First aid is immediate care for injured or ill persons until full medical treatment is available. It includes steps like controlling bleeding, treating for shock, and calling for help. Key principles of first aid response include assessing safety, checking consciousness, breathing, and circulation, and calling for emergency help if needed. Proper first aid management of common injuries and illnesses includes treating wounds, sprains, fractures, fever, headache, abdominal pain, and vomiting/diarrhea by addressing symptoms, elevating injuries, applying pressure or ice as needed, and seeking further care if the condition does not improve. First aiders should remove victims from danger, treat life threats first, and use appropriate carries or drags to transfer patients as required by their condition

2. FIRST AID
Is an immediate care given to a
person who has been injured or
suddenly taken ill. It includes self-help
and home care if medical assistance
is not available or delayed

3. 3. Gain access to the victim.
4. Determine any threats to patient’s life.
5. Summon advanced medical care as needed.
7. Assist advanced personnel.
8. Record all findings and care given to the patient.
6. Provide needed care for the patient.
Roles and Responsibilities of a First Aider
2. Ensure safety of him / herself and that of bystanders.
1.Bridge that fills the gap between the victim and the
physician.
 It is not intended to compete with nor take the place of
the services of the Physician.
 It ends when medical assistance begins.

4. oTo alleviate
suffering.
oTo prevent added
or further injury
of danger.
oTo prolong life.

5. Observant – should notice all signs
Resourceful – should make the best of
things at hand
Gentle – should not cause pain
Tactful – should not alarm the victim
Sympathetic – should be comforting
 Respectable– should maintain a
professional & caring attitude

6. Hindrances in Giving First Aid
1. Unfavorable surroundings.
2. Presence of crowds.
3. Pressure from victim or relatives.

7. Rubbing alcohol
Povidone Iodine
Cotton
Gauze pads
Tongue depressor
Penlight
Band aid
Plaster
Gloves
Scissors
Forceps
Bandage (Triangular)
Elastic roller bandage
Occlusive dressing

8. Any sterile cloth material used to cover the wound
Other uses of dressing:
 Controls bleeding.
 Protects the wound from infection.
 Absorbs liquid from the wound such as
blood plasma, water and pus.

9. BANDAGES
Any clean cloth materials, sterile or not used to hold the
dressing in place.
Other uses of bandages:
1. Control bleeding.
2. Tie splints in place.
3. Immobilize body part.
4. For arm support – use as a
sling.

10. I. GETTING STARTED
 Planning of action
 Gathering of needed materials
 Initial response as follows:
A – Ask for HELP
I – Intervene
D – Do no further HARM
 Instruction to Helper/s

11. EMERGENCY ACTION PRINCIPLES
 Survey the Scene
Elements
- Is the scene safe?
- What Happened?
- How many people are injured?
- Are there bystanders who can help?
- Identify yourself as a trained First Aider
- Get consent to give care

12. EMERGENCY ACTION PRINCIPLES
 Primary Survey
- CHECK for CONSCIOUSNESS
- CHECK AIRWAY
- CHECK for Signs of Life Coughing
Breathing
Movement

13. Information to be remembered in activating medical assistance
:
 What happened?
 Location?
 Number of persons injured?
 Extent of injury and First Aid given?
 The telephone number from where you are calling?
 Person who activated medical assistance must identify
him/herself and drop the phone fast.
EMERGENCY ACTION PRINCIPLES
• Activate Medical Assistance (AMA) or Transfer Facility

14.  Secondary Survey
1. Interview the victim
- Ask victim’s name
- Ask what happened
- Assess the SAMPLE History
EMERGENCY ACTION PRINCIPLES
Signs & symptoms
Allergies
Medications
Past medical history
Last oral intake
Events prior to the episode

15. EMERGENCY ACTION PRINCIPLES
 Secondary Survey
2. Check vital signs.
- Pulse Rate
- Respiratory Rate
- Temperature
- Blood Pressure
- Skin Appearance
- Pupil Reaction
3. Perform head-to-toe examination.

16. 1. Remove the patient from danger or remove
further danger from the patient; for
example, if a child falls into fire, he/she
must be immediately removed to safer
surroundings before any treatment can be
carried out.
2. Treat the most urgent condition first & in
order to precedence these conditions are:
a) Apparent cessation of breathing.
b) Severe hemorrhage.
c) Shock.

17. 3.Unconscious patients should be placed in
prone position or lying on their side, or if
this is not possible, lying in recumbent
position with the head turned to the side.

18. Is a rapid movement of patient
from unsafe place to a place of
safety
EMERGENCY RESCUE

19. EMERGENCY TRANSFER
Danger of fire
or explosion
Danger of toxic gasses or asphyxia
due to lack of oxygen
Serious traffic hazards Risk of drowning
Danger of electrocution Danger of collapsing walls

20. Methods of Rescue
1.For immediate rescue without any
assistance, drag or pull the victim.
2.Most of the one-man drags/carries
and other transfer methods can be used
as methods of rescue.
Is moving a patient from one place to
another after giving first aid.
TRANSFER

21. 1. Nature and severity of the injury.
2. Size of the victim.
3. Physical capabilities of the first aider.
4. Number of personnel and equipment
available.
5. Nature of evacuation route.
6. Distance to be covered.
7. Sex of the victim (Last Consideration).
Factors to be considered in the
selection of choosing the transfer
method:

22. ONE-MAN CARRIES / ASSISTS
Assist to Walk Carry in Arms
This only works with a
child or a very light
person.
Methods of Transfer

23. This technique is for
carrying a victim longer
distances. It is very
difficult to get the person
up to this position from the
ground. Getting the victim
into position requires a
very strong rescuer or an
assistant.
Fireman’s Carry
When injuries make
the firefighter carry
unsafe, this method is
better for longer
distances than the one-
person lift.
Pack-Strap Carry

24. Piggyback Carry Fireman’s Drag

25. Cloth Drag
The feet drag (ankle pull) is the
fastest method for moving a
victim a short distance over a
smoothsurface. This is not a
preferred method of patient
movement.
Feet Drag

26. This is the preferred method for dragging
a victim.
Blanket Drag
Inclined DragArmpit/ShoulderDrag

27. Chair CarryHand as a litter
2. Two-man assist/carries
This technique is for
carrying a victim
longer distances. This
technique can support
an unconscious victim
This is a good method
for carrying victims up
and down stairs or
through narrow or
uneven areas.

28. Assist to Walk/Human
Crutch/Two-Person
Drag
For the conscious victim, this
carry allows the victim to swing
their leg using the rescuers as a
pair of crutches.For the
unconscious victim, it is a
quickand easy way to move a
victim out of immediate
danger.
This technique is for
carrying conscious and
alert victims moderate
distances. The victim must
be able to stand
unsupported and hold
themselves upright during
transport.
Four-Hand Seat

29. THREE-MAN CARRIES
Three or more rescuers
get on both sides of
the victim. The
strongest member is on
the side with the
fewest rescuers.
Hammock Carry (for wide spaces)
Bearer’s Alongside (for
narrow alleys)

31. Wounds
Two Types of Wounds
First Aid Management
C - Cold Application
S - Splinting
1. Closed Wound

32. 2. Open Wound
Puncture Abrasion Laceration Avulsion
C - Control Bleeding
C - Cover the wound with dressing and
secure with a bandage.
C - Care for shock.
C - Consult or refer to physician.
First Aid Management

33. First Aid Visual Aids
Bones, Joints, and Muscle Injuries
1. Muscle cramp or spasm Is the sudden, painful tightening of a muscle
First Aid
1. Have the victim stretch out he affected muscle to
counteract the cramp.
2. Massage the cramped muscle firmly but gently.
3. Apply heat. Moist heat is more effective than dry heat.
4. Get medical help if cramps persist
2. Muscle strain or pulled muscle
Is the sudden, painful tearing of muscle fiber during exertion.
First Aid
1. Apply cold compresses at once.
2. Elevate the limb to reduce swelling and bleeding with in the muscle. Rest the pulled
muscle for 24 hours.
3. Get medical help.

34. 3. Sprain Is caused by torn fibers in a ligament.
First Aid
4. The victim’s physician may recommend an over the counter anti-inflammatory
medication (aspirin, ibuprofen) appropriates for the victim’s general health.
3. Elevate the affected joint with pillow or clothing.
2. Apply cold compresses at once.
1. Remove any clothing or jewelry from around the joint.

35. 1. Check the victim’s ABC.
2. Keep the victim still.
3. Prevent infection by covering
a sterile dressing before immobilizing.
4. Splint or sling the injury in the position,
which you found it.
5. Take steps to prevent shock.
6. Get medical help.
4. Dislocation and Broken Bones
Joint dislocation is the displacement of a bone from its
normal position at a joint. While
Broken bone is a break or disruption in bone tissue.

36. FEVER
Is a sustained body temperature above
the normal level of 37 C.
First Aid
 Make the patient comfortable in cool surroundings,
preferably in bed with a light cover. Allow her to rest.
Give the casualty plenty of cool, bland drinks to
replace lost fluids.
An adult may take two paracetamols tablets. Give a child the
recommended dose of paracetamol syrup (not aspirin).
 If you are worried about the casualty’s condition,
call a doctor.

37. Help the patient to sit or lie down comfortably in a quite place.
 An adult may take two paracetamol tablets or her own painkillers.
Give a child recommended dose of paracetamol syrup (not aspirin).
 If in doubt or if the pain does not ease within two hours, call a doctor.
HEADACHE
May accompany any illness, particularly a feverish ailment
such as flu, but it may be the most prominent symptom of a
serious condition, such as meningitis or stroke.
First Aid

38. ABDOMINAL PAIN
Is a pain in the abdomen often has a relatively trivial cause, but
can indicate serious disease, such as perforation or obstruction of
the intestine.
 Make the patient comfortable, and prop him/her up if breathing is
difficult. Giving her a container to use if vomiting.
 Do not give the patient any medicines or anything to eat or
drink.
 Give patient a covered hot-water bottle place against the
abdomen.
• If the pain is severe, or does not ease within 30 minutes, call a
doctor.
First Aid

39. VOMITING & DIARRHEA
Are most likely to be caused by food poisoning,
contaminated water, allergy, or unusual or exotic foods.
 Reassure the patient while he or she is being sick.
Afterwards, give the patient a warm damp cloth with which
to wash him- or herself.
Give the patient lots of bland fluids to sip slowly and
often. If the appetite returns, give him only bland,
starchy or sugar food for the first 24 hours.
 If you are worried about the patient’s condition,
particularly if it is persistent, call a doctor.
First Aid

40. No Questions!!!!

42. The Philippine National Red Cross
(2007). Participant’s
Workbook:Standard First Aid.
Philippine Copyright, 1999
CERT Los Angeles Lifts and Carries
(2001). [Accessed
online]http://www.certla.com/liftcarry
/Liftcarry.htm
References: