The document discusses several senses including the vestibular sense, kinesthesia, and sense of smell. The vestibular sense relates to balance and position of the body. It is located in the inner ear and detects head movement through fluid in semicircular canals. Kinesthesia provides information about body movements and positions through receptors in muscles, tendons and joints. The sense of smell involves olfactory receptors in the nasal passage that detect airborne odor molecules and send signals to the brain. There are various theories about how different smells are perceived.

1. Proprioceptions

2. Vestibular sense (Balance)
•The vestibular sense relates the position of the body in
space and pertains to its overall movements. It is also
known for the sense of balance. The vestibular sense
organ is located in the semicircular canal of the inner ear.
A movement of the head or a change in its rate of
movement in any direction results in moving the fluid in
the canal against and causing the endings of the receptor
hair cells to bend. The bending of hair cells stimulates
neuron and send signals with the auditory nerve to the
brain. These signals determine the amount and direction
of head movement. Responses can result to spinning
about, walking and running faster, falling, and tilting the
head or body
The vestibular system is connected to the cerebellum
and the autonomic nervous system, the attachment to the
cerebellum aids in coordinating body movements.

4. Kinesthesia (Posture and Movement)
Kinesthesia is the sense of relating where the body parts are
with respect to each other .It gives information about body
movements and positions. The receptor cells are in the nerve
endings of the muscles, tendons, and joints. These receptor
cells respond in sensing body movements depending on the
direction and angle of movement. Thus, kinesthetic receptors
give feedback on the need to regulate posture and body
movements.
The primary kinesthetic receptors are the joint
receptors located where two bones adjoin. A change or
movement or position of the bones causes mechanical energy
to stimulate neural activity. The neural activity brings signals or
information about the rate of change and the angle of bones to
the spinal cord, then to the thalamus and to the cerebrum and
the cerebellum (coordination of movements).
Kinesthetic also coordinates and cooperates with visual
and vestibular senses to maintain balance and equilibrium.

6. SENSE OF SMELL (OLFACTORY
SENSATION)
Olfactory receptors and olfactory stimuli.
The organs involved in our sense of smell,
the olfactory receptors, are located at the
top of the nasal passage and just below
the olfactory lobe which is part of the
brain. Air or gaseous substance is the
medium which carries smell. Any
odorous substance must first be
suspended in the air for it to activate the
olfactory receptors.

7. Olfactory Sensation
Source: Bernstein
Electrical signals are sent to the
receptors, the “olfactory bulb.” From the
olfactory bulb, signal are then sent and
processed into the brain. Olfactory is the only
sense the does not proceed to the thalamus.
According to Henning, (Kahayon 1985), there
are six basic smells that can be perceived or
determined by the brain: fragrant, fruity, spicy,
putrial, resinous, and burned.

8. Stereo chemical Theory (Lock-and-Key Theory)
The stereo chemical theory of Amoore states there are seven
basic odors: ethers (chemical), floral (flowers), minty (spearmint),
pungent (vinegar), camphoraceous (mothball), musky (perfume), and
putrial (raw fish or meat).
Stereo-Chemical Theory
This theory (odor-receptor site) explains that smell receptors
have specific shapes and reception sites, and that the molecules of
different types of smell must fit into the particular shapes.
Chromatographic Theory
The Chromatographic Theory explains that different smells are
perceived based on the distance traveled inside the nasal cavity and the
place it landed on in the mucous lining.