Protein engineering involves modifying protein structure using recombinant DNA technology or chemical treatment to achieve a desired function. The objectives of protein engineering are to create superior enzymes for producing specific chemicals, produce enzymes in large quantities, and produce biological compounds superior to natural ones. Key properties that can be engineered include kinetic properties, thermostability, stability in nonaqueous solvents, substrate specificity, cofactor requirements, optimum pH, molecular weight, and subunit structure. Common protein engineering methods are mutagenesis, selection, and using recombinant DNA technology.