Raymond Cattell and John Horn proposed the theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence in the 1960s. They argued that intelligence consists of two types: fluid intelligence (gf), which is innate problem-solving ability independent of knowledge, and crystallized intelligence (gc), which comes from experience and learning. Fluid intelligence involves abstract reasoning and declines with age, while crystallized intelligence involves acquired knowledge and can increase indefinitely through learning.

1. FLUID AND CRYSTALLIZED
INTELLIGENCE
By:
Raymond Cattell and John Horn

2. What is the “fluid and crystallized
intelligence”?

In the 1960s American psychologists
Raymond Cattell and John Horn
applied new methods of factor analysis
and concluded there are two kinds of
general intelligence: fluid intelligence (gf)
and crystallized intelligence (gc).

3. What is the “fluid and crystallized
intelligence”?

Raymond Cattell first proposed the
concepts of fluid and crystallized
intelligence and further developed the
theory with John Horn. The Cattell-Horn
theory of
fluid and crystallized
intelligence suggests that intelligence is
composed of a number of different
abilities that interact and work together
to produce overall individual intelligence.

4. (gf)
FLUID INTELLIGENCE

5. Fluid intelligence
 represents the biological basis of intelligence.
Measures of fluid intelligence, such as speed
of reasoning and memory, increase into
adulthood and then decline due to the aging
process.

6. Fluid intelligence
 involves being able to think and reason
abstractly and solve problems
 considered
independent
of
learning,
experience, and education.
Examples of the use of fluid intelligence:
solving puzzles and coming up with problem
solving strategies.

7. Fluid intelligence
Examples of the use of fluid intelligence:
solving puzzles
coming up with problem solving strategies.

8. (gc)
CRYSTALLIZED
INTELLIGENCE

9. Crystallized intelligence
 the
knowledge and skills
obtained through learning
and experience.

10. Crystallized intelligence
As long as opportunities for
learning are available, crystallized
intelligence
can
increase
indefinitely during a person’s life.
For example, vocabulary knowledge is
known to increase in college professors
throughout their life span.

11. Crystallized intelligence
involves
knowledge that comes
from prior learning and past
experiences

12. Crystallized intelligence
Situations that require crystallized
intelligence include reading comprehension
and vocabulary exams.

13. Crystallized intelligence
 This
type of intelligence is based upon
facts and rooted in experiences.
As we age and accumulate new
knowledge
and
understanding,
crystallized intelligence becomes
stronger.