The document summarizes key structures and functions of the brain and nervous system. It discusses the brain stem, cerebellum, cranial nerves, meninges, plexuses, spinal cord, diencephalon, sensory and motor pathways, central sulcus, cerebral cortex, cerebrum, dermatomes and myotomes. The main functions covered are sensory, motor, reflex, coordination, balance, movement and control of various organs and systems.
The detail description about peripheral nervous system, neuron, its covering, types of neuron, synapses, spinal nerves, plexus, and more about cranial nerves at last not the least about somatic and autonomic nervous system. you may also find the information about types of peripheral nervous system in detail.
The detail description about peripheral nervous system, neuron, its covering, types of neuron, synapses, spinal nerves, plexus, and more about cranial nerves at last not the least about somatic and autonomic nervous system. you may also find the information about types of peripheral nervous system in detail.
Nervous system consists of highly complex structure co-ordinates and controls the body along with the endocrine system.
Here we discussed about some important outlines concerned of psychobiology which is coming under unit 2 of syllabus of clinical speciality - mental health nursing.
The key points are,
- The anatomic review
- Brain & limbic system
- Nerve tissue-> Neurons & Neuroglia, Synapses, Synaptic cleft
- Neurotransmitters
- Autonomic nervous system, - sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.
Apart from these, its relation with different psychiatric disorders are also explained in brief.
The nervous system is the body's main communication system; it gathers, synthesizes, and uses data from the environment. The most basic unit of the nervous system is the neuron, which serves as both a sensor and communicator of internal and external stimuli.
The nervous system is described in this presentation very briefly and easy to understand you will get central nervous System as well as peripheral nervous system
A brief discussion on nervous system. central nervous system its part like a short note on brain according to b.pharma 2nd semester syllabus. short note on neurones, neurotransmitter,
Nervous system consists of highly complex structure co-ordinates and controls the body along with the endocrine system.
Here we discussed about some important outlines concerned of psychobiology which is coming under unit 2 of syllabus of clinical speciality - mental health nursing.
The key points are,
- The anatomic review
- Brain & limbic system
- Nerve tissue-> Neurons & Neuroglia, Synapses, Synaptic cleft
- Neurotransmitters
- Autonomic nervous system, - sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.
Apart from these, its relation with different psychiatric disorders are also explained in brief.
The nervous system is the body's main communication system; it gathers, synthesizes, and uses data from the environment. The most basic unit of the nervous system is the neuron, which serves as both a sensor and communicator of internal and external stimuli.
The nervous system is described in this presentation very briefly and easy to understand you will get central nervous System as well as peripheral nervous system
A brief discussion on nervous system. central nervous system its part like a short note on brain according to b.pharma 2nd semester syllabus. short note on neurones, neurotransmitter,
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1 GNM anatomy Unit -11 Central Nervous System CNS.pptxthiru murugan
By:M. Thiru murugan
Unit – 11:
Types of nerves- structure and functions
Brain and cranial nerves.
Spinal cord and motor and sensory pathways of the spinal cord, autonomic nervous system.
Nervous system:
Nervous system is one of vital system in our body which control and coordinate all the functions of body parts.
Classification:
Central nervous system (CNS)
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
1. Central nervous system (CNS): brain and spinal cord
2. Peripheral nervous system (PNS): Somatic nervous System & Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
Central Nervous System (CNS):
The central nervous system (CNS) controls most functions of the body and mind.
It consists of two parts: the brain and the spinal cord.
The brain is the center of our thoughts, the interpreter of our external environment, and the origin of control over body movement.
It interprets information from our special senses, as well as from internal organs
Meninges:
The coverings of brain and spinal cord are called meninge.
There are 3 layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
Dura (outer layer)
Arachnoid (middle layer)
Pia matter (inner layer)
Dura mater: The tough outer layer is called the dura mater. protect the central nervous system.
Arachnoid: The middle layer is the arachnoid, It contains cerebrospinal fluid, which acts to cushion the brain
Pia matter: the innermost layer of the meninges, the pia mater closely covers the brain.
Brain:
Introduction:
The brain is a complex organ that controls thought, memory, emotion, touch, motor skills, vision, breathing, temperature, hunger and every process that regulates our body.
the brain and spinal cord Together make up the central nervous system, or CNS
The brain receives information through our five senses: sight, smell, touch, taste, and hearing - often many at one time
Diagram:
Structure:
The brain is composed of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem
Cerebrum (telencephalon or endbrain): is the largest part of the brain and is composed of right and left hemispheres. It performs higher functions like interpreting touch, vision and hearing, as well as speech, reasoning, emotions, learning, and fine control of movement.
Cerebellum (little brain): is located under the cerebrum. Its function is to coordinate muscle movements, maintain posture, and balance.
Brainstem: consist midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata acts as a relay center connecting the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord.
Functions such as breathing, heart rate, body temperature, wake and sleep cycles, digestion, sneezing, coughing, vomiting, and swallowing.
Lobes of the brain:
Each hemisphere has 4 lobes:
Frontal lobe
Temporal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Each lobe may be divided, once again, into areas that serve very specific functions
The cerebral cortex has many folds, called the gyrus (plural: "gyri") and its trough is called a sulcus (plural: sulci)
Deep structure of Brain:
Hypothalamus: is located in the floor of the third ventricle and
The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, sensory organs, and all of the nerves that connect these organs with the rest of the body. Together, these organs are responsible for the control of the body and communication among its parts.
2. Structures and Function of the Brain
stem
• Brain stem structure/definition- is part of the
brain containing the midbrain, pons, and
medulla oblongata.
• -Function of the brain stem – performs
sensory, motor, and reflex functions
4. Structure and function of the
Cerebellum
• function of the cerebellum –performs with 3 general
functions, all of which have to do with the control of
skeletal muscles:
• -1 acts with the cerebral cortex to produce skilled
movements by coordinating the activities of groups of
muscles
• -2 helps control posture it functions below level of
consciousness to make movements smooth instead of
jerky, steady instead of trembling , and efficient and
coordinated instead of ineffective, awkward, and
uncoordinated .
• -3 controls skeletal muscles to maintain balance.
6. Identifying and Describing Cranial
Nerves
• -structure/definition: any of the twelve pairs of
nerves that attach to the undersurface of the
brain and conduct impulses between the brain
and structures in the head, neck, and thorax
• olfactory nerve- helps you smell
• optic nerve- helps you see
• oculomotor nerve- helps with eye movements
• trochlear nerve- responsible for eye movements
• trigeminal nerve- responsible for chewing
movements, head and face movements.
7. Cranial Nerves continued…
• Abducens nerve- responsible for abduction of eye or movements
• Facial nerve- responsible for facial expressions, secretion, of saliva
and tears , taste
• Vestibulocochlear nerve- responsible for hearing and equilibrium.
• Glossopharyngeal- responsible for the sensations of the tongue,
swallowing movements, secretion of saliva, aid in reflex control of
blood pressure and respiration.
• Vagus- responsible for sensations and movements of organs
supplied e.g. slows heart, increases peristalsis and contracts
muscles for voice production.
• Accessory nerve- responsible for shoulder movements, turning
movements of head, movements of viscera, voice production.
• Hypoglossal nerve- responsible for your tongue movements.
10. • Made of strong white fibrous tissue
• Outer layer of the meninges
• Inner periosteum of the cranial bones
• Protects inner layers including brain
• Delicate cob-web like
• Between Dura matter and Pia matter
• Adheres to outer surface of meninges
• Transparent
• Adheres to outer surface of the brain and spinal cord
• Contains blood vessels
11. Cervical Plexus
Cervical Plexus
(C1 through C4)
(C1 through C4)
Brachial Plexus
(C5 through T1)
Lumbar Plexus
Sacral Plexus
L4 and L5 through
S1 and S4
12. • Innervate the muscles and skin of the neck, upper
shoulders, and part of the head
• Exiting the plexus, phrenic nerve, which innervates
the diaphragm
• Deep within shoulder
• Passes from ventral rami of spinal nerves C5 through T1
• Beneath clavicle
• Toward upper arm
• Innervates the lower part of the shoulder and entire arm
13. • Made from intermingling fibers from the first four
lumbar nerves
• Lumbar region of back
• Divides into many branches supplying the thighs
and legs
• Formed fibers from the fourth and fifth lumbar
nerves and the first four sacral nerves
• Lies in pelvic cavity on the anterior surface of the
piriformis muscle
• Forms the sciatic nerve
• Through buttocks and back of thigh
• Supplies all leg skin
14.
15. • Within spinal cavity
• From foramen magnum to the lower border of the first
lumbar vertebra
• Averages about 18 inches
• Conducts information to and from brain
• Reflex center for all spinal reflexes
17. Function of the Diencephalon
Thalmus: Plays two parts in -Plays a part in Plays an indirect but
the mechanism responsible the arousal/ essential role inn
for sensations alerting maintaining water
A. Impulses from mechanism balance
appropriate receptors, on -Plays a part in -Helps control function
reaching the thalmus, the mechanism of every cell in the body
produce conscious that produces -Maintains the waking
recognition of the crude, complex reflex state
less critical sensations for movements -Regulates appetite
pain, temperature and -Maintains normal body
touch temperatue
B. Neurons whose Hypothalmus:
dendrites and cell bodies Helps control and
lie in certain nuclei of the integrate the
thalamus relay all kinds responses made
of sensory impulses, by visceral affects
-Responsible for emotions by all over the body
associating sensory impulses -The link between
with feelings of pleasant and the cerebral
unpleasant cortex and the
lower centers
19. Function of CSF
• CSF (Cerebrospinal fluid)
• Provides a supportive, protective cushion
• A reservoir of circulating fluid that gets
monitored by the brain for changes in the
internal environment.
20. Somatic Sensory Pathways in CNS
• A relay of neurons that send impulses to the
sensory area’s
• Primary Sensory Neurons: Conduct from
Periphery to central nervous system
• Secondary Sensory Neurons: Conduct from
cord and brainstem up to thalamus
• Tertiary Sensory Neurons: Conduct from the
thalamus to the post central gyrus of the
parietal lobe
22. Cerebral Cortex
• Cerebrum – largest and uppermost division of
the brain and has 2 divisions
• The cortex has six layers that each has millions
of axon terminals
• Each area of the cerebrum represents a gyrus
• The cerebrum contains the frontal lobe,
parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and the temporal
lobe
24. Somatic Motor Pathways
• Pyramidal tracts are those who fibers come
together in the medulla to form pyramids
• Extrapyramidal tracts consist of all motor
tracts from the brain to the spinal cord
• Sets of coordinated muscle commands the
control muscle activity is called a motor
program
26. Dermatomes and Myotomes
• Each skin area supplied by sensory fibers is
called dermatome
• A myotome is a skeletal muscle or group that
receives motor axons from a given spinal
nerve
• There is a overlap among myotomes thus
some skeletal muscle organs may be
innervated by motor axons