Learning acquisition involves the relatively permanent retention of information or skills through active focus and practice. It results in a change in behavior and involves memory storage systems. There are several schools of thought on language learning, including structuralism/behaviorism which focuses on observable performance and conditioning, rationalism/cognitive psychology which emphasizes innateness and generative rules, and constructivism which highlights interactive discourse and sociocultural factors. Second language acquisition draws from general learning theories and is influenced by various cognitive, social, and individual factors.
A lecture about Individual Differences in SLA & SLL (Motivation & Attitude) B...Mohammed Mallah
second language learning and language teaching (vivian cook) Ch 8
brief presentation about motivation and attitude and their role in second language learning
Major distinctions:
Difference between first and second language
Difference between acquisition and learning
Difference between explicit and implicit learning
Difference between second and foreign language
Spolsky's Model of Language Learning
Ulrike Bavendiek: Changes in the Learning Situation and their Impact on the Motivational Profiles of First-Year University Students. Slides from the University of Liverpool Learning and Teaching Conference 2009.
First year students are expected to adapt to learning situations which can be markedly different from the ones they prospered in during their secondary education. Nine first-year students in SOCLAS were interviewed first at the beginning of their studies and again in the second semester with the aim of identifying changes in the learning environment between school and university and to explore their impact on the motivational profiles of the students. I will present some perceived differences and argue that lecturers need to be aware of the challenges in order to help first year students develop metacognitive, affective and social strategies necessary for effective learning in HE.
This paper reports on selected findings from a study supported by the Pedagogical Research Fund for Languages, Linguistics and Area Studies in Higher Education, phase three. A more comprehensive report can be found under http://www.llas.ac.uk/projects/2631
A lecture about Individual Differences in SLA & SLL (Motivation & Attitude) B...Mohammed Mallah
second language learning and language teaching (vivian cook) Ch 8
brief presentation about motivation and attitude and their role in second language learning
Major distinctions:
Difference between first and second language
Difference between acquisition and learning
Difference between explicit and implicit learning
Difference between second and foreign language
Spolsky's Model of Language Learning
Ulrike Bavendiek: Changes in the Learning Situation and their Impact on the Motivational Profiles of First-Year University Students. Slides from the University of Liverpool Learning and Teaching Conference 2009.
First year students are expected to adapt to learning situations which can be markedly different from the ones they prospered in during their secondary education. Nine first-year students in SOCLAS were interviewed first at the beginning of their studies and again in the second semester with the aim of identifying changes in the learning environment between school and university and to explore their impact on the motivational profiles of the students. I will present some perceived differences and argue that lecturers need to be aware of the challenges in order to help first year students develop metacognitive, affective and social strategies necessary for effective learning in HE.
This paper reports on selected findings from a study supported by the Pedagogical Research Fund for Languages, Linguistics and Area Studies in Higher Education, phase three. A more comprehensive report can be found under http://www.llas.ac.uk/projects/2631
(MST) The Teaching and Learning Process in Educational Practices
(class report(s)/discussion(s))
DISCLAIMER: I do not claim ownership of the photos, videos, templates, and etc used in this slideshow
NYU's Partnership for Teacher Excellence Curriculum Development Project created this module to offer strategies and methods for content area teachers to better serve ELL students within their classrooms.
Similar to Principles of language learning and teaching ana v. caicedo (20)
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2. Language, Learning and teaching
What is learning?
Is acquisition or getting
Is retention of information or skill.
Implies storage systems, memory, cognitive organization.
Involves active, conscious focus and acting upon events outside or inside the organism.
Is relatively permanent but subject to forgetting.
Involves some form of practice, perhaps reinforced practice.
Is a chance in behavior.
Schools of thought in Second Language Acquisition
Structuralism/Behavio
rism(1940-1950):
Leonard Bloomfield.
Edward Sapir, Charles
Fries and others.
Rationalism and
cognitive
Psychology (1960):
Noam Chomsky
Constructivism: Jean Piaget and
Lev Vygotsky
4. Rationalism and cognitive Psychology (1960):
Noam Chomsky
Generative linguistics
Acquisition
Innateness interlanguage Systematicity
Universal grammar competence
Deep structure
5. Constructivism: Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky
Interactive discourse
Sociocultural variables
Cooperative group learning
Interlanguage variability
Interactionist hypothesis
6. First Language Acquisition
Theories of First Language Acquisition
Behaviorism approaches: focused on the immediately perceptible aspects of linguistics behavior and the
relationships or associations between those responses and events in the world surrounding them.
The nativist approaches: language acquisition is innately determined, that we are born with a genetic capacity
that predisposes us, an internalized system of language.
Functional approach: study of deeper functional levels of meaning constructed from social interaction: cognition
and language development, social interaction and language development.
Issues in first language acquisition
Competence and performance
Comprehension and production
Nature or nurture?
Universals
Systematicity and Variability
Language and thought
Imitation
Practice
Input
Discourse
7. Age and acquisition
The critical period Hypothesis: a biological determined period of life when language can be acquired more
easily and beyond which time language is increasingly difficult to acquire.
Neurological considerations:
Hemispheric lateralization
Biological Timetables
Right-hemispheric participations
Anthropological evidence
Cognitive considerations:
Stages of intellectual development in child:
Sensory stage (birth to two)
Preoperational stage (ages two to seven)
Operational stage (ages seven to sixteen)
Concrete operational stage (ages seven to eleven)
Formal operational stage (ages eleven to sixteen)
Linguistic considerations:
Bilingualism: coordinate bilingualism, compound bilingualism
Interference between first second languages
Interference in adults
Order of acquisition
8. Human learning
Learning and training:
Behavioristic viewpoint
(Pavlov and Skinner)
Rational/cognitive
stance (Ausubel)
Constructivism school of
thought (Rogers)
Types of learning::
Signal learning, stimulus-response learning, chaining, verbal association, multiple discrimination,
concept learning, principal learning, problem solving.
Aptitude and intelligence:
Aptitude: some people are able to learn languages faster and more efficiently than others.
Intelligence: a measured in terms of linguistic and logical-mathematical abilities.
Types of intelligences according Howard Garner:
Linguistic
Logical-mathematical
Special
Musical
Bodily-kinesthetic
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal intelligence
9. Styles and strategies
Learning styles:
Field independence style
Left and right-brain function
Ambiguity tolerance
Reflectivity and impulsivity
Visual and auditory Styles
Learning Strategies:
Cognitive strategies:
deduction, recombination, imagery, auditory representation, keyword, contextualization,
elaboration, transfer, interference.
Socioaffective strategies:
Cooperative
Question for clarification
Avoidance strategies
Compensatory strategies
10. Personality factors
Self-esteem, Inhibition, Risk-taking, Anxiety, Empathy, Extroversion,
Introversion
Motivation:
Term used to explain the success or failure of virtually complex
task: behavioristic, cognitive, constructivist.
Measuring affective factors:
The problem of validity
Self-flattery syndrome
Test of self-stem, empathy, motivation and culturally
ethnocentric factor.
11. Sociocultural factors
Attitudes:: develop early in childhood and are the result of parents and peers’ attitudes, of contact with
people who are different in any number of ways
Second cultural acquisition:
Stage1: a period of excitement and euphoria over the newness of the surrounding.
Stage2: cultural shock emerges
Stage3: gradual recovery, cultural stress
Stage4: assimilation and adaptation
Social distance:
Domination
Integration
Cohesiveness
Congruence
Permanence
Cultural in the classroom:
Individualism
Power distance
Uncertainty avoidance
Masculinity (cultural opposes
femininity)
12. Cross-linguistic influence and learner
language
The contrastive analysis hypothesis: : the stockpile of comparative and contrastive data on a
multitude of pairs of languages yielded.
Level 0- transfer
Level 1- coalescence
Level 2- underdifferentiation
Level 3- reinterpretation
Level 4- overdiferentiation
Level 5- split
Markedness and universal grammar:
Markedness theory: accounted for relative degrees of difficulty by means of principles of universal
grammar.
Universal grammar: language rules acquired by children learning their first language are presumed to be
universal.
Learner language: an approach to analyzing interlanguage is to study the speech and writing learners.
Error analysis: human learning is a process that involves making of mistakes, misjudgments and errors.
Mistakes and error: two different phenomena, mistake (performance error), error (cannot be self-corrected)
13. Sources of error:
Interlingual transfer
Intralingual transfer
Context of learning
Communication strategies
Stages of learner language development
Random error stage
Emergent stage
Truly systematic stage
Variability in learner language
According to linguistic context
According to psychological processing factors
According to social context
According to languages function
Error treatment:
Is the manner in which teachers deal with students errors
Basic options:
To treat to ignore
To treat immediately or to delay
To transfer treatment or not
To return, or not, to original error marker after
treatment
To permit other learners to initiate treatment
To test for the efficacy or the treatment.
Possible features:
Fact of error indicated
Location indicated
Opportunity for new attempt given
Model provided
Error type indicated
Remedy indicated
Improvement indicated
Praise indicated
14. Communicative competence
Communicative competence: Aspect of our competence that enables us to convey and interpret messages
and to negotiate meanings interpersonally within specific contexts.
Aspects of Communicative competence: grammatical, discourse, sociolinguistic, strategic.
Languages functions:
1 instrumental function
2 regulatory function
3 representational function
4 interactional function
5 persona function
6 heuristic function
7 imaginative function
Functional syllabuses: what we have defined above as language functions, curriculum is organized
according such functions.
Conversation analysis:
Quantity
Quality
Relevance
Manner
Styles and registers:
Oratorical
Deliberative
Consultative
Casual
Intimate
Nonverbal communication:
Kinesics
Eye contact
Proxemics
Artifacts
Kinesthetic
Olfactory dimensions
15. Theory of second language acquisition
Is a subset of general human learning involves cognitive variations, is closely
related to one’s personality type, is interwoven with second culture learning and
involves interference, the creation of new linguistic systems and the learning of
discourse and communicative functions of language.
Thanks