problem solving, educational psychology, daily life problems, education problem, theories of problem, advantages and disadvantages, purpose of problem solving, uses, process, examples, novice and expert problem solver, teacher role in problem solving, strategies of problem solving

1. Presented to:
Dr. UMMARA SAHER
Presented by:
MASHAL FATIMA (2019-1501)

2. Problem solving is an
instructional method or
technique where by the
teacher and pupils attempt in
a finding a solution.
Students are presented with
problems which requires
them to find either a
scientific or technological
solution.

3. Skinner 1953 defined:
problem solving as
“any behavior which,
through the
manipulation of
variables, makes the
appearance of a
solution more
probable”
Problem solving is the act
of defining a problem;
determining the cause of
the problem; identifying,
prioritizing, and selecting
alternatives for a solution; &
implementing a solution.

4. ILL-DEFINED
PROBLEMS
are those that
do not have
clear goals,
solution paths,
or expected
solution.
THE WELL-
DEFINED
PROBLEMS
have specific
goals, clearly
defined solution
paths, and clear
expected solutions.
TYPES OF PROBLEMS

5. SOLVING

6. Problem-Solving Strategies
Method Description Example
Trial and error
Continue trying different
solutions until problem is
solved
Restarting phone, turning
off Wi-Fi, turning off
Bluetooth in order to
determine why your phone
is malfunctioning
Algorithm
Step-by-step problem-
solving formula
Instruction manual for
installing new software on
your computer
Heuristic
General problem-solving
framework
breaking a task into steps
STRATEGIES
Name

7. In 1972, Allen Newell and Herbert
published the book Human Problem Solving, in
which they outlined their problem space
theory of problem solving.
In this theory, people solve problems by
searching in a problem space.
The problem space consists of :
1. The initial (current) state,
2. The goal state,
3. All possible states in between.
The cognitive approach to problem solving
PROBLEM SPACE THEORY

8. PRODUCTIVE AND REPRODUCTIVE PROBLEM SOLVING
The GESTALT approach to problem solving differentiates between:
Reproductive
Thinking
• following a
sequence
known to
produce a
workable
answer
Productive
Thinking
• insight and
creativity
.

9. MONKEYS SHOWED “INSIGHT” DURING
PROBLEM-SOLVING ( Kohler 1945)
• Demonstrated productive “new way of
structuring elements showing insight and
creativity”
• Deep useful understanding of the nature of
the problem

10. THE CANDLE PROBLEM (Dunker, 1945)
• Fix lit candle to wall, with candle,
box of nails & box of matches.
THE TWO-STRING PROBLEM (Maier,
1931)
Subjects in room with 2 strings
hanging from ceiling and set of other
objects (nut, bowl, pliers, sandwich,.
Task is to attach the strings. However,
cannot reach them at same time.

11. “Can you connect all of the dots below using
only four straight lines?”
Problem no#1

12. NOVICE
Backwards Chaining (working
backwards) working back from
the end state until reaching the
origin state.
Believe that most problems are
too difficult for them to solve.
EXPERT
Problem Solver
Forwards Chaining (working
forwards). Believe that you can
solve most problems by
memorizing only a few central
principles.
After solving problems, review
why the question was important,
asking why the professor gave
the assignment.
Vs

13. PURPOSE
Gain and
improve
the
knowledge
Give
Actively
answer
Overcome
the obstacles
in the
attainment of
objectives.
Train the
students in
the act of
reasoning.

14. Research before you get in to problems
Think creatively to discover new ideas
Learn to work together and share ideas.
Make the decision that fits the
situation best

15. USES
Real life situation
Develop ability to analysis
In future use
In different fields

16. TEACHER ROLE IN
PROBLEM SOLVING
• The students to define the problem
clearly.
• To analyze the situation in parts.
• Must be alert and active to arouse
interest among students.
• Teacher should help the learner if
they are facing any difficulties.

17. CONTINUE
• Group the students and allow
each one to share in the task to
be performed .
• To build an outline on the board
• To use diagrams and graphs.

18. Problem solving places the focus on the student making sense of ideas
about problem.
Problem solving encourages students to believe in their ability to think
creative.
Helps to develop power of expression of the child.
Problem solving develops higher level thinking skills.
The students learn to accept different opinions of their classmates and
thus become tolerant.

19. DISADVANTAGES
Time constraints
Lack of team spirit
Lack of objective guidelines
Less physical activity
All topics and area can not be covered by this method

20. • Problem solving is a suitable
approach in teaching.
• It develops in the learners
the ability to recognize
• Analysis, solve and reflect
upon the problematics
difficulties. This approach
improve knowledge and
attitude. So use up all the
problem solving skills you’ve
got to simplify your life.