First aid is assistance given for illness or injury to preserve life until professional help arrives. Throughout history, first aid skills have been important for treating trauma from warfare. CPR is a crucial part of first aid training, using chest compressions and rescue breaths to keep oxygen flowing until emergency help can take over. There are proper techniques for bandaging wounds to immobilize and protect injuries without worsening damage. Blood pressure is the pressure of circulating blood against blood vessel walls, traditionally measured non-invasively using a mercury manometer for accuracy.

2. FIRST AID

3. First Aid
- is the assistance given to any person
suffering a sudden illness or injury, with care
provided to preserve life, prevent the
condition from worsening, or promote
recovery. It is generally performed by
layperson, with many people trained in
providing basic levels of first aid, and others
willing to do so from acquired knowledge.

4. Early History and Warfare
Skills of what is now known as first aid
have been recorded throughout history,
especially in relation to warfare, where the care
of both traumatic and medical cases is required
in particularly large numbers. There are
numerous references to first aid performed
within the Roman army, with a system of first
aid supported by surgeons, field ambulances,
and hospitals.

5. CPR
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

6. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ( CPR )
-is important part of any first aid course, and it
is something that everyone should know how to do.
CPR can provide the means to keep a person alive
long enough to receive professional medical
attention. CPR is performed with alternating chest
compressions with mouth-to-mouth breathing. This
process helps push oxygen into the lungs so that it
can go to the brain and keep
person alive.

7. Before giving CPR
1. Check the scene and the person. Make sure the
scene is safe, then tap the person on the shoulder
and shout “ are you ok?” to ensure that the person
needs help.
2. Call 991 for assistance. If it’s evident that the
person needs help, call 991, then send someone
to get an Ambulance.
3. Open the airway. With the person lying on his or
her back slightly to lift the chin.
4. Check for breathing. Listen carefully, for no more
than 10 seconds, for sounds of breathing. If there
is no breathing begin CPR.

8. Red Cross CPR Steps
1. CPush hard, push fast. Place your hands, one
on top of the other, in the middle of the chest.
Use your body weight to help you administer
compressions that are at least 2 inches deep
and delivered at a rate of at least 100
compressions per minute.
2. Deliver rescue breaths. With the person’s head
tilted back slightly and chin lifted, pinch the
nose shut and place your mouth over the
person’s mouth to make a complete seal. Blow
into the person’s mouth to make the chest rise.
Deliver two rescue breaths, then continue
compressions.

9. NOTE: if the chest does not rise with the initial
rescue breath, re-tilt the head before delivering
the second breath. If the chest doesn’t rise with
the second breath, the person may be choking.
After each subsequent set of 100 chest
compressions, and before attempting breaths,
look for an object and if seen, remove it
3.Continue CPR steps. Keep performing cycles of
chest compressions and breathing until the
person exhibits signs of life, such as breathing.

11. First Aid: Bandaging
It is important to do the proper
bandaging technique when using and
administering first aid on a wound or injury.
The main goal of placing a bandage on a
injury is for immobilization, protection, support
or compression. If the bandaging technique
isn’t done properly, it could exacerbate the
damage.

12. Two types of Bandaging
Technique
1.Triangular Bandage
Is one of the most standard
contents of a first aid kit. It has plenty
of uses, such as a sling to support an
injury to the upper body, padding for
major wounds and a bandage for
immobilization purposes. It is quite
easy to make and they are as
follows:

13. -Stretch the piece of fabric that will be
used. Use a long stretch to create more
triangular shape.
-First option is to put the bandage in
boiling water or to soak the bandage in
hydrogen peroxide or any other
disinfectant. Dry before using.

14. 2. Roller Bandage
Is a standard for many first aid kit and has many practical
uses. These include controlling bleeding, pressure
bandage and keeping the dressing in place. The following
are the steps to make a roller bandage:
-Allows the individual to stay in a position where they are
most comfortable enough to support the affected part
before applying the bandage.
-Hold the head end of the bandage while using the tail
end to wrap the affected part.
-Begin with a locking turn to hold the start of the bandage
in place. Ensure that each turn of bandage will cover two
thirds of the prior turn of bandage.
-Finish with a straight turn at the end of the bandage, use
an adhesive tape to secure the roller bandage in place.

15. How to Bandage a Wound
During First Aid

17. Blood Pressure

18. Blood Pressure
Is the pressure of circulating
blood on the walls of blood
vessels. When used without
further specification, "blood
pressure" usually refers to the
arterial pressure in the systemic
circulation.

19. Traditionally, blood pressure is measured non-invasively
using a mercury manometer because these gauges are
dependent upon only gravity, thus inherently more
accurate than alternative types of pressure gauges. In
research, the values obtained by an experienced
knowledgeable physician using a mercury manometer
and stethoscope listening for the Korotkoff sounds are
typically within 10 mmHg of the pressures measured via
higher sophistication internal measurements of central
aortic pressures at heart level. Other methods, which
have become more dominant (for cost, time, convenience
and concerns about potential mercury toxicity issues) are
inherently less accurate.