This document discusses the development of self-esteem from infancy through adulthood. It outlines several key factors that influence self-esteem, including relationships, experiences, gender, and health/illness. The document also describes different types of self-esteem, such as inflated, high, and low self-esteem, and the characteristics of each. Finally, it discusses several approaches to developing positive self-esteem in children by focusing on competence, love, responsibility, and realistic goals.

1. R. RUPPA MERCY
M.Sc NURSING 1ST YEAR
PROMOTING SELF
ESTEEM

2.  Self concept is an individual’s perception of self and
is what helps makes each individual unique.
INTRODUCTION

3.  Williams James (1890) – principles of psychology –
included a chapter “consciousness of self”
 James distinguish between two types of self
 1. subjective sense { the ‘I’}
 2. objective sense { the “me”} – more focused by
psychologist for research.
HISTORY OF SELF CONCEPT

4. “The totality of the individual’s thoughts and feelings
having reference to himself as an object”(Rosenberg,
1979)
 The self concept includes
 1. cognitive
 2. behavioral
 3. affective component.
DEFINITION

5. STAGES IN DEVELOPMENT OF SELF
Self awareness (infancy)
Self recognition (18 months)
Self – definition( 3 years)
Self – concept (6 to 7 years)

6.  Altered health status
 Experience
 Developmental considerations
 Culture
 History of success and failure
 Crisis or life stressors
 Aging, illness or trauma
FACTORS AFFECTING SELF CONCEPT

7. COMPONENTS OF SELF CONCEPT
IDENTITY
SELF -
ESTEEM
BODY
IMAGE
ROLE
PERFORMANCE

8. SELF – ESTEEM
Self worth
Self
respect
Self
acceptance

9.  Self – esteem is the “ attitudinal, evaluative
component of the self; the affective judgments
placed on the self – concept consisting of feelings of
worth and acceptance which are developed and
maintained as a consequence of awareness of
competence and feedback from the external world”
- Guidon, 2002
DEFINITION OF SELF - ESTEEM

10. SELF ESTEEM CONTINUUM

11. EXAMPLE

12.  INFLATED SELF ESTEEM:
People think that they are better than others and have
no doubts about underestimating everyone else.
 HIGH SELF ESTEEM:
People accepts and values themselves.
 LOW SELF ESTEEM:
People do not value themselves.
TYPES OF SELF ESTEEM

13. CHARACTERISTICS:
 The ability to listen to others and to critique
themselves.
 They are not capable of correcting their own errors
and as such, they constantly blaming others.
 They tend to undervalue others, adopting hostile
behaviors towards them.
 It is very difficult for these people to establish
healthy relationships with others.
 They always see everyone else as competition.
INFLATED SELF ESTEEM

14. CHARACTERISTICS:
 Believing in their own way and trusting in who they
are
 They just have the security necessary to avoid letting
negative circumstances and events throw them off
balance.
 Not able to maintain constant high self esteem
 The aggressive, passive or negative attitudes to
accept other points of view.
HIGH SELF ESTEEM

15. CHARACTERISTICS:
 Believing in their own way and trusting in who they
are
 They just have the security necessary to avoid letting
negative circumstances and events throw them off
balance.
 Not able to maintain constant high self esteem
 The aggressive, passive or negative attitudes to
accept other points of view.
HIGH SELF ESTEEM

16. CHARACTERISTICS:
 Their self esteem drops very quickly.
 They are sensitive people who are easily influenced
and who tend to show their opinion but without
defending it.
 They have very little trust in themselves
 They undervalue themselves, and they have such a
great fear of missing up that they constantly believe
that they do not measure up to the circumstances.
LOW SELF ESTEEM

17. Age
Gender
Body image
Health and illness
Experiences
Relationships
FACTORS INFLUENCING SELF ESTEEM

18.  9+
DEVELOPMENT OF SELF ESTEEM

19.  Infants start building self esteem as soon as they are
born.
 They gradually learn that they are loved, as the people
who care for them, consistently treats them gently,
kindly, comfort them when they cry, and show them
attention.
 How their parents or primary caregivers treat them sets
the stage for later development of self esteem
INFANCY

20.  No clear understanding of self esteem
 Each time they learn a new skill they add to their
sense of ability and comprehension of who they are.
 Toddlers learn about themselves by learning what
they look like, what they can do, and where they
belong.
 Toddlers see themselves through the eyes of their
parents, family or primary caregivers.
TODDLERHOOD

21.  Preschoolers have a clearer understanding of who
they are and how they fit into the world they know.
 They develop their self esteem in mostly physical
ways by comparing their appearance to that of other
children, such as height, size, agility and abilities.
 Preschoolers learn self esteem in stages through
developing their senses of trust, independence and
initiative.
PRESCHOOL

22.  A critical point in a child’s development of self
esteem occurs when they start school.
 In the early school age years self esteem depends on
their physical appearance and characteristics and
their ability to make friends with other children in
their own age.
 Stresses at home such as parents arguing a lot, and
problems at school, such as difficult lessons, being
bullied or not having friends, can have a negative
impact on a child’s self esteem.
SCHOOL AGE

23.  Positive self esteem is promoted through this
capacity for giving of oneself to another.
 Failure to intimacy causes withdrawal, social
isolation, aloneness.
 Teenagers self esteem is often affected by the
physical and hormonal changes they experience
especially during puberty.
 Body image is a major component in teenagers self
esteem.
 Peer acceptance and relationships are important to
children’s social and emotional development and to
their development of self – esteem.
ADOLESCENCE

24.  By adulthood self esteem has changed from a
mostly reactive phenomenon to one that can be
consciously acted upon to either increase or
decrease feelings of self worth.
 Adults are confronted by many situations that affect
levels of self esteem.
 Success – failure experiences.
 Acceptance – rejection situations
 Romantic relationships, peer relationships and
relationships with family members can affect self
esteem.
ADULTHOOD

25.  Self esteem declines in old age(around age 70)
 It may also reflect a shift toward a more modest,
humble and balance view of the self in old age.
OLD AGE

26. ANTECEDANT CONDITIONS:
Cooper smith(1981) identified the following antecedent
conditions of positive self esteem:
1. POWER: It is important for individuals to have a
feeling of control over their own life situations and
ability to claim some measure of influence over the
behaviors of others.
2. SIGNIFICANCE: Self esteem is enhanced when
individuals feel loved, respected and cared for by
significant others.
STEPS OF DEVELOPING A POSITIVE SELF
ESTEEM

27. 3. VIRTUE: Individuals feel good about themselves
when their actions a set of personal, moral and ethical
values.
4. COMPETENCE: Positive self esteem develops out of
one’s ability to perform successfully or archive self
expectations and the expectations of others.
5. CONSISTENTLY SET LIMITS: A structured lifestyle
demonstrates acceptance and caring and provides a
feeling of security.
CONTD..

28.  WARREN (1991) outlined the following focus areas to
be emphasized by parents and others who work with
children when encouraging the growth and
development of positive self esteem.
 1. a sense of competence
 2. unconditional love
 3. sense of survival
 4. realistic goals
 5. a sense of responsibility.
 6. reality orientation
FOCUS AREAS TO BE EMPHASIZED..

29. Self esteem comes from every experience of your life.
How you view yourself affects everything you do in life.
High self esteem gives you a good feeling about
yourself. Low self esteem distorts your view of
yourself.
CONCLUSION