Discourse analysis is the study of language use in context. It examines both spoken and written language. American discourse analysis has focused on close observation of natural conversations, emphasizing turn-taking and interaction norms. British discourse analysis is influenced by M.A.K. Halliday's functional approach and examines the social functions of language and informational structure. Discourse analysis considers both the micro-level structure of individual interactions as well as larger patterns found across texts. It analyzes both what language is doing and how listeners/readers are meant to interpret it according to conventions of different types of discourse.

1. Discourse
Analysis
Ana Valeria Caicedo

2. What is Discourse Analysis?
Is the study of the relationship between language and the
contexts in which it is used.
Is: functional approach, social functions of language and the
thematic and informational structure of speech and writing

3. American discourse:
has been dominated by
work within the
ethnomethodological
tradition, which
emphasizes the research
method of close
observation of groups of
people communicating in
natural settings.
The work of Goffman (1976;
1979), and Sacks, Schegloff
and Jefferson (1974) is
important in the study of
conversational norms, turn
taking, and other aspects of
spoken interaction on American
discourse.
British discourse: greatly
influenced by M. A. K.
Halliday's
functional approach to
language. His work´s
framework emphasizes the
social functions of language
and the thematic and
informational structure of
speech and writing.
The British work has
principally followed structural-
linguistic criteria, on the basis
of the isolation of units, and
sets of rules defining well-
formed sequences of
discourse.

4. Speech acts and discourse
structures
Are what are language are doing or how it is supposed to be
the relation of the listener/reader according to certain types
of discourse..
The scope is concerned with the description of spoken interaction,
and to all our verbal encounters we daily consume hundreds of
written and printed words: newspaper articles, letters, stories,
recipes, instructions, notices, comics, billboards, leaflets pushed
through the door, and so on. We usually expect them to be
coherent, meaningful communications
The scope of discourse
analysis

5. Spoken discourse
Spoken discourse is characteristic for having a rigid pattern.
In a spoken discourse between teachers and students you
may notice that they spoke according to fixed perceptions of
their roles and the talk could be seen to fit the highly
structured sequences.
Using certain phrases a "framework" on each side of the
sequence of questions and answers created. Framing the
movement of speech or expressions continuity are the
foundation of such expressions. And by the fall, intonation
and after a brief pause we note the intention of the speaker

6. Written discourse
Written discourse is more complex, integrated and
detached, because of the greater frequencies of subordinate
clauses, relative clauses, participial phrases, appositive
phrases, and passive verb constructions that exist in this
mode, but often oral discourse is more coordinated and
implicit to the greater frequencies of coordinated
conjunctions and active verb constructions that exist in this
mode
The syntactic organization of written discourse may be an
important step in the acquisition of beginning reading skill.
So for understand written discourse people have to acquire
syntactic skills

7. Form and function
Decisions about communicative function cannot solely be
the domain of grammar or phonology. The situations that
we will to follow different conventions and the factors that
are involved. Fundamental distinction: language forms and
discourse functions.
Talk as social activity
The Problem with spoken transcripts not exist. Sentences
are well-formed because writer has more time to think
cohesion: limited set of options for creating a new sentences
to the text; is only a guide to coherence.

8. Text and interpretation
Cohesive marker: create links across sentence boundaries
and pair and chain together items are related.
Interpretation: is a pint of view about how the readers
perceive the text. Logical sequencing and matching are
two basic categories of the clause-relational approach.
Approach to text analysis Phenomenon reason Cause
consequence Instrument achievement Clause relational
Emphasizes the interpretative acts involved in relating
textual segments one to the other through relationship

9. Larger patterns in texts
The clause-relation approach to text also concerns itself
larger patterns which regularly occurs in texts. The larger
patterns which can be found in texts are he objects of
interpretation by the reader, just a as smaller clause-
relation were, and in the same way, are often signaled by
the same sore of grammatical and lexical devices such as
coordination and parallelism.

10. Conclusion
Discourse analysis is a vast subject area within
linguistics, encompassing as it does the analysis
of spoken and Written language over and above
concerns such as the structure of the clause or
sentence
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