This document outlines a 6-step process for problem solving: 1) identifying the problem, 2) defining goals and representing the problem, 3) identifying possible solution strategies, 4) searching for possible solution strategies, 5) anticipating, acting, and looking back, and 6) factors hindering problem solving. It discusses defining clear goals, understanding the problem, using worked examples and embodied cognition to represent problems, employing strategies like algorithms and heuristics to search for solutions, choosing and testing solutions, and overcoming issues like functional fixedness that hinder the problem-solving process. The presenters aim to encourage students' problem-solving mindsets and inspire unconventional thinking to solve problems.

1. PROBLEM
SOLVING
Presented by :
o Aya khairat
o Fatima zahrae el merrache

2. TABLE OF CONTENTS :
Introduction
01
Defining goals and representing
the problem
03
Identifying : Problem finding
02
Searching for possible
solution strategies
04
05 06
Anticipating,acting,and
looking back
Factors hindering problem
solving

3. Introduction
01

4.  Definition :
● Problem-solving is a process of setting and reaching
subgoals on the path to a final solution. “ Schunk,
2016”
● Problem-solving, as defined by Mayer and Wittrock
(2006), involves formulating new answers, going
beyond the simple application of learned rules to
achieve a goal.

5. Identifying the problem
02

6. Identification of the problem :
 Clarity is a key  Focus on solutions

7. Defining goals and representing the
problem
03

8. To represent a problem and set a goal students have to:
1-Focus attention on what is relevant: Students must
find the relevant information and ignore the irrelevant
details.
2-understand the words: understand the meaning of the
words, sentences, and factual information in the
problem.
3-understand the whole problem: students have to
understand what the problem is really asking.

9. Worked examples :
• Cognitive Load Theory and effectiveness
• Characteristics of Effective Worked Examples
• Active Engagement with Examples
• Comparative Analysis in Learning
• Information Integration Strategies
• Alternating Between Examples and Problem-Solving
• Developing Problem-Solving Schema

10. Embodied cognition :
 Multisensory Learning Channels
 Embodied Cognition and Learning

11. Problem Representation Outcomes :
 Search for a solution
 Schema-driven problem solving

12. Searching for possible solution
strategies :
04

13.  Algorithms :
Algorithm is a step-by-step prescription for
achieving a goal.
Its successful application guarantees the right
outcome.

14.  Heuristics :
Means-ends-analysis: it involves breaking down your problem into
subgoals and then determining how to solve each subgoal.
Working backward strategy: you start with the goal and move backward
to solve the problem.
Analogical thinking: you limit the search for solutions to situations that
share similarities with the current problem.

15. Anticipating ,acting and
looking back
05

16. o In this stage, students choose the right solution and anticipate
the consequences .

17. Factors hindering problem solving
06

18.  Functional Fixedness : Inability to use objects or tools in a
new way .
 Response set : The tendancy to respond in the most familiar
way .

19. ● Representativeness heuristic
● Availability heuristic
● Belief preservance
● Confirmation bias
Issues with heuristics in problem solving :

20. CREDITS: This presentation template was
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and infographics & images by Freepik.
THANKS
Do you have any questions?

21. As future educators ,how do you plan to
encourage a problem-solving mindset in your
students and inspire them to think beyond
conventional solutions ?