For Teaching Aids

2. 2.1 Body Coordination.
•the adjustment of our body’s reaction towards any
stimulus around us and from the inside of our body.
•ensures that each part of the body is controlled so that
it functions harmoniously with each other when it
receives a stimulus.
•there are two types of body coordination :
– nervous coordination
– hormonal coordination

4. 2.2 Human Nervous System.
•is divided into :
– central nervous system
– peripheral nervous system
•the massages carried by the nervous system are
electrical signals called impulses.

5. Human Nervous
System
Central Nervous
System
Peripheral
Nervous System
Brain Spinal Cord
Somatic nervous
system
Autonomic
nervous system
Cranial Nerves
Spinal Nerves

7. Central Nervous System.
•the central nervous system is the control centre of the
body.
•this system consists of :
• brain
• spinal cord
•the brain controls all activities of the body like walking
and seeing.
•the spinal cord controls the reflex actions like pulling the
hand away when the fingers touch a hot object.
•the central nervous system receives impulses from the
sensory from the sensory organs or other parts of the body
for interpretation.
•after an impulses is interpreted, a new impulse is
transmitted to the muscle or gland to respond to the
stimuli.

8. Peripheral Nervous System.
•consists of all the nerves which connects
the central nervous system to the
receptor and effector located at other
parts of the body.
•the functions is to transmit impulses
from the sensory organs or receptor
through the central nervous system to
the muscle for it to respond accordingly
or to the gland to produce the required
secretion.
•divided into :

9. somatic nervous system
• controls all the voluntary actions
• consists of the spinal nerve (from the spinal cord) and the
cranial nerve (from the brain)
• spinal nerve controls voluntary actions like walking,
scratching, and running.
• cranial nerve controls involuntary actions like talking,
smelling, and seeing.
• spinal nerve connects the spinal cord with parts of the
body like the limbs, skin, and abdomen.
• cranial nerve connects the brain to sensory organs in the
head and neck like the eyes, nose, ears, tongue, and jaws.

10. autonomic nervous system
• controls involuntary action
• example ; heartbeat, and contraction
of blood vesels.
• contains nerves which connect the
spinal cord to internal organs and
glands like liver, kidneys, heart, and
lungs.

11. Neurone.

12. • is a basic unit of the nervous system.
• the functions is to carry impulses.
• cell body contains nucleus and cytoplasm.
• dendron – is a cytoplasm projection which
spreads out from the cell body.
• dendrites – is the small branches of
dendron.
• axon – is a long projection from the cell body
and surrounded by an insulating membrane
called myelin sheath.
• myelin sheath – separated by small gaps
called nodes of Ranvier.
• parts of the neurone and their functions :

13. Neurone
Part
Function
Cell body Controls all activities of the neurone.
Dendrite Receive impulses from other
neurone and transmits them to cell
body.
Dendron Dendrite that carries impulses
towards cell body.
Axon Dendrite that carries impulses out of
cell body.
Myelin
sheath
*Insulator on axon that prevents the
leakage of impulses.
*Increases the speed of impulses
transmission.

14. Character
istics
Sensory
Neurone
Relay
Neurone
Motor
Neurone
Structure
Position
of cell
body
In the middle
of neurone
At the center
of neurone
At the end of
neurone
Length of
axon
Short Changes Long

15. Moveme
nt of
impulse
From the
sensory organ
to the central
nervous
system
From the
sensory
neurone to
the motor
neurone in
the central
nervous
system
From the
relay neurone
going out
from the
central
nervous
system to the
effectors
Function Carries
impulses
from sensory
organ to
central
nervous
system
Transmits
impulses
from sensory
neurone to
motor
neurone
Transmits
impulses
from central
nervous
system to
effector

16. 2.3 Nervous Coordination.
Receptors and effectors.
•Receptors is a cell in the sensory organs
which detects stimuli resulting from the
changes in the surrounding.
•there are five main types of sensory organs :
• eyes
• ears
• nose
• tongue
• skin

17. • Effectors is an organ which responds to the
stimuli :
• muscles
• gland
• all receptors and effectors are connected to
the nervous system by neurones.

18. Reflex actions.
•are automatic and fast response of
the body towards external stimuli
without the involvement of thinking
of the cerebrum.
•takes place in the spinal cord.
•it protects us from dangerous
situations or injuries.
•the path of a reflex action is called a
reflex arc.

22. 2.4 The Role of Proprioceptors in Maintaining Balance
and Body Coordination.

23. Kinaesthetic Senses.
•enable us to be aware of the
movement and position of the limbs
to maintain balance.
•enable us to detect body
movements and allow us to button
our shirt even with our eyes closed.

24. help in maintaining balance and body
coordination.
• kinaesthetic sensory receptors are
found in :
–muscles
–joints
–ligaments
–tendons

25. •proprioceptors act as sensory organs
because of their sensitivity towards the
tension of muscles.
•the tension muscles, joints, ligaments,
or tendons, will stimulate the
proprioceptors to trigger an impulse and
transmit through the nerves through the
brain.

26. • after an interpretation, an impulse
will be transmitted to parts of the
body to coordinate suitable
reaction.
• example of activities are :
–playing the piano
–tying shoelaces without looking
–combing hair without looking into
the mirror

27. 2.5 The Human Brain and Its
Complexity.

28. • Human Brain.
• the human brain is the most
complex organ.
• it is protected by a hard bone
structure called the cranium.
• a big portion of neurones is found
in the brain.

29. *the main functions of the brain is
•1. receive impulses, then
•2. interpret it, then
•3. transmit the impulse to the part of
the body concerned to respond.
*the human brain is divided into three
main parts :

30. a) Cerebrum
• the largest region of the brain.
• its folded surface greatly increases the
surface area to place more neurones.
• consists of left hemisphere and right
hemisphere.
• the left hemisphere receive nerve
impulses from the right side of the body
while the right side of the body receive
nerve impulses from the left side of the
body.

31. •it is the control centre of voluntary
actions.
•controls mental activities like
thinking, memory, and emotions.
•controls senses like sight, hearing,
smelling, and touching.
•controls muscle movement like
walking, writing, and running.

32. b) Cerebellum
•situated at the lower part of the
cerebrum and at the back of the
medulla oblongata.
•has folded surface.
•controls body balance.
•coordinates muscle movement.
•controls activities like riding a bicycle.

34. Voluntary Actions and Involuntary
Actions.
•voluntary actions – actions we are aware of
and which are done according to our
intention.
•involuntary actions – actions which carry on
automatically.

36. Effects of injury to certain region of
the brain.
•an injury to a certain region of
the brain resulting from an
accident or sickness will affect
the function of a certain part of
the body.
•in severe conditions, an injury
to a certain region of the brain
can cause death.

37. 1) Injury to region controlling movement
results in certain parts of the body to be paralysis
2) Injury to senses of smell and taste
results in the loss of senses of smell and taste
3) Injury to medulla oblongata
results in fatality
4) Injury to sense of hearing region
results in deafness
5) Injury to the sense of sight region
results in blindness
6) Injury to the cerebellum
results in the loss of body balance

38. 2.6 Hormonal Coordination The
Body.

39. Hormone.
•are chemical substances secreted by endocrine
glands.
•are complex protein.
•initiate most of the chemical reactions which
occur in the body.
•produced in a small quantity.
•carried by the circulation system to all parts of
the body.

40. Endocrine glands and their functions.
•Endocrine system.
•consists of endocrine glands (ductless gland)
that secrete hormone directly into the
bloodstream.
•the human endocrine system consists of :
– pituitary gland
– thyroid gland
– adrenal gland
– pancreas
– ovary
– testis

41. Endocrine
gland
(location)
Function of
hormone
Effect of
excessive
hormone
Effect of
deficiency of
hormone
Pituitary
gland (at
the base
of the
brain)
Controls the
activity of other
endocrine
glands.
Control the
growth of
muscles and
bones.
Excessive
growth
(gigantism).
Stunted
growth
(dwarfism).

42. Thyroid
(under the
larynx/vocal
cord at the
gland)
Controls the body
metabolic rate.
Controls growth
and mental
development of
children.
The metabolic
rate becomes very
high.
Emotions
becomes
unstable, quick-
tempered and
eyes protrudes
from the eye
socket.
The metabolic
rate becomes
very low.
Physical growth
become stunted.
Development of
the brain in
children is
retarded.
Causes goitre.
Adrenal (at
the top of
both
kidneys)
Increases
heartbeat and
respiration.
Increases body
metabolisms.
The level of
glucose and salt
in the blood is
high.
High blood
pressure.
Ability to
overcome
pressure daily
lessens.
The muscles
become weak.

43. Pancreas
(behind
the
stomach)
To control
blood sugar
level.
Shortage of
glucose in the
blood.
Diabetes.
Testis (in
the male
reproduct
ive
system)
Controls the
sperm
production.
Controls the
male
secondary sex
characteristics
.
Extreme
masculine
characteristic
s.
Sperms
produced
are
immature.
Developmen
t of
secondary
sex
characteristi
cs are
stunted.

44. Ovary (in
the female
reproducti
ve system)
Controls the
menstrual
cycle.
Controls the
female
secondary sex
characteristics.
Extreme
feminine
characteristics.
Infertility.
Menstrual
cycle
interrupted.
Miscarriage
of a fetus
before time.
Development
of secondary
sex
characteristic
s are stunted.

45. 2.7 Coordination Between The
Nervous System and The Endocrine
System.
Comparison between nervous coordination and
hormonal coordination.
•both are important in performing body activities.
•hormonal control differs from nervous control in some
aspects.
•their similarities are :
– control and coordinate body functions and
activities.
– respond to a stimulus.
– possess target organ

46. their differences are :
Nervous system Differences Endocrine
System
Consists of
nerves
Coordination Consists of
ductless
glands
Goes through
the nerves
electrochemical
ly
Way of impulse
transmission
Goes through
bloodstream
in the form of
hormone

47. Very fast Speed of
impulse
transmission
Slow
A short
while
Duration of effect Long
Specific Target areas Wide
Fast and
immediate
Response Slow and
continuous
Writing,
dancing
Examples of
body
coordination
Growth,
body
metabolism

48.  The importance of coordination between the
nervous system and the endocrine system.
Both system coordinate the appropriate body
response towards a stimulus.
Example : when fear striking during a fire, the
adrenal gland secretes hormone that changes
glycogen into glucose for the muscles’ usage.
The muscle will gain more energy to enable the
person to react faster like running away from
fire.

50. 2.8 The Effects of Drug Abuse on
Body Coordination and Health.
Drugs.
•defined as a chemical substance
which can change the function and
physiology of the body.
•used to treat patients.

51. • types of drugs and their characteristics :
–depressants
• example : morphine, heroin, barbiturate
• to relieve tension.
• calm a person’s mind.
• slow down response to stimulus.

52. –stimulants
• example : amphetamine, nicotine
• increase the metabolic rate.
• make a person more active.
–opiates
• example : morphine, cocaine
• relieve the sensation of pain and anxiety
–hallucinogens
• example : marijuana, LSD
• causes hallucination.
• causes madness and death.

53. • drug abuse occurs if it is used not for
medical purposes.
• drug abuse can lead to addiction and
health deteoration.
• types of drugs that are commonly
taken by drug addict :
–opium
• source – flower of the poppy plant

54. – morphine
• source – brown substance processed from
opium
– heroin
• source – white or brown powder processed
from morphine
– marijuana
• source – leaves and dry flowers of the
Cannabis Sativa plant
•

55. • other than affecting body coordination, drug abuse
can also harm our health. It can cause the following
health problems :
– high blood pressure
– heart problems
– damage to the liver
– weakened of the immune system
– higher occurrence rates of cancer
– mental problems
– infections of contagious diseases
– fatality due to overdose of drugs

56. 2.9 Effects of Excessive
Consumption of Alcohol on Body
Coordination
and Health.
• alcoholic drinks contain ethanol.
• ethanol is produced from the fermentation of
glucose by yeast.
• examples of alcohol : beer, whisky, vodka, rum,
and brandy.
• Effects of excessive consumption of alcoholic
drinks.

58. 2.10 Importance of Sound and
Healthy Mind.
Mind
•is the ability of the brain to think and judge.
•a healthy mind enables a person to make logical
judgment before his acts.
•a person’s mind determines his emotions and behavior.
•a person with a healthy mind will show characteristics
such as positive thinking, independent, caring and
responsible.
•a person with unhealthy mind will not have self esteem,
be short-tempered, feels worry easily and find it difficult
to control his emotions.