This document provides instructions for installing and configuring the Squid proxy server on Linux. It discusses system requirements for disk performance and memory. It also covers downloading and installing Squid, important configuration notes, starting and stopping Squid, log files, configuring cache disks and directories, access control lists, authentication, and examples of restricting web access by time and to specific websites.
Squid Proxy Server on RHEL introduces Squid, a free and open-source proxy server software that provides caching, authentication, bandwidth management, and web filtering capabilities. It discusses configuring Squid on Red Hat Linux including installing packages, editing configuration files, starting services, and testing the proxy functionality. Browser and client settings are also covered to allow systems to route traffic through the Squid proxy server.
The document discusses setting up a Squid proxy server on a Linux system to improve network security and performance for a home network. It recommends using an old Pentium II computer with at least 80-100MB of RAM as the proxy server. The document provides instructions for installing Squid and configuring the Squid.conf file to optimize disk usage, caching, and logging. It also explains how to set up the Squid proxy server to work with an iptables firewall for access control and protection from intruders.
A web proxy is a server that acts as an intermediary for client requests to access resources from other servers. Squid is a commonly used open source web proxy caching server that improves performance by caching content and controlling bandwidth usage. It provides access logging and filtering capabilities. To install Squid, it is downloaded and configured on a Linux system. Access control lists (ACLs) are defined in the configuration file to restrict access based on source/destination IP addresses, domains, URLs, or time of day.
The document discusses proxies and caching. Proxies act as intermediaries between local networks and external networks like the Internet. They can improve performance by caching frequently requested web pages. Squid is an open source proxy caching server that operates by checking its cache for requested objects, retrieving objects from origin servers if needed, and storing cacheable objects in its local cache.
This document discusses Squid Proxy in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 (RHEL 6). It provides instructions on installing RHEL 6, including selecting packages during installation such as PHP, MySQL, and Eclipse IDE. It then discusses proxy servers and their uses such as filtering content, caching to improve performance, and load balancing between multiple web servers. Common proxy types include forward, reverse, and open proxies.
This document provides information about configuring and using the Squid caching proxy server. It discusses Squid versions and improvements between versions, how to configure access control lists and ports in Squid's configuration file squid.conf, and provides a sample configuration file with ACL rules and cache directory settings. Advantages discussed include improved caching and access control capabilities.
Apache is the most popular web server, running on approximately 60% of web servers. It is highly configurable, extensible, supports virtual hosts, and is free and open source. To install Apache, it is typically included with Linux distributions. If compiling from source, one configures, makes, and installs Apache. The configuration files httpd.conf, srm.conf, and access.conf are customized. Apache is then started and can be configured to run automatically at boot. Basic security includes modifying headers, upgrading software, using IP restrictions and authentication, and enabling SSL.
This document provides an overview of Samba, an open source software that allows file and printer sharing between Windows and Linux/UNIX machines. It discusses Samba features like serving directories and printers to clients, assisting with network browsing, and authenticating Windows domain logins. It also describes Samba daemons like smbd, nmbd, and winbindd. The document outlines how to connect to Samba shares using Nautilus or the command line, and how to configure a Samba server through its graphical tool or by editing configuration files, including setting up shares, users, and security options.
Squid Proxy Server on RHEL introduces Squid, a free and open-source proxy server software that provides caching, authentication, bandwidth management, and web filtering capabilities. It discusses configuring Squid on Red Hat Linux including installing packages, editing configuration files, starting services, and testing the proxy functionality. Browser and client settings are also covered to allow systems to route traffic through the Squid proxy server.
The document discusses setting up a Squid proxy server on a Linux system to improve network security and performance for a home network. It recommends using an old Pentium II computer with at least 80-100MB of RAM as the proxy server. The document provides instructions for installing Squid and configuring the Squid.conf file to optimize disk usage, caching, and logging. It also explains how to set up the Squid proxy server to work with an iptables firewall for access control and protection from intruders.
A web proxy is a server that acts as an intermediary for client requests to access resources from other servers. Squid is a commonly used open source web proxy caching server that improves performance by caching content and controlling bandwidth usage. It provides access logging and filtering capabilities. To install Squid, it is downloaded and configured on a Linux system. Access control lists (ACLs) are defined in the configuration file to restrict access based on source/destination IP addresses, domains, URLs, or time of day.
The document discusses proxies and caching. Proxies act as intermediaries between local networks and external networks like the Internet. They can improve performance by caching frequently requested web pages. Squid is an open source proxy caching server that operates by checking its cache for requested objects, retrieving objects from origin servers if needed, and storing cacheable objects in its local cache.
This document discusses Squid Proxy in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 (RHEL 6). It provides instructions on installing RHEL 6, including selecting packages during installation such as PHP, MySQL, and Eclipse IDE. It then discusses proxy servers and their uses such as filtering content, caching to improve performance, and load balancing between multiple web servers. Common proxy types include forward, reverse, and open proxies.
This document provides information about configuring and using the Squid caching proxy server. It discusses Squid versions and improvements between versions, how to configure access control lists and ports in Squid's configuration file squid.conf, and provides a sample configuration file with ACL rules and cache directory settings. Advantages discussed include improved caching and access control capabilities.
Apache is the most popular web server, running on approximately 60% of web servers. It is highly configurable, extensible, supports virtual hosts, and is free and open source. To install Apache, it is typically included with Linux distributions. If compiling from source, one configures, makes, and installs Apache. The configuration files httpd.conf, srm.conf, and access.conf are customized. Apache is then started and can be configured to run automatically at boot. Basic security includes modifying headers, upgrading software, using IP restrictions and authentication, and enabling SSL.
This document provides an overview of Samba, an open source software that allows file and printer sharing between Windows and Linux/UNIX machines. It discusses Samba features like serving directories and printers to clients, assisting with network browsing, and authenticating Windows domain logins. It also describes Samba daemons like smbd, nmbd, and winbindd. The document outlines how to connect to Samba shares using Nautilus or the command line, and how to configure a Samba server through its graphical tool or by editing configuration files, including setting up shares, users, and security options.
Squid Caching for Web Content Accerlationrahul8590
Squid is an open source web proxy and cache server that provides content filtering, access control, and caching capabilities to improve network performance; it sits between clients and external servers to filter web traffic based on configured rules and restrictions set by the network administrator using regular expressions and access control lists. Squid can also integrate with authentication servers like ncsa_auth to require passwords for user access through the proxy.
A proxy server acts as an intermediary between clients and the internet or other network resources. Squid is a caching and forwarding proxy server that can improve performance by caching frequently requested files. It can restrict access based on client IP, domain, or time of day. Configuring Squid involves installing it, editing the squid.conf file to define access controls and caching, and configuring clients to use the proxy. The access log can be tailed to view current proxy requests.
The document discusses network file systems (NFS) and its components. It describes how NFS allows remote access to shared file systems across networks using the NFS protocol. It explains the key aspects of NFS including exporting file systems from the NFS server, mounting remote file systems on clients, and the architecture involving NFS servers and clients. It also briefly mentions utilities like mountd, nfsd, and issues that can arise with user and group IDs when sharing files across systems.
This document provides instructions for configuring a Squid proxy server on CentOS. It discusses obtaining information about the system like the OS distribution, hardware architecture, and installed application versions. It also outlines basic Squid configuration steps like backing up the default configuration file, checking the port Squid listens on, and ensuring the log file location is set correctly before starting Squid. Configuring access controls and caching policies would be covered in more depth in subsequent sections.
This document provides an introduction to web servers. It discusses how web servers work by responding to client requests over HTTP and mapping URLs to files on the server. Examples of popular web servers like Apache, IIS, and Tomcat are given. The document also gives a brief history of web servers and provides statistics on current market shares of different web servers. It describes accessing web servers locally or remotely via domain names or IP addresses. Finally, it discusses features of the IIS web server included with Windows and how to create virtual directories.
The document discusses scanning techniques used during penetration testing and hacking. It defines different types of scanning like port scanning, network scanning, and vulnerability scanning. It describes tools like Nmap that can be used to perform these scans and examines techniques like SYN scanning, XMAS scanning, NULL scanning, and IDLE scanning. The document also discusses using proxies and anonymizers to hide one's location while scanning and ways to document results like creating network diagrams of vulnerable systems.
Type of DDoS attacks with hping3 exampleHimani Singh
This document summarizes common DDoS attack types and how to execute them using hping3 or other tools. It describes application layer attacks like HTTP floods, protocol attacks like SYN floods, volumetric attacks like ICMP floods, and reflection attacks. It then provides commands to execute various TCP, UDP, ICMP floods and other DDoS attacks using hping3 by spoofing addresses, modifying flags, and targeting ports. Layer 7 attacks exploiting HTTP requests are also summarized.
The document discusses Secure Shell (SSH), which provides secure remote login and file transfer capabilities over insecure networks. It describes the SSH-1 and SSH-2 protocols, including their key exchanges, authentication methods, and components. Vulnerabilities are outlined for each version. SSH tools for Linux and Windows are also mentioned.
This document provides instructions for hardening the security of an Ubuntu 16.04 server. It outlines 27 steps to secure the server, including updating packages, restricting root access, removing unnecessary services like FTP, configuring a firewall and SSH, enforcing password policies, and logging and monitoring the system. References are provided for additional information on implementing each security measure.
Monit is a utility that monitors processes, files, directories, and devices on a Unix system. It conducts automatic maintenance and repair. Monit can start processes that are not running, restart processes that are not responding, and stop processes that are using too many resources. It monitors services and items for changes and errors, and can send alerts about issues. Monit is configured via a control file and can monitor both local and remote systems. It provides a web interface for accessing status information.
This document provides instructions for a group project on configuring a Linux operating system. It outlines the requirements, learning outcomes assessed, and grading rubric. The project is divided into two parts: a written report worth 50% of the grade and a presentation worth 50%. For the report, students must select a Linux distribution, install it, configure disks, users, groups, permissions, networking, FTP, HTTP, SSH, and firewall security. The presentation requires demonstrating the configured system and defending it during a question and answer session.
The document discusses various methods for hardening Linux security, including securing physical and remote access, addressing top vulnerabilities like weak passwords and open ports, implementing security policies, setting BIOS passwords, password protecting GRUB, choosing strong passwords, securing the root account, disabling console programs, using TCP wrappers, protecting against SYN floods, configuring SSH securely, hardening sysctl.conf settings, leveraging open source tools like Mod_Dosevasive, Fail2ban, Shorewall, and implementing security at the policy level with Shorewall.
The document describes a DNS rebinding attack lab that aims to demonstrate how DNS rebinding works and help students gain experience using the technique. The lab simulates an IoT device (thermostat) behind a firewall that can be controlled via a web interface. To conduct the attack, the lab sets up a home network with the IoT device and an outside network with the attacker's servers. The attack circumvents the same-origin policy by getting the victim's browser to run the attacker's JavaScript, then using DNS rebinding to change the DNS mapping and redirect requests from the script to the IoT device, allowing temperature manipulation.
The document provides an overview of SSH (Secure Shell), including what it is, its history and architecture, how to install and configure it, use public-key authentication and agent forwarding, and set up port forwarding tunnels. SSH allows securely executing commands, transferring files, and accessing systems behind firewalls.
HAProxy is a free, open source load balancer and proxy server that provides high availability, load balancing, and proxying for TCP and HTTP-based applications. It can be used to improve fault tolerance, distribute load, and optimize resource usage by terminating TCP connections and proxying requests to multiple backend servers. The document provides information on installing HAProxy, configuring the HAProxy configuration file to define frontend and backend settings, and log files for monitoring load balancing activity and troubleshooting issues.
This presentation, DEFEATING THE NETWORK SECURITY INFRASTRUCTURE v1.0.pdf, was made after some brainstorming
with some friends. The techniques used are not new and the tools readily available for download. The purpose of the discussion however
is to debate how internal enterprise resources might be (in)adversely exposed to the internet by in an insider using a combination of common techniques such as SSH and SSL.
This document describes how to deploy a Kubernetes cluster on CoreOS virtual machines including setting up the Kubernetes master and nodes. It details installing software packages, configuring Kubernetes components like etcd and flannel, and creating replication controllers and services to deploy applications. The cluster consists of a master and two nodes with nginx pods load balanced across nodes using a QingCloud load balancer.
The document discusses three major secure network protocols: IPSec, TLS, and DNSSEC. It provides an overview of how each protocol operates and establishes secure connections. IPSec operates at the network layer and can secure communication between hosts or tunnel traffic through gateways. TLS secures connections at the transport layer, typically for HTTPS. DNSSEC adds security extensions to DNS to provide authentication and integrity for domain name lookups.
This document provides information on configuring network settings on Linux Redhat systems. It discusses using ifconfig to configure interfaces, setting a default gateway and static routes. It also describes the network configuration files - /etc/hosts, /etc/resolv.conf, /etc/sysconfig/network, and /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg files. Specific parameters that can be configured in the ifcfg files are outlined. The document concludes with discussing using the Network Administration Tool and configuring DHCP.
Firewall - Network Defense in Depth Firewallsphanleson
This document discusses key concepts related to network defense in depth. It defines common terms like firewalls, DMZs, IDS, and VPNs. It also covers techniques for packet filtering, application inspection, network address translation, and virtual private networks. The goal of defense in depth is to implement multiple layers of security and not rely on any single mechanism.
GIS combines cartography, databases, and analytics to store and analyze geographic data. It has evolved from proprietary systems to more accessible web-based tools that allow non-experts to participate in mapping activities. Key aspects of GIS include spatial data representation in vector or raster formats, specialized software and hardware, and user involvement ranging from technical specialists to general community contributors. The growth of neogeography on the web has accommodated more participatory mapping through open data standards and editing tools that empower diverse groups to add and update geographic information.
HTTP requests and responses follow a generic message format that includes a start line, message headers, an optional message body, and optional trailers. The start line indicates the request method and URI for requests or the HTTP version and status code for responses. Headers provide additional metadata about the message, sender, recipient, or content. The body carries request data or response content. Trailers are rarely used and provide additional headers after chunked content.
Squid Caching for Web Content Accerlationrahul8590
Squid is an open source web proxy and cache server that provides content filtering, access control, and caching capabilities to improve network performance; it sits between clients and external servers to filter web traffic based on configured rules and restrictions set by the network administrator using regular expressions and access control lists. Squid can also integrate with authentication servers like ncsa_auth to require passwords for user access through the proxy.
A proxy server acts as an intermediary between clients and the internet or other network resources. Squid is a caching and forwarding proxy server that can improve performance by caching frequently requested files. It can restrict access based on client IP, domain, or time of day. Configuring Squid involves installing it, editing the squid.conf file to define access controls and caching, and configuring clients to use the proxy. The access log can be tailed to view current proxy requests.
The document discusses network file systems (NFS) and its components. It describes how NFS allows remote access to shared file systems across networks using the NFS protocol. It explains the key aspects of NFS including exporting file systems from the NFS server, mounting remote file systems on clients, and the architecture involving NFS servers and clients. It also briefly mentions utilities like mountd, nfsd, and issues that can arise with user and group IDs when sharing files across systems.
This document provides instructions for configuring a Squid proxy server on CentOS. It discusses obtaining information about the system like the OS distribution, hardware architecture, and installed application versions. It also outlines basic Squid configuration steps like backing up the default configuration file, checking the port Squid listens on, and ensuring the log file location is set correctly before starting Squid. Configuring access controls and caching policies would be covered in more depth in subsequent sections.
This document provides an introduction to web servers. It discusses how web servers work by responding to client requests over HTTP and mapping URLs to files on the server. Examples of popular web servers like Apache, IIS, and Tomcat are given. The document also gives a brief history of web servers and provides statistics on current market shares of different web servers. It describes accessing web servers locally or remotely via domain names or IP addresses. Finally, it discusses features of the IIS web server included with Windows and how to create virtual directories.
The document discusses scanning techniques used during penetration testing and hacking. It defines different types of scanning like port scanning, network scanning, and vulnerability scanning. It describes tools like Nmap that can be used to perform these scans and examines techniques like SYN scanning, XMAS scanning, NULL scanning, and IDLE scanning. The document also discusses using proxies and anonymizers to hide one's location while scanning and ways to document results like creating network diagrams of vulnerable systems.
Type of DDoS attacks with hping3 exampleHimani Singh
This document summarizes common DDoS attack types and how to execute them using hping3 or other tools. It describes application layer attacks like HTTP floods, protocol attacks like SYN floods, volumetric attacks like ICMP floods, and reflection attacks. It then provides commands to execute various TCP, UDP, ICMP floods and other DDoS attacks using hping3 by spoofing addresses, modifying flags, and targeting ports. Layer 7 attacks exploiting HTTP requests are also summarized.
The document discusses Secure Shell (SSH), which provides secure remote login and file transfer capabilities over insecure networks. It describes the SSH-1 and SSH-2 protocols, including their key exchanges, authentication methods, and components. Vulnerabilities are outlined for each version. SSH tools for Linux and Windows are also mentioned.
This document provides instructions for hardening the security of an Ubuntu 16.04 server. It outlines 27 steps to secure the server, including updating packages, restricting root access, removing unnecessary services like FTP, configuring a firewall and SSH, enforcing password policies, and logging and monitoring the system. References are provided for additional information on implementing each security measure.
Monit is a utility that monitors processes, files, directories, and devices on a Unix system. It conducts automatic maintenance and repair. Monit can start processes that are not running, restart processes that are not responding, and stop processes that are using too many resources. It monitors services and items for changes and errors, and can send alerts about issues. Monit is configured via a control file and can monitor both local and remote systems. It provides a web interface for accessing status information.
This document provides instructions for a group project on configuring a Linux operating system. It outlines the requirements, learning outcomes assessed, and grading rubric. The project is divided into two parts: a written report worth 50% of the grade and a presentation worth 50%. For the report, students must select a Linux distribution, install it, configure disks, users, groups, permissions, networking, FTP, HTTP, SSH, and firewall security. The presentation requires demonstrating the configured system and defending it during a question and answer session.
The document discusses various methods for hardening Linux security, including securing physical and remote access, addressing top vulnerabilities like weak passwords and open ports, implementing security policies, setting BIOS passwords, password protecting GRUB, choosing strong passwords, securing the root account, disabling console programs, using TCP wrappers, protecting against SYN floods, configuring SSH securely, hardening sysctl.conf settings, leveraging open source tools like Mod_Dosevasive, Fail2ban, Shorewall, and implementing security at the policy level with Shorewall.
The document describes a DNS rebinding attack lab that aims to demonstrate how DNS rebinding works and help students gain experience using the technique. The lab simulates an IoT device (thermostat) behind a firewall that can be controlled via a web interface. To conduct the attack, the lab sets up a home network with the IoT device and an outside network with the attacker's servers. The attack circumvents the same-origin policy by getting the victim's browser to run the attacker's JavaScript, then using DNS rebinding to change the DNS mapping and redirect requests from the script to the IoT device, allowing temperature manipulation.
The document provides an overview of SSH (Secure Shell), including what it is, its history and architecture, how to install and configure it, use public-key authentication and agent forwarding, and set up port forwarding tunnels. SSH allows securely executing commands, transferring files, and accessing systems behind firewalls.
HAProxy is a free, open source load balancer and proxy server that provides high availability, load balancing, and proxying for TCP and HTTP-based applications. It can be used to improve fault tolerance, distribute load, and optimize resource usage by terminating TCP connections and proxying requests to multiple backend servers. The document provides information on installing HAProxy, configuring the HAProxy configuration file to define frontend and backend settings, and log files for monitoring load balancing activity and troubleshooting issues.
This presentation, DEFEATING THE NETWORK SECURITY INFRASTRUCTURE v1.0.pdf, was made after some brainstorming
with some friends. The techniques used are not new and the tools readily available for download. The purpose of the discussion however
is to debate how internal enterprise resources might be (in)adversely exposed to the internet by in an insider using a combination of common techniques such as SSH and SSL.
This document describes how to deploy a Kubernetes cluster on CoreOS virtual machines including setting up the Kubernetes master and nodes. It details installing software packages, configuring Kubernetes components like etcd and flannel, and creating replication controllers and services to deploy applications. The cluster consists of a master and two nodes with nginx pods load balanced across nodes using a QingCloud load balancer.
The document discusses three major secure network protocols: IPSec, TLS, and DNSSEC. It provides an overview of how each protocol operates and establishes secure connections. IPSec operates at the network layer and can secure communication between hosts or tunnel traffic through gateways. TLS secures connections at the transport layer, typically for HTTPS. DNSSEC adds security extensions to DNS to provide authentication and integrity for domain name lookups.
This document provides information on configuring network settings on Linux Redhat systems. It discusses using ifconfig to configure interfaces, setting a default gateway and static routes. It also describes the network configuration files - /etc/hosts, /etc/resolv.conf, /etc/sysconfig/network, and /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg files. Specific parameters that can be configured in the ifcfg files are outlined. The document concludes with discussing using the Network Administration Tool and configuring DHCP.
Firewall - Network Defense in Depth Firewallsphanleson
This document discusses key concepts related to network defense in depth. It defines common terms like firewalls, DMZs, IDS, and VPNs. It also covers techniques for packet filtering, application inspection, network address translation, and virtual private networks. The goal of defense in depth is to implement multiple layers of security and not rely on any single mechanism.
GIS combines cartography, databases, and analytics to store and analyze geographic data. It has evolved from proprietary systems to more accessible web-based tools that allow non-experts to participate in mapping activities. Key aspects of GIS include spatial data representation in vector or raster formats, specialized software and hardware, and user involvement ranging from technical specialists to general community contributors. The growth of neogeography on the web has accommodated more participatory mapping through open data standards and editing tools that empower diverse groups to add and update geographic information.
HTTP requests and responses follow a generic message format that includes a start line, message headers, an optional message body, and optional trailers. The start line indicates the request method and URI for requests or the HTTP version and status code for responses. Headers provide additional metadata about the message, sender, recipient, or content. The body carries request data or response content. Trailers are rarely used and provide additional headers after chunked content.
Firewalls are systems designed to prevent unauthorized access to private networks. There are several types of firewalls, including packet-filtering routers, stateful inspection firewalls, application proxies, and circuit-level gateways. Firewalls can be configured in different ways, such as using a single bastion host with a packet-filtering router, a dual-homed bastion host, or a screened subnet configuration with two routers and a bastion host subnet for the highest level of security.
A proxy server routes web requests through an intermediary server to access sites that may be blocked locally. It works by sending requests from a user's computer to the proxy server instead of directly to the destination website, and then the proxy server forwards the request and sends the response back to the user, providing an indirect channel to access blocked content. The document recommends getting a list of proxy servers from Proxy.org and routes traffic to circumvent blocks, while also mentioning the related topic of Tor for anonymous web browsing.
A proxy server acts as an intermediary between a client device and the internet. It allows clients on a local network indirect access to outside networks like the internet. There are different types of proxy servers that provide advantages like improved security and performance through caching but also have disadvantages like potential slower speeds. Popular proxy server software includes Microsoft ISA Server, Squid, and WinRoute, while common hardware proxies include Cisco PIX and Blue Coat.
Introduction To Intrusion Detection SystemsPaul Green
An intrusion detection system (IDS) monitors network traffic and system activities for malicious activities or policy violations. An IDS typically consists of sensors to generate security events, a central engine to correlate events and generate alerts, and a console for administrators to monitor alerts. There are different types of IDS, including network IDS that monitor network traffic, and host-based IDS that monitor activities on individual hosts. While firewalls block unwanted traffic using rules, IDS are needed to monitor for attacks hidden in acceptable traffic and help identify unwanted network traffic using signatures and anomaly detection. IDS can operate passively by detecting anomalies and logging or actively by performing actions like blocking traffic (intrusion prevention system).
A proxy server acts as an intermediary between a client and the internet. It allows enterprises to ensure security, administrative control, and caching services. There are different types of proxy servers such as caching proxies, web proxies, content filtering proxies, and anonymizing proxies. Proxy servers can operate in either a transparent or opaque mode. They provide benefits like security, performance improvements through caching, and load balancing but also have disadvantages like creating single points of failure.
HTTP is the application-layer protocol for transmitting hypertext documents across the internet. It works by establishing a TCP connection between an HTTP client, like a web browser, and an HTTP server. The client sends a request to the server using methods like GET or POST. The server responds with a status code and the requested resource. HTTP is stateless, meaning each request is independent and servers do not remember past client interactions. Cookies and caching are techniques used to maintain some state and improve performance.
This document discusses intrusion detection systems (IDS). An IDS monitors network or system activities for malicious activities or policy violations. IDS can be classified based on detection method (anomaly-based detects deviations from normal usage, signature-based looks for known attack patterns) or location (host-based monitors individual systems, network-based monitors entire network traffic). The document outlines strengths and limitations of different IDS types and discusses the future of integrating detection methods.
Proxy servers and firewalls both act as gateways between internal networks and external networks like the internet. Proxy servers improve performance by caching frequently requested content, control bandwidth usage, and filter requests. Firewalls protect internal networks from external threats by packet filtering, analyzing packets, providing proxy services, and logging and alerting administrators of potential threats. Popular proxy software includes Squid, ISA Server, and WinRoute, while popular firewall software includes ISA Server, Cisco PIX, Norton Internet Security, and ZoneAlarm.
The 2016 CES Report: The Trend Behind the Trend360i
Hot off the press, we’re bringing you our annual CES recap report. Our team scoured the showroom floor, and explored the week's hottest topics in social media, to bring you the best of the 2016 International Consumer Electronics & Technology Show.
The document discusses proxy servers, specifically HTTP and FTP proxy servers. It defines a proxy server as a server that acts as an intermediary for requests from clients to other servers. It describes the main purposes of proxy servers as keeping machines behind it anonymous for security purposes and speeding up access to resources via caching. It also provides details on the mechanisms, types, protocols (HTTP and FTP), and functions of proxy servers.
How To Configure Apache VirtualHost on RHEL 7 on AWSVCP Muthukrishna
This document provides instructions on how to configure Apache virtual hosts on RHEL 7 to host multiple websites on different ports with different content folders. It includes steps to configure the Apache listen directive, create virtual host directives, set document roots and ports, create log directories, validate the configuration, and modify security settings. Sample index files are provided to demonstrate the three configured websites.
The document discusses how to deploy Rails applications using Capistrano. It covers setting up the Rails environment with Ruby, RubyGems, Rails, Mongrel, Subversion, and Capistrano. It then discusses configuring Capistrano, Apache virtual hosts, and Mongrel clusters. It provides details on the deploy.rb file configuration including database, mongrel cluster, and roles.
Squid is a high-performance caching proxy server that stores frequently accessed web content to improve network efficiency. It reduces bandwidth usage on busy networks by caching content locally. Squid communicates with peer caches using the Inter-Cache Protocol and can operate as a traditional proxy or front-end accelerator. Configuring Squid involves setting up TCP/IP on the server, editing squid.conf to change ports and define access rules, restarting Squid, and configuring clients to use the Squid server address.
Ch 22: Web Hosting and Internet Serverswebhostingguy
Web hosting involves providing space on a server for websites. Linux is commonly used for hosting due to its maintainability and performance. A web server software like Apache is installed to handle HTTP requests from browsers. URLs identify resources on the web using protocols like HTTP and FTP. CGI scripts allow dynamic content generation but pose security risks. Load balancing distributes server load across multiple systems. Choosing a server depends on factors like robustness, performance, updates, and cost. Apache is widely used and configurable using configuration files that control server parameters, resources, and access restrictions. Virtual interfaces allow a single server to host multiple websites. Caching and proxies can improve performance and security. Anonymous FTP allows public file downloads.
Apache web server installation/configuration, Virtual Hostingwebhostingguy
The document describes the history and development of the Apache web server. Some key points:
- Apache was originally developed by the Apache group in 1995 as an open source alternative to NCSA httpd. It was called "A PAtCHy server" as it was initially developed through people contributing patch files to NCSA httpd.
- The first official public release was version 0.6.2 in April 1995. Key early features included adaptive pre-fork child processes and a modular/extensible structure and API.
- Apache quickly gained popularity and overtook NCSA httpd as the most widely used web server on the Internet after releasing version 1.0 in December 1995.
This document provides instructions for installing and configuring Apache HTTP Server on Linux. It describes downloading and extracting the Apache files, editing the configuration files such as httpd.conf to configure settings like the server name, ports, document root, error logs, and supplemental configuration files. It also explains how to set up virtual hosting by editing httpd.conf to include a vhosts.conf file, then creating that file and adding directives to allow multiple websites on different domains to run on the same IP address.
Apache can function as both a forward and reverse proxy server. To configure it as a proxy, enable the proxy module, turn on proxy requests, and specify which clients can access the proxy. The proxy caches frequently accessed pages to improve performance and reduce bandwidth. It also provides security, access control, and logging of internet traffic on the network.
The document provides an overview of how to configure and run the Apache HTTP Server on FreeBSD. It discusses installing Apache from ports, editing the main configuration file httpd.conf to configure server settings like the server name, admin email, and document root. It also explains how to start, stop, and restart the server, set up virtual hosts, install additional modules, and use Apache to run dynamic websites built with frameworks like Django, Ruby on Rails, and applications like PHP.
The document discusses OpenShift security context constraints (SCCs) and how to configure them to allow running a WordPress container. It begins with an overview of SCCs and their purpose in OpenShift for controlling permissions for pods. It then describes issues running the WordPress container under the default "restricted" SCC due to permission errors. The document explores editing the "restricted" SCC and removing capabilities and user restrictions to address the errors. Alternatively, it notes the "anyuid" SCC can be used which is more permissive and standard for allowing the WordPress container to run successfully.
Apache is a powerful and flexible web server that implements the latest HTTP protocols. It is highly configurable, customizable through modules, provides full source code, and runs on many operating systems. The document then provides details on installing and configuring Apache, including the steps for installation and descriptions of various configuration directives.
This document provides instructions for installing and configuring the Apache web server on UNIX systems. It discusses downloading and unpacking the Apache source code, running the configure script, compiling the code, and installing the Apache files. It also explains how to configure Apache by editing the httpd.conf file to set parameters like the listening port, document root, and virtual directories. The document outlines how to start, stop and restart Apache using the apachectl script for easy management.
This document summarizes an instructor-led meeting about advanced Apache topics including virtual hosting, setting up name-based and IP-based virtual hosts, enabling server-side includes, and enabling CGI scripts. Key points covered include configuring Apache for virtual hosting using VirtualHost blocks, setting up name-based virtual hosting with NameVirtualHost, and enabling CGI scripts through ScriptAlias directives or directory options.
This document summarizes an instructor-led discussion on advanced Apache topics including virtual hosting, setting up name-based and IP-based virtual hosts, enabling server-side includes, and enabling CGI (Common Gateway Interface) scripts. Key points covered include configuring Apache for virtual hosting using the VirtualHost directive, enabling CGI scripts through ScriptAlias, Options ExecCGI, and AddHandler directives, and examples of simple CGI scripts.
Single Sign-On for APEX applications based on Kerberos (Important: latest ver...Niels de Bruijn
This document provides instructions for setting up single sign-on (SSO) for Oracle Application Express (APEX) applications using Kerberos authentication. It describes:
1) Configuring an Apache web server with mod_auth_kerb on Linux to authenticate against a Windows Active Directory server without requiring additional credentials.
2) Configuring Tomcat, ORDS, and APEX to work with the Kerberos authentication.
3) Optional additional configurations for Windows with IIS or for verifying group membership.
The document discusses configuring the Apache web server. It covers topics like:
- The Apache configuration file httpd.conf and options within it like DocumentRoot
- Using .htaccess files to override httpd.conf settings for specific directories
- Configuring password authentication for directories using htpasswd
- Setting up virtual hosts to serve different websites from the same server using different IP addresses
Squid for Load-Balancing & Cache-Proxy ~ A techXpress GuideAbhishek Kumar
Squid for Load-Balancing & Cache-Proxy ~ A techXpress Guide ~ Setting up a secured Chained-Proxy between different offices using Squid for a specific URL set.
The document discusses Docker containers and Docker Compose. It begins with definitions of containers and images. It then covers using Docker Compose to define and run multi-container applications with a compose file. It shows commands for starting, stopping, and viewing containers. The document also introduces Portainer as a tool for visually managing Docker containers and provides installation instructions for Portainer.
This chapter discusses Spark Streaming and provides an overview of its key concepts. It describes the architecture and abstractions in Spark Streaming including transformations on data streams. It also covers input sources, output operations, fault tolerance mechanisms, and performance considerations for Spark Streaming applications. The chapter concludes by noting how knowledge from Spark can be applied to streaming and real-time applications.
The document discusses troubleshooting CloudStack. It covers troubleshooting for CloudStack developers and administrators. For developers, it discusses error codes, debugging tips, system virtual machine troubleshooting and port usage. For administrators, it discusses installation, configuration, log analysis, important parameters, best practices, reusing hypervisors and the CloudStack database. The document also provides references and information on getting involved in the CloudStack community.
Developing Realtime Data Pipelines With Apache KafkaJoe Stein
Developing Realtime Data Pipelines With Apache Kafka. Apache Kafka is publish-subscribe messaging rethought as a distributed commit log. A single Kafka broker can handle hundreds of megabytes of reads and writes per second from thousands of clients. Kafka is designed to allow a single cluster to serve as the central data backbone for a large organization. It can be elastically and transparently expanded without downtime. Data streams are partitioned and spread over a cluster of machines to allow data streams larger than the capability of any single machine and to allow clusters of co-ordinated consumers. Messages are persisted on disk and replicated within the cluster to prevent data loss. Each broker can handle terabytes of messages without performance impact. Kafka has a modern cluster-centric design that offers strong durability and fault-tolerance guarantees.
TCP wrappers and xinetd provide additional security layers for network services by controlling access at the application level. TCP wrappers work by checking the hosts.allow and hosts.deny files to determine if a client is allowed to connect to a wrapped service like sshd or xinetd. Xinetd is a super server that controls access and starts services like Telnet. It uses configuration files in /etc/xinetd.d to define access rules and settings for each managed service.
The document discusses Linux iptables firewall. Iptables is the default firewall package for Linux and runs inside the Linux kernel. It has three built-in tables (filter, nat, mangle) that are used to filter, alter, and inspect packets. Iptables uses built-in chains and user-defined rules to allow or deny traffic based on packet criteria like source/destination, protocol, interface etc. Common iptables commands and options are also explained.
The document discusses Linux file systems and permissions. It describes the Virtual File System (VFS) interface and how it interacts with filesystems, inodes, and open files. It then discusses the EXT2 filesystem in more detail, describing how inodes store file metadata and how hard and soft links work. It also covers common Linux permissions and how to manage users, groups, and permissions using commands like chmod, chown, useradd, and others.
The document discusses configuration of the Apache HTTP server. It describes how to start, stop and restart the server using the /sbin/service command. It explains how to configure the server by editing the main configuration file httpd.conf located at /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf. The document also discusses setting the default document root directory for web pages, setting file permissions, and describes several important configuration directives that can be set in the httpd.conf file to configure the server's listening ports, directories, users and other settings.
The document discusses the Domain Name System (DNS) and how it works. It explains that DNS associates domain names with IP addresses, allowing hosts to connect using names instead of hard-to-remember numbers. DNS uses a hierarchical system of servers, including root servers, TLD servers, and authoritative name servers that manage domain records and refer queries to other servers as needed to resolve domain names to IP addresses.
This document outlines a network administration course taught by Pham Van Tinh, consisting of 30 hours of theory and 60 hours of practice. The course covers topics such as Linux, shell scripts, routing, DHCP, DNS, file transfer protocols, remote access, web servers, email, firewalls, backups and more. Students will use Red Hat Linux manuals, exam guides, and Microsoft certification guides as literature.
DHCP is a protocol that automatically assigns IP addresses and other network configuration settings to clients. It allows administrators to change network settings centrally on the DHCP server rather than having to configure each client individually. The DHCP server stores lease information in /var/lib/dhcp/dhcpd.leases and is configured using /etc/dhcpd.conf which defines IP pools, default routes, DNS servers and other options. The DHCP relay agent forwards requests from clients without a local DHCP server to servers on other subnets.
This document summarizes basic Linux routing concepts including enabling IP forwarding, configuring routing tables, displaying routing and ARP tables, and examples of routing rules. Key points are:
1) IP forwarding can be enabled by editing /etc/sysctl.conf or /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward.
2) The routing table contains rules with destination, interface, and optional gateway to route packets.
3) Example commands demonstrate adding routing rules for different networks through specific interfaces.
Phase 1 involves reconnaissance where the hacker gathers information about the target without directly interacting with it. Phase 2 is scanning where the hacker scans the network to find specific information like open ports and operating systems. Phase 3 is gaining access where the hacker exploits a vulnerability to penetrate the system. Phase 4 is maintaining access where the hacker tries to retain ownership and may install backdoors. Phase 5 is covering tracks where the hacker hides evidence of the attack.
The document outlines a 15-module network security course taught by Phạm Văn Tính, PhD. The course covers ethical hacking theory over 45 hours and practice over 30 hours. Topics include footprinting, scanning, enumeration, system hacking, trojans, sniffers, denial of service attacks, social engineering, session hijacking, hacking web servers, SQL injection, wireless hacking, Linux hacking, and evading intrusion detection systems. The course material is based on CEH curriculums and references four literature sources on ethical hacking, Linux/Unix security, network security secrets and solutions, and web security.
Physical security involves preventing unauthorized access to computer systems and protecting data. It includes securing the company surroundings with fences, gates, and guards. Within premises, CCTV cameras, intruder alarms, and window/door bars provide security. Servers should be locked in enclosed rooms, and workstations in open areas need locks and CCTV monitoring. Access controls like smart cards, biometrics, and entry logs restrict access to sensitive areas. Wireless networks and other equipment also require security measures like encryption and locked storage to protect physical integrity of systems and data.
The document discusses denial of service (DoS) and distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks. It defines DoS and DDoS attacks, describes different types of DoS attacks like SYN flooding and Smurf attacks. It also explains how botnets and tools are used to launch DDoS attacks, and discusses some common DDoS countermeasures like detection, mitigation and traceback.
The document discusses various techniques for hacking systems, including password cracking, privilege escalation, executing applications remotely, and using keyloggers and spyware. It provides an overview of tools that can perform functions like password cracking, sniffing network traffic, capturing credentials, escalating privileges, executing code remotely, and logging keystrokes covertly. Countermeasures to these techniques, like disabling LM hashes, changing passwords regularly, and using antivirus software, are also covered.
Session hijacking involves an attacker taking over an existing TCP connection between two machines by predicting sequence numbers and spoofing IP addresses. The document discusses the difference between spoofing and hijacking, the steps an attacker takes to hijack a session including predicting sequence numbers and killing the original connection, types of session hijacking techniques, and tools that can be used for session hijacking like Juggernaut, Hunt, IP Watcher, and T-Sight. It also provides countermeasures like using encryption, secure protocols, limiting connections, and educating employees.
This document provides an overview of network sniffing including definitions, vulnerable protocols, types of sniffing attacks, tools used for sniffing, and countermeasures. It discusses passive and active sniffing, ARP spoofing, MAC flooding, DNS poisoning techniques, and popular sniffing tools like Wireshark, Arpspoof, and Dsniff. It also outlines methods for detecting sniffing activity on a network such as monitoring for changed MAC addresses and unusual packets, as well as recommendations for implementing countermeasures like encryption, static ARP tables, port security, and intrusion detection systems.
The document discusses techniques for enumerating information from systems during the hacking process. It describes establishing null sessions to extract user names, shares, and other details without authentication. Tools like DumpSec, Netview, Nbtstat, GetAcct, and PS Tools are also covered as ways to enumerate users, groups, shares, permissions, and more from Windows and UNIX systems. The document also provides countermeasures like restricting null sessions and the anonymous user to protect against enumeration attacks.
The document provides an overview of footprinting, which is the first stage of reconnaissance during a cyber attack. It involves gathering open-source information about a target organization to understand its security profile and map its network. Some of the tools mentioned for footprinting include Whois, Nslookup, traceroute, Google Earth and various online databases to find domain information, network details, employee names and more. The goal is to learn as much as possible about the target before launching an actual attack.
The document discusses using remote method invocation (RMI) in Java to implement callbacks. It describes defining a listener interface that other classes can implement to be notified of events. An event source interface is defined to allow listeners to register and receive notifications. The event source is implemented as an RMI server that notifies all registered listeners when temperature changes. A client implements the listener interface and registers with the server to receive remote callbacks of temperature changes.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?Speck&Tech
ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AIVladimir Iglovikov, Ph.D.
Presented by Vladimir Iglovikov:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/iglovikov/
- https://x.com/viglovikov
- https://www.instagram.com/ternaus/
This presentation delves into the journey of Albumentations.ai, a highly successful open-source library for data augmentation.
Created out of a necessity for superior performance in Kaggle competitions, Albumentations has grown to become a widely used tool among data scientists and machine learning practitioners.
This case study covers various aspects, including:
People: The contributors and community that have supported Albumentations.
Metrics: The success indicators such as downloads, daily active users, GitHub stars, and financial contributions.
Challenges: The hurdles in monetizing open-source projects and measuring user engagement.
Development Practices: Best practices for creating, maintaining, and scaling open-source libraries, including code hygiene, CI/CD, and fast iteration.
Community Building: Strategies for making adoption easy, iterating quickly, and fostering a vibrant, engaged community.
Marketing: Both online and offline marketing tactics, focusing on real, impactful interactions and collaborations.
Mental Health: Maintaining balance and not feeling pressured by user demands.
Key insights include the importance of automation, making the adoption process seamless, and leveraging offline interactions for marketing. The presentation also emphasizes the need for continuous small improvements and building a friendly, inclusive community that contributes to the project's growth.
Vladimir Iglovikov brings his extensive experience as a Kaggle Grandmaster, ex-Staff ML Engineer at Lyft, sharing valuable lessons and practical advice for anyone looking to enhance the adoption of their open-source projects.
Explore more about Albumentations and join the community at:
GitHub: https://github.com/albumentations-team/albumentations
Website: https://albumentations.ai/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/100504475
Twitter: https://x.com/albumentations
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalizationZilliz
Mike Del Balso, CEO & Co-Founder at Tecton, presents "Full RAG," a novel approach to AI recommendation systems, aiming to push beyond the limitations of traditional models through a deep integration of contextual insights and real-time data, leveraging the Retrieval-Augmented Generation architecture. This talk will outline Full RAG's potential to significantly enhance personalization, address engineering challenges such as data management and model training, and introduce data enrichment with reranking as a key solution. Attendees will gain crucial insights into the importance of hyperpersonalization in AI, the capabilities of Full RAG for advanced personalization, and strategies for managing complex data integrations for deploying cutting-edge AI solutions.
8. System Requirements Disk random seek time For a proxy cache, make sure this number is as low as possible. The problem is that operating systems try to speed up disk access times using various methods that usually slow the system’s performance Amount of system memory RAM is also extremely important when using a proxy cache. Squid keeps an in-memory table of its objects in RAM, which should always remain in RAM. If part of the table goes to swap, the performance of Squid is greatly degraded.
9. Download and Install The Squid Package Download the latest stable version of Squid (www.squid-cache.org) Install the RPM by using the rpm –i command.
10. Lưu ý khi Cài đặt Squid Sau khi cài đặt lại Squid là một chương trình thay vì là một dịch vụ. Trước khai cài đặt tạo phân vùng /cache Chạy dòng lệnh trong terminal (phải có quyền root) # useradd -d /cache/ -r -s /dev/null squid Giải nén gói cài đặt squid-2.4.STABLE1-src.tar.gz # tar xzpf squid-2.4.STABLE1-src.tar.gz
11. Lưu ý khi Cài đặt Squid Di chuyển đến thư mục vừa giải nén của Squid và cấu hình squid bật chức năng delay pools trước khi cài đặt ./configure --prefix=/opt/squid --exec-prefix=/opt/squid --enable-delay-pools --enable-cache-digests --enable-poll --disable-ident-lookups --enable-truncate --enable-removal-policies # make all # make install
13. Squid: LogFiles /var/log/squid/cache.logContains run-time status messages, warnings, and errors. /var/log/squid/access.logOne line for each client request, including URL, bytes trans-ferred, status code, and more. /var/log/squid/store.logTransaction log for objects that enter and leave the cache. Open a new terminal window and run:$ tail -f /var/log/squid/cache.log Open another new terminal window and run:$ tail -f /var/log/squid/access.log
14. Configuring: Cache Disks The cache dir directive(s) tell Squid how and where to store cached objects. cache_dir type path megabytes L1 L2 cache_dirufs /var/spool/squid 100 16 256 The default typeis ufs, but aufs has better performance on Linux. pathcan be anywhere on the filesystem, but is usually a dedicated disk or partition. megabytesis an upper limit on how much space Squid should use for this cachedir. It should be less than 90% of the actual capacity. L1and L2specify the number of first- and second-level directories to use. Use 16 and 256 by default. These should not be changed after Squid has placed objects on the disk.
16. Squid: Create Swap Directories After adding a cache dir , you need to initialize it with this command: # squid -z 2006/10/12 09:48:24| Creating Swap Directories Ownership and permissions are a common problem at this stage. Squid runs under a certain user ID, specified with cache_effective_user in squid.conf. This user ID must have read and write permission under each cache_dir directory. If not, you'll see a message like this: Creating Swap Directories FATAL: Failed to make swap directory /usr/local/squid/var/cache/00: (13) Permission denied In this case, you should make sure that all components of /usr/local/squid/var/cache are accessible to the user ID given in squid.conf. The final component—the cache directory—must be writable by this user ID as well.
17. Check Your Configuration File for Errors Before trying to start Squid, you should verify that your squid.conf file makes sense. This is easy to do. Just run the following command: # squid -k parse If you see no output, the configuration file is valid, and you can proceed to the next step. However, if your configuration file contains an error, Squid tells you about it: squid.conf line 62: http_access allow okay2 aclParseAccessLine: ACL name 'okay2' not found. Here you can see that the http_access directive on line 62 references an ACL that doesn't exist. Sometimes the error messages are less informative: FATAL: Bungled squid.conf line 76: memory_pools In this case, we forgot to put either on or off after the memory_pools directive on line 76.
18. Configuring: User ID Unfortunately, running Squid isn't always so simple. In some cases, you may need to start Squid as root, depending on your configuration. For example, only root can bind a TCP socket to privileged ports like port 80. If you need to start Squid as root, you must set the cache_effective_user directive. It tells Squid which user to become after performing the tasks that require special privileges. For example: cache_effective_user squid If you start Squid as root without setting cache_effective_user, Squid uses nobody as the default value. Whatever user ID you choose for Squid, make sure it has read access to the files installed in $prefix/etc, $prefix/libexec, and $prefix/share. The user ID must also have write access to the log files and cache directory.
19. Configuring: Port Numbers The http_port directive tells Squid which port number to listen on for HTTP requests. The default is port 3128: http_port 3128 Youcan instruct Squid to listen on multiple ports with additional http_port lines.For example, the browsers from one department may be sending requests to port 3128, while another department uses port 8080. Simply list both port numbers as follows: http_port 3128 http_port 8080 You can also use the http_port directive to make Squid listen on specific interface addresses, simply put the IP address in front of the port number: http_port 192.168.1.1:3128
20. Configuring: Visible Hostname Squid wants to be sure about its hostname for a number of reasons: The hostname appears in Squid's error messages. This helps users identify the source of potential problems. The hostname appears in the HTTP Via header of cache misses that Squid forwards. When the request arrives at the origin server, the Via header contains a list of all proxies involved in the transaction. Squid also uses the Via header to detect forwarding loops. Squid uses internal URLs for certain things, such as the icons for FTP directory listings. When Squid generates an HTML page for an FTP directory, it inserts embedded images for little icons that indicate the type of each file in the directory. The icon URLs contain the cache's hostname so that web browsers request them directly from Squid. Each HTTP reply from Squid includes an X-Cache header. Syntax: visible_hostname squid.hcmuaf.edu.vn
21. Quid: ACLs ACL elements are the building blocks of Squid's access control implementation. These are how you specify things such as IP addresses, port numbers, hostnames, and URL patterns. Each ACL element has a name, which you refer to when writing the access list rules. acl name type value1 value2 ... For example:acl Workstations src 10.0.0.0/16 In most cases, you can list multiple values for one ACL element. You can also have multiple acl lines with the same name. For example, the following two configurations are equivalent: acl Http_ports port 80 8000 8080 acl Http_ports port 80 acl Http_ports port 8000 acl Http_ports port 8080
22. ACL type: IP Address Used by: src, dst Squid has a powerful syntax for specifying IP addresses in ACLs. You can write addresses as subnets, address ranges, and domain names. Squid supports both "dotted quad" and CIDR prefix subnet specifications. In addition, if you omit a netmask, Squid calculates the appropriate netmask for you. For example, each group in the next example are equivalent: acl Foo src 172.16.44.21/255.255.255.255 acl Foo src 172.16.44.21/32 acl Foo src 172.16.44.21 acl Xyz src 172.16.55.32/255.255.255.248 acl Xyz src 172.16.55.32/28 acl Bar src 172.16.66.0/255.255.255.0 acl Bar src 172.16.66.0/24 acl Bar src 172.16.66.0 You can also specify hostnames in IP ACLs. acl Squid dst www.squid-cache.org
23. ACL type: domain name Used by: srcdomain, dstdomain, and the cache_host_domain directive A domain name is simply a DNS name or zone. For example, the following are all valid domain names: www.squid-cache.org, squid-cache.org, org Domain name matching can be confusing, so let's look at another example so that you really understand it. Here are two slightly different ACLs: acl A dstdomain foo.com acl B dstdomain .foo.com A user's request to get http://www.foo.com/ matches ACL B, but not A. ACL A requires an exact string match, but the leading dot in ACL B is like a wildcard. On the other hand, a user's request to get http://foo.com/ matches both ACLs A and B. Even though there is no word before foo.com in the URL hostname, the leading dot in ACL B still causes a match.
24. ACL type: Regular expressions Used by: srcdom_regex, dstdom_regex, url_regex, urlpath_regex, browser, referer_regex, ident_regex, proxy_auth_regex, req_mime_type, … A number of ACLs use regular expressions (regex) to match character strings. For Squid, the most commonly used regex features match the beginning and/or end of a string. For example, the ^ character is special because it matches the beginning of a line or string: ^http://This regex matches any URL that begins with http://. The $ character is also special because it matches the end of a line or string: .jpg$ With all of Squid's regex types, you have the option to use case-insensitive comparison. Matching is case-sensitive by default. To make it case-insensitive, use the -i option after the ACL type. For example: acl Foo url_regex -i ^http://www
25. ACL types: TCP port numbers Used by: port, myport This type is relatively straightforward. The values are individual port numbers or port number ranges. Recall that TCP port numbers are 16-bit values and, therefore, must be greater than 0 and less than 65,536. Here are some examples: acl Foo port 123 acl Bar port 1-1024 acl Safe_ports port 443 563
26. ACL type: time The time ACL allows you to control access based on the time of day and the day of the week. The syntax is somewhat cryptic: acl name [days] [h1:m1-h2:m2] You can specify days of the week, starting and stopping times, or both. Days are specified by the single-letter codes: S:Sunday; M:Monday; T: Tuesday; W: Wednesday; H: Thursday; F: Friday; A: Saturday; D: All weekdays (M-F) Times are specified in 24-hour format. The starting time must be less than the ending time, which makes it awkward to write time ACLs that span "midnights." acl Working_hours MTWHF 08:00-17:00 or: acl Working_hours D 08:00-17:00 acl Offpeak1 20:00-23:59 acl Offpeak2 00:00-04:00
27. Access Control Rules: http_access Tag The http_access tag permits or denies access to Squid. You can allow or deny all requests. You can also allow or deny requests based on a defined access list. If you remove all of the http_access entries, all requests are allowed by default. NOTE: Squid should never be used without some type of authentication system or access control list. You must restrict Internet users from relaying requests through your Web proxy cache. Syntax: http_accessallow|deny[!]aclname [aclname] ... http_access allow Net1 WorkingHours http_access allow Net2 WorkingHours http_access allow Net4 http_access deny All
28. Squid authentication 1) Create the password file. The name of the password file should be /etc/squid/squid_passwd, and you need to make sure that it's universally readable. # touch /etc/squid/squid_passwd # chmod o+r /etc/squid/squid_passwd 2) Use the htpasswd program to add users to the password file. You can add users at anytime without having to restart Squid. In this case, you add a username called www: # htpasswd /etc/squid/squid_passwd www New password: Re-type new password: Adding password for user www 3) Find your ncsa_auth file using the locate command. # locate ncsa_auth /usr/lib/squid/ncsa_auth
29. Squid authentication 4) Edit squid.conf; specifically, you need to define the authentication program in squid.conf, which is in this case ncsa_auth. Next, create an ACL named ncsa_users with the REQUIRED keyword that forces Squid to use the NCSA auth_param method you defined previously. Finally, create an http_access entry that allows traffic that matches the ncsa_users ACL entry. Here's a simple user authentication example; the order of the statements is important: #Add this to the auth_param section of squid.conf auth_param basic program /usr/lib/squid/ncsa_auth /etc/squid/squid_passwd # Add this to the bottom of the ACL section of squid.conf acl ncsa_users proxy_auth REQUIRED # Add this at the top of the http_access section of squid.conf http_access allow ncsa_users
30. Squid authentication 5) This requires password authentication and allows access only during business hours. Once again, the order of the statements is important: # Add this to the auth_param section of squid.conf auth_param basic program /usr/lib/squid/ncsa_auth /etc/squid/squid_passwd # Add this to the bottom of the ACL section of squid.conf acl ncsa_users proxy_auth REQUIRED acl business_hours time M T W H F 9:00-17:00 # Add this at the top of the http_access section of squid.conf http_access allow ncsa_users business_hours
31. Scenarios: Restricting Web Access By Time # Add this to the bottom of the ACL section of squid.confacl home_network src 192.168.1.0/24 acl business_hours time M T W H F 9:00-17:00 acl RestrictedHost src 192.168.1.23 # Add this at the top of the http_access section of squid.conf http_access deny RestrictedHost http_access allow home_network business_hours # Or, you can allow morning access only: # Add this to the bottom of the ACL section of squid.conf acl mornings time 08:00-12:00 # Add this at the top of the http_access section of squid.conf http_access allow mornings
32. Scenarios: Restricting Access to specific Web sites Squid is also capable of reading files containing lists of web sites and/or domains for use in ACLs. In this example we create to lists in files named /usr/local/etc/allowed-sites.squid and /usr/local/etc/restricted-sites.squid. #File:/usr/local/etc/allowed-sites.squid www.openfree.org Linuxhomenetworking.com # File: /usr/local/etc/restricted-sites.squid www.porn.com illegal.com
33. Scenarios: Restricting Access to specific Web sites These can then be used to always block the restricted sites and permit the allowed sites during working hours. This can be illustrated by expanding our previous example slightly. # Add this to the bottom of the ACL section of squid.conf acl home_network src 192.168.1.0/24 acl business_hours time M T W H F 9:00-17:00 acl GoodSites dstdomain "/usr/local/etc/allowed-sites.squid" acl BadSites dstdomain "/usr/local/etc/restricted-sites.squid" # Add this at the top of the http_access section of squid.conf http_access deny BadSites http_access allow home_network business_hours GoodSites
34. Configuring Squid The visible_hostname Tag Squid will fail to start if you don't give your server a hostname. You can set this with the "visible_hostname" parameter. visible_hostname bigboy The http_port Tag The http_port tag configures the HTTP port on which Squid listens for proxy clients. Default port is 3128. We can configure Squid to listen on ports 3128 and 8080 for proxy clients.http_port 3128 8080 The Cache_dir Tag The cache_dir tag specifies where the cached data is stored. By default, the following cache_dir tag value is presented:cache_dirufs /var/spool/squid 100 16 256
36. Configuring the acl Tag aclaclnamesrcip-address/netmask ... (clients IP address) aclaclnamesrcaddr1-addr2/netmask ... (range of addresses) aclaclnamedstip-address/netmask ... (URL host's IP address) aclaclnamesrcdomain .foo.com ... reverse lookup, client IP aclaclnamedstdomain .foo.com ... Destination server from URL aclaclnameurl_regex [-i] ^http://… regex matching on whole URL aclaclnameurlpath_regex [-i] gif$... regex matching on URL path
37. Configuring the acl Tag aclaclnameport807021 aclaclnameport0-1024...ranges allowed aclaclnameprotoHTTPFTP ... aclaclnamemethodGETPOST ... aclaclnametime [day] [h1:m1-h2:m2] day: S - Sunday M - Monday T - Tuesday W - Wednesday H - Thursday F - Friday A - Saturday h1:m1 must be less than h2:m2 aclhome_networksrc192.168.1.0/24 aclbusiness_hourstimeM T W H F 9:00-17:00
38. Recommended minimum configuration acl all src 0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0 acl manager proto cache_object acl localhost src 127.0.0.1/255.255.255.255 acl to_localhost dst 127.0.0.0/8 acl SSL_ports port 443 563 acl Safe_ports port 80 # http acl Safe_ports port 21 # ftp acl Safe_ports port 443 563 # https, snews acl Safe_ports port 70 # gopher acl Safe_ports port 210 # wais acl Safe_ports port 1025-65535 # unregistered ports acl Safe_ports port 280 # http-mgmt acl Safe_ports port 488 # gss-http acl Safe_ports port 591 # filemaker acl Safe_ports port 777 # multiling http acl CONNECT method CONNECT
39. The http_access Tag The http_access tag permits or denies access to Squid. You can allow or deny all requests. You can also allow or deny requests based on a defined access list. If you remove all of the http_access entries, all requests are allowed by default. Proxy clients will be unable to use the Squid proxy-caching server until you modify the http_access tags. Please note that some level of access control is recommended, so do not remove all of the http_access tags. NOTE: Squid should never be used without some type of authentication system or access control list. You must restrict Internet users from relaying requests through your Web proxy cache. Syntax:http_accessallow|deny[!]aclname [aclname] ...
40. Recommended minimum configuration http_accessallowmanagerlocalhost http_accessdenymanager http_accessdeny!Safe_ports http_accessdenyCONNECT!SSL_ports # INSERT YOUR OWN RULE(S) HERE TO ALLOW ACCESS FROM YOUR CLIENTSFor example:http_accessallowhome_networkbusiness_hours http_accessallowlocalhost http_accessdenyall
41. The icp_port tag The icp_port tag: Internet Cache Protocol (ICP) : Queries other caches for a specific objecticp_port: The port number where Squid sends and receives ICP queries to and from neighbor caches. Default is 3130. To disable use "0". icp_port 8082 The cache_peer tag: To specify other caches in a hierarchy, use the format: cache_peer hostname type http_port icp_port For example proxy icp hostname type port port options -------------------- -------- ----- ----- ----------- cache_peerproxy2.hcmuaf.edu.vnparent80808082 cache_peerproxy.kcntt.hcmuaf.edu.vnsibling80808082 Type: ‘parent’ : parent proxy in higher level ‘sibling’: peer proxy
42. Configuring Proxy Clients (IE) Open Internet Explorer. Click the Tools menu and choose Internet Options. Select the Connections tab, and click LAN Settings. Deselect Automatically Detect Setting. In the Proxy server section, click the Use a proxy server check box. In the Address field, enter the IP address of your Squid Web Proxy Cache server. In the Port field, enter port 8080 Click OK twice to return to the browser. In Internet Explorer, enter the following URL: www.squid-cache.org. The Squid home page will appear. If not, your browser proxy settings are incorrectly configured.
44. Forcing Users To Use Your Squid Server This is called a "transparent proxy" configuration. It is usually achieved by configuring a firewall between the client PCs and the Internet to redirect all HTTP (TCP port 80) traffic to the Squid server on TCP port 3128 (which is Squid server default TCP port). In both cases below: The firewall is connected to the internet on interface eth0 and to the home network on interface eth1. The firewall is the default gateway for the home network which uses NAT to access the Internet. Only the squid server has access to the internet on port 80 (HTTP). This happens because all HTTP traffic, except that coming from the squid server, is redirected.
45. Firewall configuration Squid Server And Firewall Are The Same ServerHere all HTTP traffic from the home network is redirected to the firewall itself on the squid port of 3128. iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -i eth1 -p tcp --dport 80 -j REDIRECT --to-ports 3128 iptables -A OUTPUT -j ACCEPT -m state --state NEW -o eth0 -p tcp --dport 80 Squid Server And Firewall Are Different ServersHere all HTTP traffic from the home network except from the squid server at IP address 192.168.1.100 is redirected to the Squid server on the squid port of 3128. iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -i eth1 -p tcp --dport 80 -j DNAT --to 192.168.1.100:8080 -s ! 192.168.1.100/32 iptables -A OUTPUT -j ACCEPT -m state --state NEW -o eth0 -p tcp --dport 80
46. Summary Benefits of Proxy Server Implementation A Web proxy cache server can cache Web pages and FTP files for proxy clients. They can also cache Web sites for load balancing. Caching increases the performance of the network by decreasing the amount of data transferred from outside of the local network. Web proxy caching reduces bandwidth costs, increases network performance during normal traffic and spikes, performs load balancing, caches aborted requests, and functions even when a network’s Internet connection fails. Differentiating between a Packet Filter and a Proxy Server Packet filters analyze traffic at the Network (Layer 3) and Transport layers (Layer 4) of the OSI model. A packet filter can determine whether it will allow a certain IP address or IP address range to pass through, or filter traffic by service, or port number. A proxy server analyzes packets at the Application layer (Layer 7) of the OSI model. This feature provides flexibility because the traffic within one service, such as port 80 (HTTP) traffic, can be filtered.
47. Summary Implementing the Squid Web Proxy Cache Server The Squid Web Proxy Cache server allows administrators to set up a Web proxy caching service, add access controls (rules), and cache DNS lookups. Client protocols supported by Squid must be sent as a proxy request in HTTP format, and include FTP, HTTP, SSL, WAIS, and Gopher. Squid is configured using the /etc/squid/squid.conf file, which defines configurations such as the HTTP port number on which Squid listens for HTTP requests, incoming and outgoing requests, timeout information, and firewall access data. Each configuration option in squid.conf is identified as a tag. The http_port tag configures the HTTP port on which Squid listens for proxy clients. The cache_dir tag specifies where the cached data is stored. The acl tag allows you to define an access list. The http_access tag permits or denies access to Squid. Squid will not function until you make changes to the squid.conf file.