![3.OXIDES– (Minerals that contain oxygen and one
or more other element(s), ex. Hematite[iron oxide].)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/earth-science-151114150912-lva1-app6892/85/Earth-Science-24-320.jpg)
![4.SULFIDES– (Minerals containing sulfur, ex.
pyrite[iron sulfide], galena [lead sulfide].)
Gypsum Pyrite](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/earth-science-151114150912-lva1-app6892/85/Earth-Science-25-320.jpg)
Uploaded byTrisha Lane Atienza
Earth Science
The document defines key terms related to minerals, rocks, and the rock cycle. Minerals are naturally occurring solid materials with a defined crystal structure and chemical composition. Rocks form from the solidification of magma or through the compaction and cementation of sediments. The rock cycle describes how rocks are continuously transformed between igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic types through geological processes like crystallization, weathering, and tectonic activity.
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Earth Science
- 2. - The studyof the Earth’s natural materials and processes.
- 3. - The SOLIDpart of the Earth
- 5. - The buildingblock of rock - Naturally formed, generally in-organic crystalline solid composed of the ordered array of atoms having specific chemical composition. - Examples: Gold, Copper and Iron
- 6. Mineral Characteristics natural inorganic solid definite composition crystal structure
- 7. 4 major processesby which minerals form: 1. Crystallization from magma- cooling magma causes minerals to crystallize
- 8. 2. Precipitation Mineralsdissolve out of evaporated water; precipitated
- 9. Change inpressure and temperature cause an existing mineral to recry stallize while still solid Muscovite Talc
- 10. A hotmixtures of water with substances dissolved in them. When they come in contact with existing minerals- a chemical reaction occurs forming a new mineral Bornite
- 13. 1.COLOR – someminerals are always the same color. Other minerals though may vary in color.
- 15. 2. STREAK –the color of the line of finely crushed mineral left on the plate.
- 16. 3. LUSTER –the way light looks which come from mineral’s surface
- 17. 4. HARDNESS– theresistance of the mineral to being scratched
- 19. 5. CLEAVAGE– theability of some minerals to break along smooth planes that are parallel to each other. 6. FRACTURE– the way the mineral breaks if it doesn’t have cleavage.
- 20. 7. SPECIFIC GRAVITY –the standard measure of density. How heavy a mineral is to the space it occupies Density= Mass (g) Volume (mL or cm3) Density of water is 1 g/cm3 Specific Gravity is a ratio, no units
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- 22. 1.Elements – Mineralsthat exist in a relatively pure form (carbon, diamond, sulfur, zinc, gold ,silver. copper etc.) Gold crystal structure
- 23. 2.HALIDES– (minerals containinghalogen ions plus one or more other elements, such as chlorine, bromine, or iodine, ex. Table salt.)
- 24. 3.OXIDES– (Minerals thatcontain oxygen and one or more other element(s), ex. Hematite[iron oxide].)
- 25. 4.SULFIDES– (Minerals containingsulfur, ex. pyrite[iron sulfide], galena [lead sulfide].) Gypsum Pyrite
- 26. 5.ELEMENTS and COMPLEXIONS– (ions not just a single charges atom) Common examples: a. Carbonates (CO32-) (calcite, egg shells) b. Sulfates (SO42-) (gypsum) c. Silicates (SiO44-) (feldspar, quartz)
- 27. A. MAFIC MINERALS– the term Mafic is used to silicate minerals, magmas, and rocks which are relatively high in the heavier elements (dominated by FE, Mg, Ca, Al, SiO2; Ma-Magnesium and F for Iron).
- 28. B. FELSIC Minerals– the term is used for silicate minerals, magmas, and rocks which have a lower percentage of the heavier elements, and are correspondingly enriched in the lighter elements, such as silica and oxygen, aluminum, potassium. Terms: FEL(for “feldspar”; the potassium-rich variety) SIL (indicating the higher percentage of “silica”
- 30. - A rockis a naturally occurring solid mixture of one or more minerals, or organic matter Rocks are classified by how they are formed, their composition, and texture Rocks change over time through the rock cycle
- 32. Igneous rockbegins as magma. Magma can form: When rock is heated When pressure is released When rock changes composition Magma freezes between 700 °C and 1,250 °C Magma is a mixture of many minerals http://www.fi.edu/fellows/payton/rocks/create/igneous.htm
- 33. Felsic: lightcolored rocks that are rich in elements such as aluminum, potassium, silicon, and sodium Mafic: dark colored rocks that are rich in calcium, iron, and magnesium, poor in silicon Coarse-grained: takes longer to cool, giving mineral crystals more time to grow Fine-grained: cools quickly with little to no crystals
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- 35. Intrusive IgneousRocks: magma pushes into surrounding rock below the Earth’s surface Extrusive Rocks: forms when magma erupts onto the Earth’s surface (lava), cools quickly with very small or no crystals formed http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/geology/ig_intrusive.html&edu=high&fr=t
- 36. Obsidian is adark-colored volcanic glass that forms from the very rapid cooling of molten rock material. It cools so rapidly that crystals do not form. Is this rock Felsic or Mafic? Is it fine-grained or coarse-grained? Is this rock Intrusive or Extrusive? Mafic, fine grained, extrusive
- 37. http://www.fi.edu/fellows/payton/rocks/create/sediment.ht m Sedimentary rockis formed by erosion Sediments are moved from one place to another Sediments are deposited in layers, with the older ones on the bottom The layers become compacted and cemented together
- 38. Sedimentary Rocksare formed at or near the Earth’s surface No heat and pressure involved Strata – layers of rock Stratification – the process in which sedimentary rocks are arranged in layers
- 39. Clastic – madeof fragments of rock cemented together with calcite or quartz Breccia is a term most often used for clastic sedimentary rocks that are composed of large angular fragments (over two millimeters in diameter). The spaces between the large angular fragments can be filled with a matrix of smaller particles or a mineral cement that binds the rock together.
- 40. Chemical sedimentary –minerals crystallize out of solution to become rock Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed primarily of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in the form of the mineral calcite. It most commonly forms in clear, warm, shallow marine waters. It is usually an organic sedimentary rock that forms from the accumulation of shell, coral, algal and fecal debris.
- 41. Organic sedimentary –remains of plants and animals Coal is an organic sedimentary rock that forms from the accumulation and preservation of plant materials, usually in a swamp environment. Coal is a combustible rock and along with oil and natural gas it is one of the three most important fossil fuels.
- 42. http://www.fi.edu/fellows/payton/rocks/create/metamorph.ht m Meaning tochange shape Changes with temperature and pressure, but remains solid Usually takes place deep in the Earth
- 43. Contact Metamorphism– heated by nearby magma Increased temperature changes the composition of the rock, minerals are changed into new minerals Hornfels is a fine-grained non- foliated metamorphic rock produced by contact metamorphism http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/geology/meta_contact.html&edu=h igh&fr=t
- 44. Regional Metamorphism– pressure builds up in rocks that is deep within the Earth Large pieces of the Earth’s crust collide and the rock is deformed and chemically changed by heat and pressure http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/geology/meta_regional.html&edu=high&fr=t
- 45. Foliated -contain aligned grains of flat minerals Gneiss is foliated metamorphic rock that has a banded appearance and is made up of granular mineral grains. It typically contains abundant quartz or feldspar minerals.
- 46. Non-Foliated –mineral grains are not arranged in plains or bands Marble is a non- foliated metamorphic rock that is produced from the metamorphism of limestone. It is composed primarily of calcium
- 47. Determine ifthe following rock samples are foliated or non-foliated: Amphibolite Quartzite Phyllite Foliated
- 48. Thinking aboutrelationships among the major rock groups
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- 60. • The rockcycle demonstrates the relationships among the three major rock groups • It is powered by the interior heat of the Earth • As well as earth’s momentum and… • The energy from the sun • It involves processes on the Earth’s surface as well as the Earth’s interior • It connects the “hydrologic cycle” with the “tectonic cycle”. In Conclusion…
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