseling
Psychology
Experimental and
Physiological
Psychology
Educational
and
School Psychology
Industrial and
Organizational
Psychology

23. SCOPE OF PSYCHOLOGY
 The study of human behavior is a broad area. It encompasses
the following field of studies
MEDICINE ECONOMICS SOCIOLOGY
- Eye - Consumer’s - Attitudes
- Ear Behavior - Opinion
- Brain - Employment - Propaganda
EDUCATION LAW POLITICAL SCIENCE
- Guidance - Crimes - Voter’s Behavior
Counseling - Witness - Governance
- Student’s Credibility - Interest Groups
Intelligence - Jury Decision

24. METHODS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH
Six Well Known Methods of Psychological Research
 When
scientist
work, they
use several
methods of
relating
variable to
predict,
control, and
understand
behavior
Introspection
Method
Observation Method - Uncontrolled or Informal
- Naturalistic Observation
- Controlled or Formal
Life History Method - Day Book Method
- Clinical Method
- Biographical Method
Survey Method
or
Group Method
Experimental method
Statistical Method

25. STATISTICS
The science that deals with the collecting and handling of numerical data
and the making of inferences from such data
INFERENCE
The act of reasoning from factual knowledge or evidence
FACTOR ANALYSIS
A procedure using mathematical statistical analysis which enables the
psychologist to study the various processes involved in performing complex
tasks
AFTER GATHERING DATA
- The psychologist classifies his facts in meaningful categories on the basis
of similarity
- Classifying facts is the first goal of understanding
- There are two kinds of classification; the:
* QUALITATIVE CLASSIFICATION
* QUANTITATIVE CLASSIFICATION

26. TWO TYPES OF CLASSIFICATION
QUANTITATIVE
Classification
QUALITATIVE
Classification
 Assigning of numbers or expressed
in numerical terms
 Scores
The figures obtained from measuring,
which use to label quantitative
categories
 intuition
thinking aids
display methods
Classification
Categories are determined on the
basis of some characteristics which are
present in different degrees and
measurable on a mathematical scale
Example of classifying human beings
are age, intelligence, emotional
stability and reaction time

27. • THEORY
Statement of relationship between the
organized facts about human behavior
and the principles desired from it
• It can be modified or discarded if
new data are observed A new theory
is formulated which includes all
relevant facts that are known

28. OBJECTIVES OF PSYCHOLOGY
 Psychology has made great strides in the development of principles
and methods and the discovery of facts which find useful application
in various aspects of everyday life
The Objectives
1. To understand human behavior
2. To predict human behavior by means of observation and experiment
3. To influence or alter the behavior of the individual or group in
desirable ways so that the designed goal can be achieved

29. LEVELS OF INVESTIGATIONS IN PSYCHOLOGY
LEVELS
OF
INVESTIGATIONS
BIOLOGICAL LEVEL
Concerned with the
bodily basis of behavior
PSYCHOLOGICAL LEVEL
Concerned with
Understanding
The nature and role of
Psychological
Variable in human
behavior
SOCIOLOGICAL LEVEL
Concerned with
the effects of
socio cultural
conditions upon
the behavior of
individuals and groups

30. PSYCHIATRIST vs. CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY
PSYCHIATRIST
 A physician with a medical
degree or M.D. specializes in
psychological problems
 Qualified to prescribe drugs and
other medical treatments
 They are psycho-analysts
because they specializes in the
use of psychoanalytic procedures
 Treat more serious disorders
like psychotic behavior and
mental illness
CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY
 Usually Ph. D. in Psychology,
some have M.D. Major training
and clinical experience is in
Psychology
 Emphasis in behavior disorder
 Administer and evaluate
psychological tests, thus
facilitating diagnosis
 deals with less serious behavior
disorder, non medical aspects of
diagnosis and therapy
 Responsible for non psychotic
behavior and problem of
adjustment

31. VALUES OF PSYCHOLOGY
1. As a science, it enables the individual to learn more quickly
and to choose a vocation more intelligently
2. It enables a person to understand that no two individuals
are exactly alike
3. It enables one to resolve his own problems and to develop
greater personal efficiency. Thus the person develops
himself into a well integrated and happy individual
4. Psychology is applied to such fields as business, education,
courtroom testimonies, politics and others
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