Psychosocial development is just a fancy phrase that refers to how a person's individual needs (psycho) mesh with the needs or demands of society (social). According to Erikson, a person passes through eight developmental stages that build on each other. At each stage we face a crisis. Erikson's theory postulates that people advance through the stages of development based on how they adjust to social crises throughout their lives. These social crises instruct how individuals react to the surrounding world. Erikson impacted psychological theories by expanding upon Sigmund Freud’s original five stages of development.

1. THEORY OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL
DEVELOPMENT
PRESENTED BY
PAHARI SHARMA
M.SC NURSING 1ST YEAR

2. CONTENT:
 INTRODUCTION
 BIOGRAPHY OF ERICK ERICKSON
 BASIC PRESUMPTION BY THE ERIK ERIKSON
 ERICKSON’S STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
 TRUST VS MISTRUST
 AUTONOMY VS SHAME AND DOUBT
 INITIATIVE VS GUILT
 INDUSTRY VS INFERIORITY
 IDENTITY VS ROLE CONFUSION
 INTIMACY VS ISOLATION
 GENERATIVITY VS STAGNATION
 INTEGRITY VS DESPAIR
 RELEVANCE OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY
TO NURSING PRACTICE
 CRITIQUES OF THE THEORY
 CONCLUSION

3. INTRODUCTION

4. BIOGRAPHY OF ERIK ERIKSON

5. BASIC PRESUMPTION BY THE ERIK
ERIKSON
 Erikson proposed that we are motivated by the
need to achieve competence in certain areas of our
lives.
 According to psychosocial theory, we experience
eight stages of development over our lifespan, from
infancy through late adulthood.
 Erikson's theory posits that every human being
passes through several distinct and qualitatively
different stages in life, from birth to death.
 The key idea in Erikson's theory is that the
individual faces a conflict at each stage, which may
or may not be successfully resolved within that
stage.

6. STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL
DEVELOPMENT

7. 1. TRUST VS MISTRUST (BIRTH TO 18
MONTHS):

9.  THE IMPORTANCE OF TRUST
 Trust help children build a strong base of trust that's
crucial for their social and emotional development.
 Trust essentially shaping their personality and
determining how they will view the world.

10.  HOW TO BUILD TRUST
Affection Comfort
Food

11.  CONSEQUENCES OF MISTRUST
1. Unreliable
2. Unpredictable
3. Parents who fail to meet these basic needs
eventually develop an overall sense of mistrust
4. Mistrust can cause children to become fearful,
confused, and anxious
5. It can lead to poor social support, isolation,
and loneliness.

12. The trust versus mistrust stage serves
as a foundation of development.
The outcomes of this stage can have
effects that influence the rest of an
individual's life. Because of this, it is
essential for parents to provide
responsive, dependable care.

13. 2. AUTONOMY VS SHAME AND DOUBT (1- 2
YEARS):

14. OVERVIEW-
Psychosocial Conflict: Autonomy
versus shame and doubt
Major Question: "Can I do things
myself or am I reliant on the help of
others?"
Basic Virtue: Will
Important Event(s): Toilet training

15.  IMPORTANT TASKS:

16. The first stage of development, trust
versus mistrust, is all about developing
a sense of trust about the world.
The next stage, autonomy versus
shame and doubt, builds upon that
earlier stage and lays the foundation
for the future stages to come.

17. 3. INITIATIVE VS GUILT
( 3-5 YEAR)

18. OVERVIEW

19.  During this stage, it is important for
caregivers to encourage exploration and to
help children make appropriate choices.
 Caregivers who are discouraging or
dismissive may cause children to feel
ashamed of themselves and to become
overly dependent upon the help of others.

20.  Play and imagination take on an important role at
this stage.
 Children have their sense of initiative reinforced by
being given the freedom and encouragement to
play.
 When efforts to engage in physical and imaginative
play are stifled by caregivers, children begin to feel
that their self-initiated efforts are a source of
embarrassment.

21. 4. INDUSTRY VS INFERIORITY (6-12
YEARS):

22.  OVERVIEW

23.  School and social interaction play an important role
during this time of a child’s life.
 A child's social world expands considerably as they
enter school and gain new friendships with peers.
 Through social interactions, children begin to
develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments
and abilities.

24. According to Erikson, this stage is vital
in developing self-confidence.
During school and other social
activities, children receive praise and
attention for performing various tasks
such as reading, writing, drawing, and
solving problems.

25. 5. IDENTITY VS ROLE CONFUSION
(13-19 YEAR):

26.  OVERVIEW

27.  IDENTITY:
 Erikson defines identity as a “fundamental
organizing principal which develops constantly
throughout the lifespan.”
 Identity involves the experiences, relationships,
beliefs, values, and memories that make up a
person's subjective sense of self.

28. Identity provides the following:
1. Self-sameness
2. Uniqueness
3. Psychosocial development

29. Benefits of Identity:
a. Commitment
b. Self-confidence
c. Sense if independence
d. Fidelity

30.  Causes of Identity:
 Friends
 Family
 Social groups
 Schoolmates
 Societal trends
 Popular culture

31.  Strengthen of Identity:
 Identify your values- Core values are those things
that are really important and meaningful to you and
that motivate you and guide your decisions.
 Spend time alone to get to know yourself better-
Adding some quiet moments where you can be
alone can help you focus on your priorities and
improve your sense of self.

32.  Practice self-compassion- Self-compassion can
help you better understand and accept your flaws
and limitations.
 Become skilled at things you enjoy- Taking time
to find and practice hobbies can help you get
greater acquainted with yourself.

33.  ROLE CONFUSION:
Erikson referred to as role confusion, which
can result in the following:
 Being unsure of who you are and where you
fit
 Drifting from one job or relationship to
another
 Feeling disappointed and confused about
your place in life

34.  Consequences of Role Confusion:
I. Difficulties with commitment: A stable personal
identity allows individuals to have better
relationships with others.
II. Worse mental health and well-being: Research
has linked a strong sense of identity to better
emotional and psychological well-being in
adolescents.
III. Weak sense of self: Role confusion has been
found to lead to a weak sense of self.
IV. Lack of confidence: A lack of self-identity can
make it difficult to have confidence in yourself and
your abilities.

35.  Decrease of Role Confusion:
i. Build on your strengths
ii. Try new things to discover what you like
iii. Make commitments and set goals
iv. Participate in activities that are related to
your interests

36. 6. INTIMACY VS ISOLATION (20-39
YEARS):

37. OVERVIEW

38. INTIMACY:
Erikson believed that it was vital to
develop close, committed relationships
with other people.
It includes romantic partners, but it can
also encompass close, enduring
friendships with people outside of your
family.

39.  BENEFITS OF INTIMACY
Close romantic relationships
Deep, meaningful connections
Enduring connections with other
people
Positive relationships with family and
friends
Strong relationships

40.  CAUSES OF INTIMACY OR ISOLATION
Childhood experiences including
neglect or abuse
Divorce or death of a partner
Fear of commitment
Fear of intimacy
Inability to open up
Past relationships
Troubles with self-disclosure

41.  BUILD OF INTIMACY
Being intimate
Caring for others
Making commitments
Self-disclosure

42.  CONSEQUENCES OF ISOLATION
Few or no friendships
Lack of intimacy
Lack of relationships
Poor romantic relationships
Weak social support

43.  The sixth stage of Erikson's psychosocial theory of
development focuses on how these critical
relationships are forged. Those who are successful
at this stage are able to forge deep relationships
and social connections with other people.

44. 7. GENERATIVITY VS STAGNATION (40-64
YEARS):

45. OVERVIEW

46.  GENERATIVITY:
Generativity refers to "making your mark" on the
world by caring for others as well as creating and
accomplishing things that make the world a better
place.
Characteristics of generativity include:
 Making commitments to other people
 Developing relationships with family
 Mentoring others
 Contributing to the next generation

47.  BENEFITS OF GENERATIVITY
Better health
More positive relationships
Greater productivity
Greater fulfilment
Increased community involvement

48.  CAUSES OF GENERATIVITY
Pride in Work and Family
Feeling Included
Taking Responsibility
Feeling Productive
Making Contributions

49.  IMPROVEMENT OF GENERATIVITY
Participate in your community
Assume responsibilities
Learn new skills and share them with
others
Volunteer

50.  STAGNATION:
Stagnation refers to the failure to find a way to
contribute. These individuals may feel disconnected
or uninvolved with their community and with society
as a whole.
Characteristics of stagnation include:
 Being self-centered
 Failing to get involved with others
 Not taking an interest in productivity
 No efforts to improve the self
 Placing one's concerns over above all else

51.  CONSEQUENCES OF STAGNATION
Worse health
Lower quality relationships
Decreased life satisfaction

52.  DECREASE OF STAGNATION
Explore a new hobby
Learn something new
Find new sources of inspiration
Look for new opportunities

53. 8. INTEGRITY VS DESPAIR (65 ONWARDS):

54. OVERVIEW

55.  INTEGRITY:
Integrity refers to a person's ability to look back on
their life with a sense of accomplishment and
fulfilment.
Characteristics of integrity include:
 Acceptance
 A sense of wholeness
 Lack of regret
 Feeling at peace
 A sense of success
 Feelings of wisdom and acceptance

56.  BENEFITS OF INTEGRITY:
Ego integrity
Peace and fulfilment
Wisdom

57.  CAUSES OF INTEGRITY
Family
Work
Contributions

58.  IMPROVEMENT OF INTEGRITY
Start early
Seek meaningful relationships
Reframe your thinking
Practice gratitude

59.  DESPAIR
Despair refers to looking back on life with feelings of
regret, shame, or disappointment.
Characteristics of despair include:
 Bitterness
 Regret
 Ruminating over mistakes
 Feeling that life was wasted
 Feeling unproductive
 Depression
 Hopelessness

60.  CONSEQUENCES OF DESPAIR
Increased depressive symptoms
Increased regret
Decreased life satisfaction

61.  DECREASED DESPAIR
Reach out to others
Focus on the positive
Explore new experiences
Engage in spiritual practice
Get help

62. RELEVANCE OF PSYCHOSOCIAL
DEVELOPMENT THEORY TO NURSING
PRACTICE
 Erikson’s theory is particularly relevant to nursing
practice in that it incorporates sociocultural
concepts into the development of personality.
 This information can be used quite readily in
psychiatric/mental health nursing. Many individuals
with mental health problems are still struggling to
achieve tasks from a number of developmental
stages.
 Nurses can plan care to assist these individuals to
complete these tasks and move on to a higher
developmental level.

63.  Application of Erikson's stages of psychosocial
development helps in analysing patient's symptomatic
behaviour in the context of traumatic past experiences
and struggles with current developmental tasks.
 Erikson's stages of psychosocial development can
help you communicate with a paediatric patient.
When nurses can anticipate the child's reaction, it
becomes easier to modify the response to improve
communication

64. CRITIQUES OF THE THEORY

65. CONCLUSION

66. REFERENCES
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psychosocial-stage-of-development
 Erik Erikson (1902-1994). Good Therapy [Internet].
2015 July 07 [cited 2021 June 20]. Available from:
https://www.goodtherapy.org/famous-
psychologists/erik-erikson.html

67.  Townsend CM. Psychiatric mental health nursing:
Concepts of care in evidence-based practice. 9th
ed. London: The health sciences Publisher; 2020.
 Basavanna M. Psychology for Nurses. New Delhi:
Jaypee Brothers medical Publishers(p); 2015.
 Cherry Kendra. Psychosocial Psychology. Verywell
mind [Internet]. 2021 April 21 [cited 2021 June 20].
Available from:
https://www.verywellmind.com/integrity-versus-
despair-2795738

68.  Ramkumar Suchitra. Erik Erikson's Theory of
Development: A Teacher's Observations. Journal of the
Krishnamurti School [Internet]. 2002 July [cited 2021
June 22]. Available from:
http://www.journal.kfionline.org/issue-6/erik-eriksons-
theory-of-development-a-teachers-observations.
 Cramer Craig, Flynn Bernadette, LaFave Ann. Erik
Erikson's 8 Stages of Psychosocial Development.
Erikson Tutorial [Internet]. 1997 [cited 2021 June 22].
Available from:
https://web.cortland.edu/andersmd/erik/crit.html
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