This document provides guidance on becoming an effective first aider. It discusses the importance of staying calm, building trust with casualties, protecting yourself from infection, and dealing with casualties in a respectful manner. The key steps identified are to remain calm, be aware of risks, build and maintain trust with casualties and bystanders, give early treatment to the most serious conditions first, call for appropriate help, and remember your own needs.
First aid is defined as any emergency care given to an injured or sick person prior to professional medical treatment. The purpose of first aid is to preserve life, stabilize the patient, prevent contamination, aid recovery, and safely transport the patient for further care. It is important for first aiders to understand they are not doctors and should only provide care to keep the patient alive until emergency help arrives. Proper first aid kits, universal precautions like gloves and masks, and understanding conditions like shock, bleeding, burns and more are essential for effectively responding to common injuries and emergencies until advanced medical care can take over.
This document provides information on various first aid procedures. It defines first aid as emergency medical care for injured or sick persons until full medical help arrives. As a first aider, one must act within their limits of ability, maintain privacy of casualties, control the first aid kit, and file incident reports. Priorities in emergencies include assessing safety, calling for help, and treating airway, breathing and circulation issues first. Specific treatments are outlined for conditions like abdominal pain, bleeding, broken bones, burns, choking, cuts, dizziness and eye injuries.
First aid is the immediate assistance given to any person suffering from either a sudden illness or an injury with the goal of preventing any further worsening of their condition until they can receive full medical care. It involves assessing the situation, providing appropriate care like stopping blood loss, treating for shock, immobilizing fractures, and making the individual comfortable while arranging for their transfer to the emergency room if needed. Key priorities include checking for breathing issues, blood loss, and treating shock before addressing less severe injuries or ailments. Proper first aid requires remaining calm, thinking clearly, and knowing how to handle common medical emergencies through basic techniques.
This document provides an overview of basic first aid training presented by Muhammad Hassam Ahmad from the SHEQ department. It covers key concepts like the chain of survival, initial victim assessment, bleeding control, shock, burns, choking, and more. The objectives are to understand what first aid is, how to survey a scene, assess victims for life threats like airway, breathing, and circulation issues, and provide initial care for common injuries before emergency responders arrive. Proper first aid training is important for safety.
This document provides a summary of basic first aid procedures. It outlines the qualities of a first aider, including being calm, confident, willing to help, and patient. It describes how to preserve life by controlling bleeding, treating shock, and performing CPR if needed. It also explains how to prevent a condition from worsening by dressing wounds, providing comfort, and positioning the casualty. Finally, it discusses promoting recovery by relieving anxiety, encouraging trust, and handling the casualty gently.
This document provides information on various first aid procedures. It begins by defining first aid as the initial care given to an injured or ill person. It then lists the contents of a typical first aid kit and outlines steps to take before providing first aid such as introducing yourself and getting consent. The document provides detailed procedures for treating cuts, bleeding, nosebleeds, head injuries, burns, fractures, sprains, bites, stings, snake bites, choking, fainting, dog bites, and heat-related issues.
This document provides an introduction to basic first aid, including how to treat minor injuries and medical emergencies. It explains that first aid aims to preserve life, prevent further injury, and promote recovery for a person in need of assistance. The document then gives guidance on treating specific first aid situations like nosebleeds, heart attacks, burns, and more. It also provides information on first aid training courses and resources in Singapore.
The document provides information on various topics related to first aid. It begins by defining first aid and outlining the initial responsibilities of a first aid provider, which include recognizing emergencies, ensuring safety, activating emergency services, and providing basic care. It also discusses legal considerations, personal safety, disease transmission precautions, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, foreign body obstruction, injuries, burns, seizures, and other emergency situations. The document aims to educate first aid providers on how to assess emergencies and appropriately respond to and treat various medical issues until further emergency help arrives.
First aid is defined as any emergency care given to an injured or sick person prior to professional medical treatment. The purpose of first aid is to preserve life, stabilize the patient, prevent contamination, aid recovery, and safely transport the patient for further care. It is important for first aiders to understand they are not doctors and should only provide care to keep the patient alive until emergency help arrives. Proper first aid kits, universal precautions like gloves and masks, and understanding conditions like shock, bleeding, burns and more are essential for effectively responding to common injuries and emergencies until advanced medical care can take over.
This document provides information on various first aid procedures. It defines first aid as emergency medical care for injured or sick persons until full medical help arrives. As a first aider, one must act within their limits of ability, maintain privacy of casualties, control the first aid kit, and file incident reports. Priorities in emergencies include assessing safety, calling for help, and treating airway, breathing and circulation issues first. Specific treatments are outlined for conditions like abdominal pain, bleeding, broken bones, burns, choking, cuts, dizziness and eye injuries.
First aid is the immediate assistance given to any person suffering from either a sudden illness or an injury with the goal of preventing any further worsening of their condition until they can receive full medical care. It involves assessing the situation, providing appropriate care like stopping blood loss, treating for shock, immobilizing fractures, and making the individual comfortable while arranging for their transfer to the emergency room if needed. Key priorities include checking for breathing issues, blood loss, and treating shock before addressing less severe injuries or ailments. Proper first aid requires remaining calm, thinking clearly, and knowing how to handle common medical emergencies through basic techniques.
This document provides an overview of basic first aid training presented by Muhammad Hassam Ahmad from the SHEQ department. It covers key concepts like the chain of survival, initial victim assessment, bleeding control, shock, burns, choking, and more. The objectives are to understand what first aid is, how to survey a scene, assess victims for life threats like airway, breathing, and circulation issues, and provide initial care for common injuries before emergency responders arrive. Proper first aid training is important for safety.
This document provides a summary of basic first aid procedures. It outlines the qualities of a first aider, including being calm, confident, willing to help, and patient. It describes how to preserve life by controlling bleeding, treating shock, and performing CPR if needed. It also explains how to prevent a condition from worsening by dressing wounds, providing comfort, and positioning the casualty. Finally, it discusses promoting recovery by relieving anxiety, encouraging trust, and handling the casualty gently.
This document provides information on various first aid procedures. It begins by defining first aid as the initial care given to an injured or ill person. It then lists the contents of a typical first aid kit and outlines steps to take before providing first aid such as introducing yourself and getting consent. The document provides detailed procedures for treating cuts, bleeding, nosebleeds, head injuries, burns, fractures, sprains, bites, stings, snake bites, choking, fainting, dog bites, and heat-related issues.
This document provides an introduction to basic first aid, including how to treat minor injuries and medical emergencies. It explains that first aid aims to preserve life, prevent further injury, and promote recovery for a person in need of assistance. The document then gives guidance on treating specific first aid situations like nosebleeds, heart attacks, burns, and more. It also provides information on first aid training courses and resources in Singapore.
The document provides information on various topics related to first aid. It begins by defining first aid and outlining the initial responsibilities of a first aid provider, which include recognizing emergencies, ensuring safety, activating emergency services, and providing basic care. It also discusses legal considerations, personal safety, disease transmission precautions, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, foreign body obstruction, injuries, burns, seizures, and other emergency situations. The document aims to educate first aid providers on how to assess emergencies and appropriately respond to and treat various medical issues until further emergency help arrives.
The document presents information on first aid awareness and techniques. It discusses the aims of first aid as preserving life, preventing worsening of conditions, and promoting recovery. Emergency situations that may require first aid include car accidents, bleeding wounds, burns, bites, heart attacks, and electrical shocks. Basic first aid responses include calling for help, bringing help to the victim, checking ABCs (airway, breathing, circulation), and avoiding further harm. Specific first aid techniques are described for bleeding control, electrical shock, lack of breathing, fainting, heart attack, and snake bites. The importance of first aid kits and training is emphasized.
The document provides information from a first aid training presentation. It defines first aid and its objectives to preserve life, prevent further injury, and promote recovery. It outlines procedures for assessing casualties including airway, breathing, circulation checks and primary and secondary surveys. First aiders are advised to control their reactions, act calmly and build trust. Personal safety and protective equipment are also emphasized. [END SUMMARY]
This document provides guidance on first aid for various injuries and medical emergencies. It discusses how to treat accidental trauma, burns/wounds, poisoning, electric shock, heart attacks, and animal bites. For each, it describes signs and symptoms and steps to take, such as calling for emergency help, monitoring breathing, preventing further harm, and promoting recovery. Procedures for performing CPR and treating shock are also outlined. The aim of first aid is to preserve life, prevent further harm, and promote recovery from illness or injury.
Basic first aid for beginners other than medical person who would like to know basics of first aid to help in their community in case of accidents and related cases
First aid is the immediate treatment given for any injury or sudden illness before emergency medical assistance arrives. The aims of first aid are to preserve life, prevent the condition from worsening, and promote recovery. Proper first aid procedures include handwashing to prevent infection, performing CPR to restore breathing and circulation, treating choking by administering back blows and abdominal thrusts, treating burns by cooling the area and covering it, treating wounds by cleaning and covering them, and treating snake bites by immobilizing the area and seeking immediate medical help without tying, cutting, sucking or applying ice to the bite area.
This document outlines the contents and purpose of a first aid kit for a basic first aid course held from May 27-29, 2011 at SMK Johor Jaya 1 in Johor Bahru, Malaysia. It lists supplies such as antiseptic cream, bandages, gloves, and other medical equipment needed to treat common injuries. Maintaining the kit is also discussed, including checking expiration dates, storage conditions, and replenishing used items. The document concludes with informing participants that there will be a question and answer session after the presentation.
This document provides an overview of first aid techniques for various common medical emergencies. It covers assessing consciousness, examining a casualty, treating wounds like cuts, abrasions and puncture wounds. It also outlines first aid protocols for bleeding, fractures, burns, performing CPR, treating shock, and assisting someone during an asthma attack. The key steps for conditions like bleeding and fractures involve not moving the casualty, splinting fractures, applying pressure to wounds and treating for shock. CPR involves tilting the head, pinching the nose, giving rescue breaths and chest compressions.
Basic first aid is the immediate care given to injured or ill people until medical assistance arrives. It aims to alleviate suffering, prevent further injury, and prolong life. The key principles of emergency action are to survey the scene, check for vital body functions like breathing and circulation, and activate medical assistance. Common conditions addressed include fainting, shock, wounds, bleeding, and choking. For fainting, the goals are to restore blood flow to the brain by elevating the legs. For shock, signs include pale skin and weak pulse; treatment involves lying down and keeping warm. For wounds, guidelines are to stop bleeding, clean the wound, apply antibiotic cream, cover it, and watch for infection.
The document provides information about basic first aid, including how to treat minor injuries and medical emergencies. It explains that first aid aims to preserve life, prevent further injury, and promote recovery. It also gives guidance on treating specific injuries and medical conditions like nosebleeds, burns, shock, seizures, and more. Key first aid principles discussed are REST for sprains, RICE treatment for injuries, and when to call emergency services.
This document provides information about first aid training. It discusses the importance of first aid and how prompt administration can mean the difference between life and death. The objectives of first aid are to prolong life, alleviate suffering, and ensure first aiders' responsibilities end when medical professionals take over. The document then goes on to describe first aid kits, treatments for various injuries like cuts, puncture wounds, shock, and burns. It provides steps for cleaning wounds, controlling bleeding, preventing infection, and positioning victims of shock.
1) First aid involves providing immediate care to an injured or ill person until emergency medical help arrives. It aims to preserve life, prevent worsening of conditions, and promote recovery.
2) When providing first aid, one should protect, examine, and alert in that order. Protect yourself and the victim, examine for severe bleeding, responsiveness, breathing, and circulation, then alert emergency services.
3) For an unconscious non-breathing victim, provide artificial ventilation through mouth-to-mouth or mouth-to-nose and external chest compressions at a rate of 100 per minute as part of CPR to keep blood circulating until emergency help arrives.
[kierownicy 8 - en] basic principles of providnig fristaidAktywBHP
This document outlines basic principles of first aid, including:
1. First aid involves immediate procedures performed on accident victims until professional medical care arrives.
2. Rescuers must ensure their own safety first before providing aid and should use protective equipment if exposure to blood is possible.
3. The key steps to providing first aid are: assessing the situation, calling for help, securing the area, administering CPR if needed, providing aid until professional help takes over.
This document provides instructions for first aid techniques including how to stop bleeding, treat fractures, care for burns, treat shock, and care for hypothermia. It details that to stop bleeding, apply direct pressure to the wound until it stops. To make a splint, immobilize the broken area with a rigid support like a piece of wood and bandages above and below the break. Minor burns should be cooled with water while major burns require immediate medical help. Shock can result from trauma, infection or other causes, with symptoms like pale skin and rapid pulse, and should be treated by lying down with feet raised and keeping the person warm. For hypothermia, signs are shivering and slurred speech, and treatment involves removing
This document provides an overview of first aid. It begins with a brief history, noting that the first recorded first aid was in the 11th century by religious knights. It then defines first aid as the immediate assistance given to a casualty before medical treatment. The principles and goals of first aid are described, including saving life, relieving pain, and preventing further injury. The document outlines the DR ABC approach to first aid assessment and treatment, covering danger, response, airway, breathing, and circulation. Specific treatments for bleeding, wounds, burns, fractures, and pain are explained. Finally, it discusses bandaging, transportation techniques, and calling for emergency help.
The key aims of first aid are to preserve life, prevent further harm, and promote recovery. First aid involves assessing safety, prioritizing care, checking for medical tags, examining the person head to toe, and only moving them if necessary. Conditions that may require first aid include bone fractures, burns, choking, heart attacks, poisoning, wounds, and more. Specific types of first aid training include aquatic, battlefield, hyperbaric, oxygen, wilderness, and mental health first aid.
The document provides information on first aid, including definitions of first aid, its objectives and essentials, legal concerns, characteristics of good first aiders, roles and responsibilities, prevention of disease transmission, first aid equipment, principles of first aid including prioritizing safety and treatment, and factors that influence whether a situation is recognized as an emergency. It aims to educate on the basics of first aid to properly assess and treat medical emergencies until professional help arrives.
The document presents information on first aid awareness and techniques. It discusses the aims of first aid as preserving life, preventing worsening of conditions, and promoting recovery. Emergency situations that may require first aid include car accidents, bleeding wounds, burns, bites, heart attacks, and electrical shocks. Basic first aid responses include calling for help, bringing help to the victim, checking ABCs (airway, breathing, circulation), and avoiding further harm. Specific first aid techniques are described for bleeding control, electrical shock, lack of breathing, fainting, heart attack, and snake bites. The importance of first aid kits and training is emphasized.
The document provides information from a first aid training presentation. It defines first aid and its objectives to preserve life, prevent further injury, and promote recovery. It outlines procedures for assessing casualties including airway, breathing, circulation checks and primary and secondary surveys. First aiders are advised to control their reactions, act calmly and build trust. Personal safety and protective equipment are also emphasized. [END SUMMARY]
This document provides guidance on first aid for various injuries and medical emergencies. It discusses how to treat accidental trauma, burns/wounds, poisoning, electric shock, heart attacks, and animal bites. For each, it describes signs and symptoms and steps to take, such as calling for emergency help, monitoring breathing, preventing further harm, and promoting recovery. Procedures for performing CPR and treating shock are also outlined. The aim of first aid is to preserve life, prevent further harm, and promote recovery from illness or injury.
Basic first aid for beginners other than medical person who would like to know basics of first aid to help in their community in case of accidents and related cases
First aid is the immediate treatment given for any injury or sudden illness before emergency medical assistance arrives. The aims of first aid are to preserve life, prevent the condition from worsening, and promote recovery. Proper first aid procedures include handwashing to prevent infection, performing CPR to restore breathing and circulation, treating choking by administering back blows and abdominal thrusts, treating burns by cooling the area and covering it, treating wounds by cleaning and covering them, and treating snake bites by immobilizing the area and seeking immediate medical help without tying, cutting, sucking or applying ice to the bite area.
This document outlines the contents and purpose of a first aid kit for a basic first aid course held from May 27-29, 2011 at SMK Johor Jaya 1 in Johor Bahru, Malaysia. It lists supplies such as antiseptic cream, bandages, gloves, and other medical equipment needed to treat common injuries. Maintaining the kit is also discussed, including checking expiration dates, storage conditions, and replenishing used items. The document concludes with informing participants that there will be a question and answer session after the presentation.
This document provides an overview of first aid techniques for various common medical emergencies. It covers assessing consciousness, examining a casualty, treating wounds like cuts, abrasions and puncture wounds. It also outlines first aid protocols for bleeding, fractures, burns, performing CPR, treating shock, and assisting someone during an asthma attack. The key steps for conditions like bleeding and fractures involve not moving the casualty, splinting fractures, applying pressure to wounds and treating for shock. CPR involves tilting the head, pinching the nose, giving rescue breaths and chest compressions.
Basic first aid is the immediate care given to injured or ill people until medical assistance arrives. It aims to alleviate suffering, prevent further injury, and prolong life. The key principles of emergency action are to survey the scene, check for vital body functions like breathing and circulation, and activate medical assistance. Common conditions addressed include fainting, shock, wounds, bleeding, and choking. For fainting, the goals are to restore blood flow to the brain by elevating the legs. For shock, signs include pale skin and weak pulse; treatment involves lying down and keeping warm. For wounds, guidelines are to stop bleeding, clean the wound, apply antibiotic cream, cover it, and watch for infection.
The document provides information about basic first aid, including how to treat minor injuries and medical emergencies. It explains that first aid aims to preserve life, prevent further injury, and promote recovery. It also gives guidance on treating specific injuries and medical conditions like nosebleeds, burns, shock, seizures, and more. Key first aid principles discussed are REST for sprains, RICE treatment for injuries, and when to call emergency services.
This document provides information about first aid training. It discusses the importance of first aid and how prompt administration can mean the difference between life and death. The objectives of first aid are to prolong life, alleviate suffering, and ensure first aiders' responsibilities end when medical professionals take over. The document then goes on to describe first aid kits, treatments for various injuries like cuts, puncture wounds, shock, and burns. It provides steps for cleaning wounds, controlling bleeding, preventing infection, and positioning victims of shock.
1) First aid involves providing immediate care to an injured or ill person until emergency medical help arrives. It aims to preserve life, prevent worsening of conditions, and promote recovery.
2) When providing first aid, one should protect, examine, and alert in that order. Protect yourself and the victim, examine for severe bleeding, responsiveness, breathing, and circulation, then alert emergency services.
3) For an unconscious non-breathing victim, provide artificial ventilation through mouth-to-mouth or mouth-to-nose and external chest compressions at a rate of 100 per minute as part of CPR to keep blood circulating until emergency help arrives.
[kierownicy 8 - en] basic principles of providnig fristaidAktywBHP
This document outlines basic principles of first aid, including:
1. First aid involves immediate procedures performed on accident victims until professional medical care arrives.
2. Rescuers must ensure their own safety first before providing aid and should use protective equipment if exposure to blood is possible.
3. The key steps to providing first aid are: assessing the situation, calling for help, securing the area, administering CPR if needed, providing aid until professional help takes over.
This document provides instructions for first aid techniques including how to stop bleeding, treat fractures, care for burns, treat shock, and care for hypothermia. It details that to stop bleeding, apply direct pressure to the wound until it stops. To make a splint, immobilize the broken area with a rigid support like a piece of wood and bandages above and below the break. Minor burns should be cooled with water while major burns require immediate medical help. Shock can result from trauma, infection or other causes, with symptoms like pale skin and rapid pulse, and should be treated by lying down with feet raised and keeping the person warm. For hypothermia, signs are shivering and slurred speech, and treatment involves removing
This document provides an overview of first aid. It begins with a brief history, noting that the first recorded first aid was in the 11th century by religious knights. It then defines first aid as the immediate assistance given to a casualty before medical treatment. The principles and goals of first aid are described, including saving life, relieving pain, and preventing further injury. The document outlines the DR ABC approach to first aid assessment and treatment, covering danger, response, airway, breathing, and circulation. Specific treatments for bleeding, wounds, burns, fractures, and pain are explained. Finally, it discusses bandaging, transportation techniques, and calling for emergency help.
The key aims of first aid are to preserve life, prevent further harm, and promote recovery. First aid involves assessing safety, prioritizing care, checking for medical tags, examining the person head to toe, and only moving them if necessary. Conditions that may require first aid include bone fractures, burns, choking, heart attacks, poisoning, wounds, and more. Specific types of first aid training include aquatic, battlefield, hyperbaric, oxygen, wilderness, and mental health first aid.
The document provides information on first aid, including definitions of first aid, its objectives and essentials, legal concerns, characteristics of good first aiders, roles and responsibilities, prevention of disease transmission, first aid equipment, principles of first aid including prioritizing safety and treatment, and factors that influence whether a situation is recognized as an emergency. It aims to educate on the basics of first aid to properly assess and treat medical emergencies until professional help arrives.
This document provides information on general first aid. It defines first aid as immediate care given to an injured person until medical assistance arrives. The objectives of first aid are to alleviate suffering, prevent further injury, and prolong life. The document outlines guidelines for giving emergency care, including assessing the scene and victim for safety, requesting help, intervening with first aid as needed, and avoiding further harm. It describes priorities like opening the airway, restoring breathing and circulation.
First aid is emergency assistance given until professional medical help arrives. It involves assessing the situation, preventing further harm, and attempting to save the person's life. The basic first aid steps (DRABCD) are: check for danger, check for response, open the airway, check for breathing, and if not breathing begin CPR with chest compressions and breaths until help arrives. Taking risks requires considering possible consequences to yourself and others, and risks can have both positive and negative influences from factors like your self-concept, gender, family, previous experiences, media, peers, culture and laws.
Use of First Aid Kit for emergency critical situation.pptxDr. Gourav Kumar
I hope that the content of my ppt will be very good for all of you in which ppt subject is sterilization techniques in which we have described how to treat emergency patient with the help of first aid kit
The document provides information on first aid and basic life support. It begins with defining first aid as the initial care given to someone who is injured or ill until full medical treatment is available. The three main aims of first aid are to preserve life, prevent worsening of conditions, and promote recovery. It then covers patient assessment using DR ABCDE, which stands for Danger, Response, Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability, and Exposure. The document explains how to provide CPR and place someone in the recovery position. It emphasizes the importance of calling emergency services as soon as possible when treating someone.
Fear and Anxiety management | difference between fear and anxiety NEHA MALIK
This document discusses the differences between fear and anxiety, characteristics of each, and provides recommendations for managing fear and anxiety related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Fear is a reaction to a specific, observable threat while anxiety follows from an unknown or poorly defined threat. Management strategies include keeping informed from trusted sources, maintaining routines, minimizing distressing news, social support, limiting alcohol/drugs, hobbies, meditation, exercise and deep breathing. Precautions for healthcare workers caring for COVID-19 patients like proper use of PPE and cleaning uniforms are also outlined.
1) First aid is initial assistance or treatment provided to a person who is injured or suddenly ill before full medical treatment can be accessed.
2) In emergency situations, it is important to make the area safe, evaluate the person's condition, seek help from emergency services, and provide first aid.
3) When providing first aid, one must obtain consent when possible, maintain privacy and confidentiality, and be reasonably careful to avoid negligence. It is important to reassure and keep the person as comfortable as possible.
This document provides guidance on managing emergency situations and providing first aid at accident scenes. It outlines how to safely assess the situation, make the area secure, and treat any casualties. The primary steps are to quickly evaluate safety hazards, summon help if needed, and prioritize treating life-threatening injuries like airway obstructions or severe bleeding. Specific protocols are described for traffic accidents, which often require setting up road signs, stabilizing vehicles, and supporting casualties' heads and necks due to risk of spinal injury. First aiders are advised to get as much information as possible and then assist responding emergency services by following their instructions.
principles of first aid and emergency nursing.pptxNameNoordahsh
This document provides an outline and overview of basic first aid and emergency nursing skills. It discusses who can provide first aid, the responsibilities of a first aider including assessing safety and the situation, preventing infection, comforting the casualty, and arranging help if needed. It also covers principles of first aid, managing airway obstructions, performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), and potential complications of CPR.
This document provides an overview of first aid, including definitions, objectives, roles of first aiders, legal aspects, and procedures for common injuries and emergencies. It defines first aid as immediate care for illness or injury until full treatment is available. The objectives of first aid are to preserve life, prevent worsening of conditions, and promote recovery. Common injuries and emergencies discussed include respiratory arrest, foreign body airway obstruction, cardiac arrest, severe bleeding, poisoning, and shock. Treatment procedures are provided for each condition.
Ehs3. aim, principles and rules of first aidRajive Kohli
The document outlines the key principles and procedures of first aid. It discusses that first aid involves immediately assisting or treating someone before medical help arrives using available resources to preserve life, prevent worsening of conditions, and promote recovery. The key aims of first aid are to preserve life, prevent injuries from worsening, and promote recovery. It also describes the DRABC action plan that first aiders should follow to assess dangers, check response, open airways, check breathing, and check circulation of a casualty. Protecting oneself from infection as a first aider is also emphasized.
This document provides an introduction to first aid and accident prevention. It defines first aid as immediate care given to an injured or ill person until they can receive professional medical treatment. The values of first aid training are discussed, including helping others during disasters. General directions for providing first aid include assessing the situation, identifying the problem, giving treatment, and arranging transportation to further care. Respiratory emergencies and artificial respiration are also introduced, along with identifying causes of respiratory failure.
Sec1.fa1 -Principles & Practice of First AidMeldrickSJAB
This document provides information on first aid, including what it is, the aims of first aid, and the responsibilities of a first aider. It discusses that first aid involves immediately assisting an injured or ill person before emergency help arrives. The goals are to preserve life, prevent worsening of conditions, and promote recovery. A first aider is highly trained, examined, and keeps their knowledge and skills up to date. Their responsibilities include assessing situations, protecting casualties, identifying injuries, providing early treatment, and arranging for further medical care.
Module 1 Guidelines In Giving Emergency CareJack Frost
This document provides guidelines for emergency care, including establishing an emergency plan, gathering needed materials, and following four emergency action principles: survey the scene, activate medical assistance, do a primary survey of the victim, and do a secondary survey. It describes the elements of surveying the scene and calling for assistance. The primary survey involves checking consciousness, breathing, airway, and circulation. The secondary survey includes interviewing the victim, checking vital signs, and doing a head-to-toe examination. The document also lists golden rules for providing emergency care, such as obtaining consent when possible and caring for the most serious injuries first.
First Aid is the immediate care given to an injured or sick person until medical help arrives. It aims to sustain life, prevent suffering, complications, and promote recovery. Everyone should learn basic first aid skills to be prepared in an emergency situation. When responding to an emergency, one should assess the situation, identify any injuries, and give early treatment according to priority by opening the airway, checking breathing and circulation.
This document provides information about a first aid training course. The objectives of the course are to define first aid, effectively manage medical emergencies, identify and prioritize injuries, and provide psychological first aid. Topics covered include introduction to first aid, incident management, various medical emergencies, trauma, and psychological first aid. The document outlines the importance of first aid skills and provides guidance on casualty assessment, CPR, and recovery position.
The document provides information on basic first aid training presented to students at Binus Square. It discusses why learning first aid is important, defines basic first aid, and reviews the aims of first aid. Specific first aid treatments are covered for conditions like unconsciousness, nosebleeds, heart attacks, burns, choking, and bleeding. The contents of a first aid kit and basic action plans for assessment and treatment are also reviewed. The training concludes with a session on cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) techniques for adults, children, and infants.
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2. First aid is the initial assistance or treatment given to
a person who is injured or suddenly becomes ill.
The person who provides this help may be a first
aider, a first responder, a policeman or fireman, or a
paramedic or EMT.
2
3. This chapter prepares you for being a first aider,
psychologically and emotionally, as well as giving
practical advice on what you should and should not
do in an emergency situation.
The information given throughout this book will help
you give effective first aid to any casualty in any
situation.
3
4. However, to become a fully competent first aider, you
should complete a recognized first aid course and
receive certification.
This will also strengthen your skills and increase
your confidence.
4
5. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
■ To understand your own abilities and limitations.
■ To stay safe and calm at all times.
■ To assess a situation quickly and calmly and summon
the appropriate help if necessary.
■ To assist the casualty and provide the necessary
treatment, with the help of others if possible.
■ To pass on relevant information to the emergency
services, or to the person who takes responsibility for the
casualty.
■ To be aware of your own needs.
5
7. WHAT IS A FIRST AIDER?
First aid refers to the actions taken in response to
someone who is injured or has suddenly become ill.
A first aider is a person who takes action while taking
care to keep everyone involved safe and to cause no
further harm while doing so.
Follow the actions that most benefit the casualty,
taking into account your own skills, knowledge, and
experience, using the guidelines set out in this book.
7
8. This chapter prepares you for the role of first aider by
providing guidance on responding to a first aid
situation and assessing the priorities for the casualty.
There is advice on the psychological aspect of giving
first aid and practical guidance on how to protect
yourself and the casualty.
8
9. One of the primary rules of first aid is to ensure that
an area is safe for you before you approach a
casualty.
Do not attempt heroic rescues in hazardous
circumstances.
If you put yourself at risk, you are unlikely to be able
to help casualties and could become one yourself
and cause harm to others.
If it is not safe, do not approach the casualty, but call
911 for emergency help.
9
10. FIRST AID PRIORITIES
■ Assess a situation quickly and calmly.
■ Protect yourself and any casualties from danger—
never put yourself at risk.
■ Prevent cross-contamination between yourself and
the casualty as best as possible.
■ Comfort and reassure casualties.
■ Assess the casualty: identify, as best as you can,
the injury or nature of illness affecting a casualty
10
11. ■ Give early treatment, and treat the casualties with
the most serious (life-threatening) conditions first.
■ Arrange for appropriate help: call 911 for
emergency help if you suspect serious injury or
illness; take or send the casualty to the hospital;
transfer him into the care of a healthcare
professional, or to a higher level of medical care. Stay
with a casualty until care is available.
11
12. Assessing an incident
When you come across an
incident stay calm and
support the casualty.
Ask him what has
happened.
Try not to move the
casualty; if possible, treat
him in the position you find
him.
12
13. HOW TO PREPARE YOURSELF
When responding to an emergency you should
recognize the emotional and physical needs of all
involved, including your own.
You should look after your own psychological health
and be able to recognize stress if it develops
13
14. A calm, considerate response from you that
engenders trust and respect from those around you
is fundamental to your being able to give or receive
information from a casualty or witnesses effectively.
This includes being aware of, and managing, your
reactions, so that you can focus on the casualty and
make an assessment.
14
15. By talking to a casualty in a kind, considerate, gentle
but firm manner, you will inspire confidence in your
actions and this will generate trust between you and
the casualty.
Without this confidence he may not tell you about an
important event, injury, or symptom, and may remain
in a highly distressed state.
15
16. The actions described in this chapter aim to help you
facilitate this trust, minimize distress, and provide
support to promote the casualty’s ability to cope and
recover.
16
17. The key steps to being an effective first
aider are:
■ Be calm in your approach
■ Be aware of risks (to yourself and others)
■ Build and maintain trust (from the casualty and the
bystanders)
■ Give early treatment, treating the most serious
(life-threatening) conditions first
■ Call appropriate help
■ Remember your own needs
17
18. BE CALM
It is important to be calm in your approach to
providing first aid.
Consider what situations might challenge you, and
how you would deal with them.
In order to convey confidence to others and
encourage them to trust you, you need to control
your own emotions and reactions.
18
19. People often fear the unknown.
Becoming more familiar with first aid priorities and
the key techniques in this book can help you feel
more comfortable.
By identifying your fears in advance, you can take
steps to overcome them.
19
20. Learn as much as you can, for example, by enrolling
in a first aid course, asking others how they dealt
with similar situations, or talking your fears through
with a person you trust.
20
21. STAY IN CONTROL
In an emergency situation, the body responds by
releasing hormones that may cause a “fight, flight, or
freeze” response.
When this happens, your heart beats faster, your
breathing quickens, and you may sweat more.
You may also feel more alert, want to run away or
feel frozen to the spot.
21
22. If you feel overwhelmed and slightly panicky, you
may feel pressured to do something before you are
clear about what is needed.
Pause and take a few slow breaths.
Consider who else might help you feel calmer, and
remind yourself of the first aid priorities (opposite).
If you still feel overwhelmed, take another breath and
tell yourself to be calmer.
When you are calm, you will be better able to think
more clearly and plan your response.
22
23. The thoughts you have are linked to the way you
behave and the way you feel.
If you think that you cannot cope, you will have more
trouble determining what to do and will feel more
anxious: more ready to fight, flee, or freeze.
If you know how to calm yourself, you will be better
able to deal with anxiety and help the casualty.
23
24. PROTECTION FROM INFECTION
When you give first aid, it is important to protect
yourself (and the casualty) from infection as well as
injury.
Take steps to avoid cross-contamination—
transmitting germs or infection to a casualty or
contracting infection from a casualty.
Remember, infection is a risk even with relatively
minor injuries.
24
25. It is a particular concern if you are treating a wound,
because blood-borne viruses, such as hepatitis B or
C and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), may be
transmitted by contact with blood.
In practice, the risk is low and should not deter you
from carrying out first aid.
The risk increases if an infected person’s blood
makes contact with yours through a cut or scrape.
25
26. Usually, taking measures such as washing your
hands and wearing disposable gloves will provide
sufficient protection for you and the casualty.
There is no known evidence of these blood-borne
viruses being transmitted during resuscitation.
If a face shield or pocket mask is available, it should
be used when you give rescue breaths.
26
27. WHEN TO SEEK MEDICAL ADVICE
Take care not to prick yourself with any needle found
on or near a casualty, or cut yourself on glass.
If you accidentally prick or cut your skin, or splash
your eye, wash the area thoroughly and seek
medical help immediately.
27
28. If you are providing first aid on a regular basis, it is
advisable to seek guidance on additional personal
protection, such as immunization.
If you think you have been exposed to an infection
while giving first aid, seek medical advice as soon as
possible.
28
29. CAUTION
To help protect yourself from infection you can carry
protective equipment such as:
■ Pocket mask or face shield
■ Latex-free disposable gloves
■ Alcohol gel to clean your hands
29
30. MINIMIZING THE RISK OF
CROSS CONTAMINATION
■ Do wash your hands and wear latex-free
disposable gloves (in case you or the casualty are
allergic to latex).
If gloves are not available, ask the casualty to dress
his or her own wound, or enclose your hands in
clean plastic bags.
■ Do cover cuts and scrapes on your hands with
waterproof dressings.
30
31. ■ Do wear a plastic apron if dealing with large quantities
of body fluids, and wear glasses or goggles to protect
your eyes.
■ Do dispose of all waste safely.
■ Do not touch a wound or any part of a dressing that will
come into contact with a wound with your bare hands.
■ Do not breathe, cough, or sneeze over a wound while
you are treating a casualty.
31
33. THOROUGH HAND-WASHING
If you can, wash your hands before you touch a
casualty, but if this is not possible, wash them as soon
as possible afterward.
For a thorough wash, pay attention to all parts of the
hands— palms, wrists, fingers and thumbs, and
fingernails.
Use soap and water if available, or rub your hands with
alcohol gel.
33
37. USING PROTECTIVE GLOVES
In addition to hand washing, gloves give added
protection against infection in a first aid situation.
If possible, carry protective, disposable, latex-free
gloves with you at all times.
Wear them whenever there is a likelihood of contact
with blood or other body fluids.
If in doubt, wear them anyway.
37
38. Disposable gloves should be used to treat only one casualty.
Put them on just before you approach a casualty and remove
them as soon as the treatment is completed and before you
do anything else.
When taking off the gloves, hold the top edge of one glove
with your other gloved hand and peel it off so that it is inside
out.
Repeat with the other hand without touching the outside of
the gloves.
Dispose of them in a biohazard bag (below).
38
40. DEALING WITH WASTE
Once you have treated a casualty, all soiled material must
be disposed of carefully to prevent the spread of
infection.
Place items such as dressings or gloves in a plastic
bag—ideally a biohazard bag—and give it to the
emergency services.
Seal the bag tightly and label it to show that it contains
clinical waste.
40
41. Put sharp objects, including needles, in a plastic
container known as a sharps container, which is
usually red.
If no sharps container is available, put used needles
in a jar with a screw top and give it to the EMT for
disposal.
41
43. DEALING WITH A CASUALTY
Casualties are often frightened because of what is
happening to them, and what may happen next.
Your role is to stay calm and take charge of the situation—
but be ready to stand back if there is someone better
qualified.
If there is more than one casualty, use the primary survey
to identify the most seriously injured casualties and treat in
the order of priority.
43
44. BUILDING TRUST
Establish trust with your casualty by introducing yourself.
Find out what the person likes to be called, and use his
name when you talk to him.
Crouch or kneel down so that you are at the same
height as the casualty.
Explain what is happening and why.
44
45. You will inspire trust if you say what you are doing before
you do it.
Treat the casualty with dignity and respect at all times.
If possible, give him choices, for example, whether he would
prefer to sit or lie down and/or who he would like to have
with him.
Also, if possible, gain his consent before you treat him by
asking if he agrees with whatever you are going to do.
45
46. Reassure the casualty
When treating a casualty,
remain calm and do not do
anything without
explanation.
Try to answer any
questions he may have
honestly.
46
47. DIVERSITY AND COMMUNICATION
Consider the age and appearance of your casualty when you talk
to him, since different people need different responses.
Respect people’s wishes; accept that someone might want to be
treated in a particular way.
Communication can be difficult if a person speaks a different
language or cannot hear you.
47
48. Use simple language or signs or write questions
down.
Ask if anyone speaks the same language as the
casualty or knows the person or saw the incident and
can describe what happened.
48
49. SPECIAL CASE TREATING CHILDREN
You will need to use simpler, shorter words when talking
to children.
If possible, make sure a child’s parents or caregivers
are with him, and keep them involved at all times.
It is important to establish the caregiver’s trust as well
as the child’s.
49
50. Talk first to the parent/caregiver and get his or her
permission to continue to treat the child.
Once the parent/ caregiver trusts you, the child will
also feel more confident.
50
53. LISTEN CAREFULLY
Use your eyes and ears to be aware of how a casualty
responds.
Listen by showing verbal and nonverbal listening skills.
■ Make eye contact, but look away now and then so as
not to stare.
■ Use a calm, confident voice that is loud enough to be
heard but do not shout.
53
54. ■ Do not speak too quickly.
■ Keep instructions simple: use short sentences and
simple words.
■ Use affirming nods and “mmms” to show you are
listening when the casualty speaks.
■ Check that the casualty understands what you
mean—ask to make sure.
54
55. ■ Use simple hand gestures and movements.
■ Do not interrupt the casualty.
but always acknowledge what you are told; for
example, summarize what a casualty has told you to
show that you understand.
55
56. WHEN A CASUALTY RESISTS HELP
If someone is ill or injured he may be upset, confused,
tearful, angry, and/or anxious to get away.
Be sensitive to a casualty’s feelings; let him know that
his reactions are understandable.
Also accept that you may not be able to help, or might
even be seen as a threat.
56
57. Stay at a safe distance until you have gained the
person’s consent to move closer, so that he does not feel
crowded.
Do not argue or disagree.
A casualty may refuse help, for example because he is
suffering from a head injury or hypothermia.
57
58. A casualty has the right to refuse help, even if it causes
further harm.
Tell the dispatcher that you have offered first aid and
have been refused.
If you are worried that a person’s condition is
deteriorating, observe from a distance until help
arrives.
58
59. TREATING THE CASUALTY
When treating a casualty, always relate to him calmly and
thoughtfully to maintain trust.
Think about how he might be feeling.
Check that you have understood what the casualty said and
consider the impact of your actions.
for example, is the casualty becoming more (or less) upset,
angry, and tense?
A change in emotional state can indicate that a condition is
worsening.
59
60. Be prepared to change your manner, depending on what
a person feels comfortable with.
for example, ask fewer questions or talk about something
else.
Keep a casualty updated and give him options rather than
telling him what to do.
60
61. Ask the casualty about his next-of kin or friends who
can help, and help him make contact with them.
Ask if you can help make arrangements so that any
responsibilities the casualty may have can be taken
care of.
Stay with the casualty.
61
62. Do not leave someone who may be dying, seriously
ill, or badly injured alone except to go to call for
emergency help.
Talk to the casualty while touching his shoulder or
arm, or holding a hand.
Never allow a casualty to feel alone.
62
63. ENLISTING HELP FROM OTHERS
In an emergency situation you may be faced with several
tasks at once:
to maintain safety, to call for help, and to start giving first
aid.
Some of the people at the scene may be able to help you
do the following:
■ Make the area safe; for example, control traffic and
keep onlookers away.
■ Call 911 for emergency help
63
64. ■ Obtain first aid equipment, for example an AED
(automated external defibrillator).
■ Control bleeding with direct pressure, or support an
injured limb.
■ Help maintain the casualty’s privacy by holding a
blanket around the scene and encouraging onlookers to
move away.
64
65. ■ Transport the casualty to a safe place if his life is in
immediate danger, only if it is safer to move him than to
leave him where he is, and you have the necessary help
and equipment.
The reactions of bystanders may cause you concern or
anger.
They may have had no first aid training and feel helpless
or frightened themselves.
65
66. If they have seen or been involved in the incident, they too
may be injured and distressed.
Bear this in mind if you need to ask a bystander to help
you.
Talk to people in a firm but gentle manner.
By staying calm yourself, you will gain their trust and help
them remain calm too.
66
67. CARE OF PERSONAL BELONGINGS
Make sure the casualty’s belongings are with him at all
times.
If you have to search belongings for identification or clues to
a person’s condition (medication, for example), do so in front
of a reliable witness.
If possible, ask the casualty’s permission before you do this.
Afterward, ensure that all of the clothing and personal
belongings and medication accompany the casualty to the
hospital or are handed over to the police.
67
68. KEEPING NOTES
As you gather information about a casualty, write it down
so that you can refer to it later.
A written record of the timing of events is particularly
valuable to medical personnel.
Note, for example, the length of a period of
unconsciousness, the duration of a seizure, the time of any
changes in the casualty’s condition, and the time of any
intervention or treatment.
68
69. Hand your notes to the emergency services when they
arrive, or give them to the casualty.
Useful information to provide includes:
■ Casualty’s details, including his name, age and contact
details
■ History of the incident or illness
■ Brief description of any injuries
■ Unusual behavior, or a change in behavior
■ Treatment—where given and when
69
70. ■ Vital signs—level of response, breathing rate, and
pulse, if the first aider is trained
■ Medical history
■ Medication the casualty has taken, with details of the
amounts taken and when
■ Next-of-kin contact details
■ Y our contact details as well as the date, time, and
place of your involvement.
70
71. Remember that any information you gather is confidential.
Never share it with anyone not involved in the casualty’s
care without his agreement.
Let the casualty know why you are recording information
and who you will give it to.
When you are asking for such information, be sensitive to
who is around and of the casualty’s privacy and dignity.
71
72. REQUESTING HELP
Further help is available from a range of sources.
If help is needed, you must decide both on the type of
help and how to access it.
First, carry out a primary survey to ascertain the severity
of the casualty’s condition.
If it is not serious, explain the options and allow him to
choose where to go.
72
73. If a casualty’s condition is serious, seek emergency help.
Throughout the book there are guidelines for choosing the
appropriate level of help.
■ Call 911 for emergency help if the casualty needs urgent
medical attention.
■ Take or send the casualty to a hospital.
■ Seek medical advice.
Calling for help When calling for help in an emergency, stay
calm.
Be clear and concise and give as much detail as possible.
73
74. CALLING FOR HELP
You can call for help from:
■ Emergency services, including police, fire and ambulance
services, by calling 911
■ Utilities, including gas, electricity or water—the phone
number will be in the telephone directory
■ Health services, including doctor, dentist, and hospital—this
varies in different areas.
The phone numbers will be in the telephone directory
74
75. Calls to the emergency services are free from any
phone, including cell phones.
On some roadways, emergency phones have been
placed at regular intervals to enable people to call for
help.
To summon help using these telephones, pick up the
receiver and your call will be answered.
75
76. However, the density of these phones can vary widely by
state and area.
You may do better with a cell phone than these highway
phones.
Keep time away from the casualty to a minimum.
Ideally, tell someone else to make the call for you while you
stay with the casualty.
Ask the person to confirm that the call has been made and
that help is on the way.
If you have to leave a casualty to call for help, first take any
necessary vital action (primary survey
76
77. MAKING THE CALL
When you dial 911, you will be asked which service
you require.
If there are casualties, ask for the ambulance service
(EMS);
the dispatcher will alert other services if they are
required.
77
79. TALKING TO THE EMERGENCY SERVICES
State your name clearly and say that you are acting in your
capacity as a first aider.
It is essential to provide the following:
■ Your telephone number
■ The exact location
■ The type and gravity
■ Number, gender, and age of casualties.
■ Details of any hazards, such as gas, toxic substances,
power-line damage, or adverse weather conditions
79
80. WHEN THE EMERGENCY SERVICES
ARRIVE
Once the emergency services arrive, they will take
over the care of the casualty.
Tell them what has happened and any treatment
given.
Hand over any notes you made while attending the
casualty.
80
81. Assisting at the scene
Once the emergency services arrive, tell them
everything you know.
While they assess and treat the casualty, you may be
asked to look after or reassure friends.
81
82. THE USE OF MEDICATION
In first aid, administering medication is largely confined to
relieving general aches and pains.
It usually involves helping a casualty take his own
medicines.
A variety of medications can be bought without a doctor’s
prescription.
However, you must not buy or borrow medication to
administer to a casualty, or give your own.
82
83. it is essential to make sure that:
■ It is for the condition
■ It is not out of date
■ It is taken as advised
■ Any precautions are strictly followed
■ The recommended dose is not exceeded
■ You keep a record of the name and dose of the
medication as well as the time and method of administration
83
84. CAUTION
Aspirin should never be given to anyone under the
age of 16 years because there is risk of a rare
condition called Reye’s syndrome.
84
85. REMEMBER YOUR OWN NEEDS
Most people who learn first aid gain significantly from
doing so.
In addition to learning new skills and meeting new
people, by learning first aid you can make a real
difference in peoples’ lives.
Being able to help people who are ill or injured often
results in a range of positive feelings.
85
86. IMMEDIATELY AFTER AN INCIDENT
An emergency is an emotional experience.
Many first aiders experience satisfaction, or even
elation, and most cope well.
However, after you have treated a casualty, depending
on the type of incident and the outcome, you might
experience a mixture of the following:
86
88. LATER REACTIONS
Delivering first aid can lead to positive feelings because
you notice new things about yourself, such as your
ability to deal with a crisis.
However, occasionally, the effect of an incident on you
will depend on your first aid experience as well as on
the nature of the actual incident.
88