Prime-ome is the entire set of messenger RNA (mRNA) molécules or transcripts, proteins and metabolites produced or modified by an organism or system during the different stages of priming in plants and prime-omics is the study of prime-ome.
I would like to share this presentation file.
Some basics information regarding to molecular plant breeding, hope this help the beginner who start working in this field.
Thanks for many original source of information (mainly from slideshare.net, IRRI, CIMMYT and any paper received from professor and some over the internet)
Gene for gene system in plant fungus interactionVinod Upadhyay
MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF GENE FOR GENE SYSTEMS IN PLANT- FUNGUS INTERACTION AND THE APPLICATIONS OF AVIRULENCE GENES IN CONTROL OF PLANT PATHOGENS
I would like to share this presentation file.
Some basics information regarding to molecular plant breeding, hope this help the beginner who start working in this field.
Thanks for many original source of information (mainly from slideshare.net, IRRI, CIMMYT and any paper received from professor and some over the internet)
Gene for gene system in plant fungus interactionVinod Upadhyay
MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF GENE FOR GENE SYSTEMS IN PLANT- FUNGUS INTERACTION AND THE APPLICATIONS OF AVIRULENCE GENES IN CONTROL OF PLANT PATHOGENS
Deployment of broad spectrum resistance against rice blast which includes gene pyramiding, deployment, transgenic approaches, marker assisted back cross breeding, pedigree by using major R genes and QTLs and phytoalexin genes.
Phytohormones are small molecules produced within plants that govern diverse physiological processes, including plant defense. Hormonal interactions collectively form hormone signaling networks, which mediate immunity as well as growth and abiotic stress responses.
Molecular basis of plant resistance and defense responses to pathogensSenthil Natesan
In response to pathogen attack, plants have evolved sophisticated defense mechanisms to delay or arrest pathogen growth.Unlike animals, plants lack a circulating immune system recognizing microbial pathogens. Plant cells are more autonomous in their defense mechanisms and rely on the innate immune capacity of each cell and systemic signals that disseminate from infection sites (Jones and Dangl, 2006). Plant innate immunity consists of preformed physical and chemical barriers (such as leaf hairs, rigid cell walls, pre-existing antimicrobial compounds) and induced defenses. Should an invading microbe successfully breach the pre-formed barriers, it may be recognized by the plant, resulting in the activation of cellular defense responses that stop or restrict further development of the invader.
Multiple inbred founder lines are inter-mated for several generations prior to creating inbred lines, resulting in a diverse population whose genomes are fine scale mosaics of contributions from all founders.
Marker Assisted Gene Pyramiding for Disease Resistance in RiceIndrapratap1
Why marker assisted gene pyramiding?
For traits that are simply inherited, but that are difficult or expensive to measure phenotypically, and/or that do not have a consistent phenotypic expression under specific selection conditions, marker-based selection is more effective than phenotypic selection.
Traits which are traditionally regarded as quantitative and not targeted by gene pyramiding program can be improved using gene pyramiding if major genes affecting the traits are identified.
Genes with very similar phenotypic effects, which are impossible or difficult to combine in single genotype using phenotypic selection, can be pyramided through marker assisted selection.
Markers provides a more effective option to control linkage drag and make the use of genes contained in unadapted resources easier.
Pyramiding is possible through conventional breeding but is extremely difficult or impossible at early generations..
DNA markers may facilitate selection because DNA marker assays are non destructive and markers for multiple specific genes/QTLs can be tested using a single DNA sample without phenotyping.
CONCLUSION:
• Molecular marker offer great scope for improving the efficiency of conventional plant breeding.
• Gene pyramiding may not be the most suitable strategy when many QTL with small effects control the trait and other methods such as marker-assisted recurrent selection should be considered.
• With MAS based gene pyramiding, it is now possible for breeder to conduct many rounds of selections in a year.
• Gene pyramiding with marker technology can integrate into existing plant breeding program all over the world to allow researchers to access, transfer and combine genes at a rate and with precision not previously possible.
• This will help breeders get around problems related to larger breeding populations, replications in diverse environments, and speed up the development of advance lines.
For further queries please contact at isag2010@gmail.com
Targeted Induced Local Lesions IN Genome. Mutations (Single base pair substitution) are created by traditionally used chemical mutagens. Identify SNPs and / or INDELS in a gene / genes of interest from a mutagenized population.
To handle complex Traits like Yield, different stress we must do modification in DNA molecular breeding techniques help us to do such changes in DNA to archive the Goals.
A new era of genomics for plant science research has opened due the complete genome sequencing projects of Arabidopsis thaliana and rice. The sequence information available in public database has highlighted the need to develop genome scale reverse genetic strategies for functional analysis (Till et al., 2003). As most of the phenotypes are obscure, the forward genetics can hardly meet the demand of a high throughput and large-scale survey of gene functions. Targeting Induced Local Lesions in Genome TILLING is a general reverse genetic technique that combines chemical mutagenesis with PCR based screening to identity point mutations in regions of interest (McCallum et al., 2000). This strategy works with a mismatch-specific endonuclease to detect induced or natural DNA polymorphisms in genes of interest. A newly developed general reverse genetic strategy helps to locate an allelic series of induced point mutations in genes of interest. It allows the rapid and inexpensive detection of induced point mutations in populations of physically or chemically mutagenized individuals. To create an induced population with the use of physical/chemical mutagens is the first prerequisite for TILLING approach. Most of the plant species are compatible with this technique due to their self-fertilized nature and the seeds produced by these plants can be stored for long periods of time (Borevitz et al., 2003). The seeds are treated with mutagens and raised to harvest M1 plants, which are consequently, self-fertilized to raise the M2 population. DNA extracted from M2 plants is used in mutational screening (Colbert et al., 2001). To avoid mixing of the same mutation only one M2 plant from each M1 is used for DNA extraction (Till et al., 2007). The M3 seeds produce by selfing the M2 progeny can be well preserved for long term storage. Ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) has been extensively used as a chemical mutagen in TILLING studies in plants to generate mutant populations, although other mutagens can be effective. EMS produces transitional mutations (G/C, A/T) by alkylating G residues which pairs with T instead of the conservative base pairing with C (Nagy et al., 2003). It is a constructive approach for users to attempt a range of chemical mutagens to assess the lethality and sterility on germinal tissue before creating large mutant populations.
Deployment of broad spectrum resistance against rice blast which includes gene pyramiding, deployment, transgenic approaches, marker assisted back cross breeding, pedigree by using major R genes and QTLs and phytoalexin genes.
Phytohormones are small molecules produced within plants that govern diverse physiological processes, including plant defense. Hormonal interactions collectively form hormone signaling networks, which mediate immunity as well as growth and abiotic stress responses.
Molecular basis of plant resistance and defense responses to pathogensSenthil Natesan
In response to pathogen attack, plants have evolved sophisticated defense mechanisms to delay or arrest pathogen growth.Unlike animals, plants lack a circulating immune system recognizing microbial pathogens. Plant cells are more autonomous in their defense mechanisms and rely on the innate immune capacity of each cell and systemic signals that disseminate from infection sites (Jones and Dangl, 2006). Plant innate immunity consists of preformed physical and chemical barriers (such as leaf hairs, rigid cell walls, pre-existing antimicrobial compounds) and induced defenses. Should an invading microbe successfully breach the pre-formed barriers, it may be recognized by the plant, resulting in the activation of cellular defense responses that stop or restrict further development of the invader.
Multiple inbred founder lines are inter-mated for several generations prior to creating inbred lines, resulting in a diverse population whose genomes are fine scale mosaics of contributions from all founders.
Marker Assisted Gene Pyramiding for Disease Resistance in RiceIndrapratap1
Why marker assisted gene pyramiding?
For traits that are simply inherited, but that are difficult or expensive to measure phenotypically, and/or that do not have a consistent phenotypic expression under specific selection conditions, marker-based selection is more effective than phenotypic selection.
Traits which are traditionally regarded as quantitative and not targeted by gene pyramiding program can be improved using gene pyramiding if major genes affecting the traits are identified.
Genes with very similar phenotypic effects, which are impossible or difficult to combine in single genotype using phenotypic selection, can be pyramided through marker assisted selection.
Markers provides a more effective option to control linkage drag and make the use of genes contained in unadapted resources easier.
Pyramiding is possible through conventional breeding but is extremely difficult or impossible at early generations..
DNA markers may facilitate selection because DNA marker assays are non destructive and markers for multiple specific genes/QTLs can be tested using a single DNA sample without phenotyping.
CONCLUSION:
• Molecular marker offer great scope for improving the efficiency of conventional plant breeding.
• Gene pyramiding may not be the most suitable strategy when many QTL with small effects control the trait and other methods such as marker-assisted recurrent selection should be considered.
• With MAS based gene pyramiding, it is now possible for breeder to conduct many rounds of selections in a year.
• Gene pyramiding with marker technology can integrate into existing plant breeding program all over the world to allow researchers to access, transfer and combine genes at a rate and with precision not previously possible.
• This will help breeders get around problems related to larger breeding populations, replications in diverse environments, and speed up the development of advance lines.
For further queries please contact at isag2010@gmail.com
Targeted Induced Local Lesions IN Genome. Mutations (Single base pair substitution) are created by traditionally used chemical mutagens. Identify SNPs and / or INDELS in a gene / genes of interest from a mutagenized population.
To handle complex Traits like Yield, different stress we must do modification in DNA molecular breeding techniques help us to do such changes in DNA to archive the Goals.
A new era of genomics for plant science research has opened due the complete genome sequencing projects of Arabidopsis thaliana and rice. The sequence information available in public database has highlighted the need to develop genome scale reverse genetic strategies for functional analysis (Till et al., 2003). As most of the phenotypes are obscure, the forward genetics can hardly meet the demand of a high throughput and large-scale survey of gene functions. Targeting Induced Local Lesions in Genome TILLING is a general reverse genetic technique that combines chemical mutagenesis with PCR based screening to identity point mutations in regions of interest (McCallum et al., 2000). This strategy works with a mismatch-specific endonuclease to detect induced or natural DNA polymorphisms in genes of interest. A newly developed general reverse genetic strategy helps to locate an allelic series of induced point mutations in genes of interest. It allows the rapid and inexpensive detection of induced point mutations in populations of physically or chemically mutagenized individuals. To create an induced population with the use of physical/chemical mutagens is the first prerequisite for TILLING approach. Most of the plant species are compatible with this technique due to their self-fertilized nature and the seeds produced by these plants can be stored for long periods of time (Borevitz et al., 2003). The seeds are treated with mutagens and raised to harvest M1 plants, which are consequently, self-fertilized to raise the M2 population. DNA extracted from M2 plants is used in mutational screening (Colbert et al., 2001). To avoid mixing of the same mutation only one M2 plant from each M1 is used for DNA extraction (Till et al., 2007). The M3 seeds produce by selfing the M2 progeny can be well preserved for long term storage. Ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) has been extensively used as a chemical mutagen in TILLING studies in plants to generate mutant populations, although other mutagens can be effective. EMS produces transitional mutations (G/C, A/T) by alkylating G residues which pairs with T instead of the conservative base pairing with C (Nagy et al., 2003). It is a constructive approach for users to attempt a range of chemical mutagens to assess the lethality and sterility on germinal tissue before creating large mutant populations.
Repeatable plant pathology bioinformatic analysis: Not everything is NGS dataLeighton Pritchard
Presentation on use of Galaxy for plant pathology bioinformatics, presented by Peter Cock, at the Genomics for Non-Model Organisms workshop, ISMB/ECCB, Vienna, Austria, 19 July 2011
Here i would like to inform you about different bio control agents and their mode of action, it may help you in further understanding...........................................
Molecular Aspects of Plant Disease Management KHUSHBOODUBEY12
There is now strong evidence that plants deploy innate immune (PTI) systems.Exemplified by the nature of microbial patterns that are recognized, similar PRR types and related signaling cascades.
However, significant differences in the molecular organization of immunity in plants remain. Host cells respond to microbial infection in a cell-autonomous manner
Abstract
Multicellular organisms constantly encounter potentially harmful microorganisms. Although insects lack an adaptive immune system, they do have powerful means of fighting infections. Cellular responses involve phagocytosis of bacteria and encapsulation of parasites. In addition, insects can mount a humoral response against pathogens. This is characterized by the secretion of antimicrobial peptides into the hemolymph. Recognition of foreign pathogens involves specific receptors for sensing infection. These include peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) and β‐glucan recognition proteins (βGRPs). Engagement of these receptors starts signaling pathways that activate the genes that encode antimicrobial peptides. These pathways include the Toll, the Imd, and the JAK‐STAT.
Presentación llevada a cabo por Víctor Flors Herrero de la Universitat Jaume I en el FORO INIA TEMÁTICO DE COLABORACIÓN PÚBLICO-PRIVADA No 18: LA SECA celebrado el 3 de Julio de 2014 en la sede de CICYTEX en Mérida.
History
Host pathogen interaction
R gene
Molecular techniques for detection of plant pathogens
Role of molecular techniques in resistance breeding Deployment of R genes and linked markers
Transgenic approaches in plant protection
Conclusion
— The diseases caused by bipartite Begomoviruses have emerged as overwhelming problem in various cropping systems of Pakistan. The study was conducted to evaluate the potential of induced resistance in mungbean to Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) disease. In this work, resistance to MYMV infection was induced in mungbean plants by activating the Salicylic acid (SA) pathway using SA and Benzothiadiazole (BTH) as treatments. The resistance was characterized by evaluating symptom appearance and virus titter through ELISA. Elicitors i.e., SA and BTH were applied at different concentrations to enhance the innate resistance of mungbean by the induction of defense related compounds. All treatments were helpful in reducing plant infection but the most effective treatment was the combination of SA@5mM and BTH@150mg/L as compared to virus inoculated control. Three weeks analysis showed peak accumulation of defense related enzymatic antioxidants and phenols in the mungbean leaves treated with SA and BTH. Higher enzymatic activity was observed in elicitor treated plants followed by inoculation with MYMV. As the resistance increased due to the application of SA & BTH the enzymatic activities of SOD, POD, and CAT were also increased during second week after application of elicitors. This study revealed that SA and BTH are potential source for management of MYMV by enhancing the level of protection through induction of systemic acquired resistance.
A bacterial plasmid is a short, usually circular, and double-stranded segment of DNA that is found in the cytoplasm separate from the main bacterial chromosome. This presentation contains plasmid features, replication, classification and its uses.
Self-incompatibility refers to the inability of a plant with functional pollen to set seeds when self pollinated. It is the failure of pollen from a flower to fertilize the same flower or other flowers of the same plant.
This presentation includes, Single-locus self-incompatibility- {Gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI) and Sporophytic self-incompatibility (SSI)},2-locus gametophytic self-incompatibility, Heteromorphic self-incompatibility,Cryptic self-incompatibility (CSI) and Late-acting self-incompatibility (LSI).
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Prime-ome: "A molecular approach towards defense priming"
1. Department Of Agricultural Biotechnology
(Centre Of Excellence In Biotechnology)
Anand Agricultural University
Anand-388110.
‘Prime-ome’ : A Molecular Approach Towards Defense Modulation
Speaker : Dhanya A J
Degree : M. Sc. (Agri.) Plant Molecular
Biology and Biotechnology
Major Guide : Dr. G. B. Patil
Minor Guide : Dr. Sasidharan N
Course No : MBB 591
Reg. No. : 04-2348-2014
Date : 17/10/2015
Time : 16:00
3. Biotic stress
Abiotic stress
Crop loss
>50%
Crop loss
Insects- 25%
Pathogens- 20%
Vertebrate pests
- 6-8%
Plants have evolved various strategies to defend themselves
against stresses. Although some of these strategies are
constitutive, i.e. present at all times, others are induced only
in response to herbivore feeding or pathogen infection.
As early as 1933, priming called ‘sensitization’ at the time,
was widely accepted to be the pivotal phenomenon in
systemic plant immunity. [Chester., 1933]
Priming has now proven true as a critical process in various
types of systemic plant immunity [Conrath et al., 2002;
Conrath et al., 2006; Conrath et al., 2009; Jung et al.,
2009]. These include systemic acquired resistance (SAR),
induced systemic resistance (ISR), the resistance provided
by symbiotic fungi, b-aminobutyric acid-induced resistance
(BABA- IR) and wound-induced resistance.
Introduction
3
4. Induced systemic resistance (ISR): type of systemic,
broad spectrum immunity in plants. Induced systemic
resistance is elicited by colonization with selected
strains of non-pathogenic, plant growth-promoting
rhizobacteria and depends on the plant hormones
ethylene and jasmonic acid.
Systemic acquired resistance (SAR): type of
systemic, broad-spectrum immunity in plants. Systemic
acquired resistance is induced by local contact with a
MAMP*, PAMP*, or effector and depends on the plant
hormone salicylic acid.
* Microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP): molecular signatures typical of whole classes of microbes.
Their recognition plays a key role in innate immunity in plants and animals.
* Pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP): molecular signatures typical for potential microbial
pathogens of a given host organism.
Fig. 1
4
5. * Microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP): molecular signatures typical of whole classes of microbes.
Their recognition plays a key role in innate immunity in plants and animals.
* Damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP): signals arising from plants because of damage caused by
microbes; originally referred to as ‘endogenous elicitors’.
It is the induction of a
physiological state that
enables cells to respond to
very low levels of a
stimulus in a more rapid and
robust manner than non-
primed cells. In plants,
priming plays a role in
defense (‘defense priming’)
and seed germination (‘seed
priming’).
PRIMING
Fig. 2
5
6. Primed state: It is the physiological state of a plant that has been subjected to
priming. Usually starts on exposure of such a plant to a stress.
Fig. 3
6
7. Priming events can occur as a result of inter-individual or inter-species communication,
such as induced resistance mediated by rhizobacteria, mycorrhizal fungi, or virulent or a
virulent pathogens or by natural or axenic compounds. Plants ‘remember’ such events
(Priming memory) and, depending on the type of primary stimulus or priming
stimulus(initial trigger for priming) and the pathosystem involved (target of priming),
primed plants can deploy a diverse set of defense mechanisms.
Types based on the
stimuli which
induces priming
Natural priming (by
microorganisms)
Chemical priming
(treatment with
chemicals)
Constitutive priming
(alterations of specific
defense-repressive
constitutive genes)
7
9. Prime-ome:
Biotic Stress
Gene Transcript
Protein
Metabolite
Transcriptomics
Proteomics
Metabolomics
Prime-omics
Abiotic Stress
Prime-omics: the totality of transcriptional, proteomic, and metabolic data available to
describe the priming of plants or it’s the study of prime-ome.
It is the entire set of messenger RNA (mRNA) molécules or transcripts, proteins and
metabolites produced or modified by an organism or system during the different stages
of priming in plants.
Fig. 5
9
10. The priming process consists of three clear stages
The initial phase of resistance
induction, where the plant is
preparing for a future attack
but has not yet been
challenged by a pathogen is
called the priming phase
(Conrath et al., 2002).
This phase lies between the
perception of the priming cue
and the first exposure to a
future stress. During this time
slot the plant generate and
store information that will
enable it to deploy faster
and/or more accurate response
to stress.
This phase starts with the
exposure to a stress or
challenge by the plant. In
primed plants, cellular
defense responses are not
activated directly by the
priming agent but are
memorized and expressed in
an accelerated manner after
perception of a second biotic
or abiotic stress signal.
During this time slot the plant
has strong up- or
downregulation of gene
activity that will enable it to
deploy faster and/or more
accurate response to stress.
Priming for enhanced
resistance also extends to next
generations i.e. the progeny of
the primed parental plants
shows resistance to the stress
against which it have been
primed.
21 3
10
14. Plant Priming Tools Suggested mechanisms Refs
By Against
Priming phase Nicotiana
tabacum
Agrobacterium
tumefaciens
GV3101
– qRT-PCR Protein
immunoblotting
detection
SA, ROS, MAPK Sheikh et al., 2014
Solanum
tuberosum
Phosphite
BABA
GABA
Laminarin
INA
– Microarray
LC-MS/MS
SA, PR proteins, PTI, HR,
wall-associated kinase, primary
metabolism, TCA, ROS, Ca2+-
dependent
pathway redox- regulating
enzymes, sesquiterpene
phytoalexin biosynthesis
Bengtsson et al., 2014
Massoud et al., 2014
Lim et al., 2013
Jelonek et al., 2013
Hordeum
vulgare
Pseudomonas
fluorescens
– Microarray
RT-PCR
Detoxification, lipid transfer,
cell wall biosynthesis, JA
Petti et al., 2010
Zea mays Synthetic
indole
dispensers
– GC-flame
ionisation detector
(FID)
HIPVs, ABA, JA, JA-Ile Erb et al., 2015
Post-
challenge
primed state
Oomycetes
Vitis spp. Methionine Plasmopara viticola qRT-PCR H2O2
measurement
(FOX1 method)
ROS Boubakri et al., 2013
S. Tuberosum Phosphite Phytophthora
infestans
LC-MS/MS Callose deposition, HR, TCA Lim et al., 2013
Overview of the omics involved in various stages of priming in plantsTable 1
Balmer et al., 201514
15. Post-
challenge
primed
state
Plant Priming Tools Suggested
mechanisms
Refs
By Against
Bacteria
N. tabacum A. tumefaciens
GV3101
Pipecolic acid
P. syringae pv. tabaci
P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000
qRT-PCR, Protein
immunoblotting
detection
Callose deposition, SA,
nicotine
Vogel et al., 2013
Sheikh et al., 2014
Rico et al., 2010
Solanum
lycopersicum
Hexanoic acid P. syringae pv. tomato
DC3000
qRT-PCR
LC/MS
JA biosynthesis,
SA-responsive genes
Scalschi et al., 2013
Capsicum
annuum
VOC 3-pentanol Xanthomonas axonopodis
pv. vesicatoria
qRT-PCR SA, JA Choi et al., 2014
Fungi
Brassicia carinata BABA Alternaria brassicicola Enzyme activity
assay
ROS Chavan et al., 2013
Triticum spp. line
PmA/var. Sahara
H2O2
Z-3-HAC
Blumeria graminis
Fusarium graminearum
Deep sequencing
qRT-PCR
U-HPLC-MS
JA and/or Et signalling
pathways, lipid
metabolism
JA
Li et al., 2011
Ameye et al., 2015
Hordeum vulgare P. fluorescens
Piriformospora
indica
Fusarium culmorum
B. graminis
RT-PCR ELISA
qPCR
Microarray
LC/MS
IAA, JA, ABA, PR
genes, sugar cycling,
TCA, detoxification,
lipid transfer, cell wall
biosynthesis
Molitor et al., 2011
Petti et al., 2010
Petti et al., 2012
S. lycopersicum Trichoderma
harzianum
B. cinerea qRT-PCR JA, SA, ABA Medina et al., 2013
Cucumis sativus Pseudomonas
azotoformans
Paenibacillus
Elgii, BABA
Colletotrichum orbiculare Enzyme activity
assay
HR, H2O2 defence-
related enzyme
accumulation
Sang et al., 2014
Balmer et al., 2015
Table 1.1
15
16. Plant Priming Tools Suggested mechanisms Refs
By Against
Post-
challenge
primed state
Nematodes
S. lycopersicum Arbuscular
mycorrhizal fungi
(AMF)
Meloidogyne
incognita
RT-PCR Suppression
subtractive
hybridisation
Phenylpropanoid pathway,
ROS metabolism
Vos et al., 2013
Vitis spp. Arbuscular
mycorrhizal fungi
Xiphinema index RT-PCR Suppression
subtractive
hybridisation
Chitinase, PR genes,
shikimate enzyme pathway
Hao et al., 2012
Arthropods
Phaseolus
lunatus
JA
(E)-b-Ocimene
Tetranychus urticae RT-PCR GC/MS
Olfactory choices
PIOS, volatile emission, JA,
predator attraction
Muroi et al., 2011
Gols et al., 2003
A. thaliana MeSA + feeding
larvae
Caterpillar feeding
Pieris brassicae RT-PCR
Choice assays
Northern blot
ABA, JA, oviposition
deterrence
Groux et al., 2014
Vos et al., 2013
S. lycopersicum AMF
Aphid feeding
Helicoverpa
arimigera
Bemisia tabaci
RT-PCR
Olfactory choices
Larval deterrence, JA
signalling, systemin signalling,
HIPVs – indirect defence
Song et al., 2013
Ammopiptanthus
mongolicus
Conspecifics
HIPVs
Orgyia ericae NMR- metabolomics TCA, amino acids, lipids,
glycolate, sugars
Sun et al., 2014
Oryza sativa Silicon Cnaphalocrocis
medinalis
RT-PCR JA signalling Ye et al., 2013
Z. mays (E)-b-Ocimene Mythimna separata GC/MS
Olfactory choices
Parasitoid attraction Muroi et al., 2011
Transgenera-
tional primed
state
S. lycopersicum MeJA/herbivory Pieris raphae qPCR JA signalling Rasmann et al., 2012
N. tabacum Tobacco mosaic
virus
Tobacco mosaic virus NMR GC/MS Sugars, amino acids Mandal et al., 2012
Table 1.2
Balmer et al., 201516
18. Vogel et al., 2013Germany
Also proved that exogenous application of Pipecolic acid to tobacco plants provides significant
protection to infection by Pstb and hypersensitive cell death-inducing P. syringae pv maculicola
(Psm).
Pipecolic acid thereby primes tobacco for rapid and strong accumulation of SA and nicotine
following bacterial infection.
L-Pipecolic acid is a Lys-derived non-protein amino acid of plants whose levels increase upon
plant treatment with growth-affecting chemicals, in response to osmotic stress, and in the course
of pathogen infections.
Tobacco plants respond to leaf infection by the compatible bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas
syringae pv tabaci (Pstb) with a significant accumulation of several amino acids, including Lys,
branched-chain, aromatic, and amide group amino acids. Moreover, Pstb strongly triggers,
alongside the biosynthesis of SA and increases in the defensive alkaloid nicotine, the production
of the Lys catabolites Pipecolic acid (Pip) and α-aminoadipic acid (Aad).
Pipecolic acid enhances resistance to bacterial infection and primes
salicylic acid and nicotine accumulation in tobacco
18
19. Mean values of 3 to 5 replicate samples are given in μg g-1 fresh weight (FW) ± SD. Mock-treatments were performed by infiltration of
leaves with a 10 mM MgCl2 solution. Asterisks denote statistically significant differences between Pstb- and MgCl2- samples (2-tailed t-
test; ***: p < 0.001; **: p < 0.01; *: p < 0.05). Ratios of the values of the Pstb (P) and the MgCl2 (M)-samples (P/M) are also given.
Changes in the levels of free amino acids and amines in N. tabacum cv Xanthi leaves(4 week old) upon
inoculation with compatible P. syringae pv tabaci (Pstb) 2 d post inoculation (dpi).
Table 2
19
20. Time course of (A) pipecolic acid (Pip) and (B) α-aminoadipic acid (Aad) accumulation in tobacco leaves inoculated with
compatible Pstb at indicated times after inoculation.
Time course of (A) salicylic acid (SA ) accumulation and (B) nicotine production in tobacco leaves inoculated with compatible
Pstb at indicated times after inoculation.
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
20
21. Exogenous Pip primes tobacco plants for effective SA and nicotine production
upon Pstb inoculation.
H2O or 10 μmol Pip were applied to plants through the soil. Leaves were infiltrated 1 d later with Pstb (dark bars) or MgCl2 (light bars), and leaf
metabolite levels were scored 8 h later. (A) SA contents in leaves. (B) Leaf nicotine levels. Bars represent the mean ± SD of 3 replicate samples. Different
letters above the bars denote statistically significant differences between pairwise compared samples (p < 0.05, 2-tailed t-test).
Fig. 10
21
22. Exogenous Pip enhances disease resistance of tobacco plants to Pstb and Psm.
Plant pots were supplied with 10 ml of H2O or 10 ml of 1 mM (10 μmol) Pip 1 d prior to bacterial inoculation. (A) Bacterial numbers of Pstb (applied in titers
of OD 0.001) in leaves at 0 dpi and 5 dpi. The y-axis is depicted in a logarithmic scale. Bars represent the mean ± SD of at least 7 replicate samples. Asterisks
denote statistically significant differences between leaf samples of control- and Pip-treated plants (***: p < 0.001; 2-tailed t-test). (C) Bacterial numbers of
Psm (applied in titers of OD 0.005) in leaves at 0 dpi and 5 dpi.
Fig. 11
22
23. Representative disease symptoms of Pstb-infected tobacco leaves from H2O and
Pip pre-treated plants.
Pstb Psm
Fig. 12
0 dpi 0 dpi5 dpi 5 dpi
23
25. Burra et al., 2014Sweden
.
Phosphite-induced changes of the transcriptome and secretome in Solanum
tuberosum leading to resistance against Phytophthora infestans
Investigated the transcriptome of Solanum tubersoum (cv. Desiree) and characterized the
secretome by quantitative proteomics after foliar application of the protective agent
phosphite.
It seems that multiple defense pathways are rapidly induced by phosphite treatment that
causes heightened defense leading to enhanced resistance after pathogen infection in local
tissue.
Phosphite had a rapid and transient effect on the transcriptome, with a clear response after
3 h of treatment. This effect lasted less than 24 h, whereas protection was observed
throughout all time points tested.
It activates the genes associated to both biotic and abiotic stress response.
In field applications, the dual nature of the phosphite molecule both being an inducer of
plant resistance and having a direct toxic effect on oomycetes might explain the high
efficacy.
25
26. Detached leaflet assay of potato plants
Potatoes (cv. Desiree) were foliar sprayed either with 36 mM proalexin (Potassium phosphite; phosphite treated) or tap water
(Water treated). “Covered leaves” leaflets were obtained by covering two leaves per plant during phosphite spray. Washed
leaflets were obtained by spraying leaves with 36 mM proalexin, washing and drying away the phosphite present on the
leaves. Infection was measured as lesion size 7 days after inoculation with P. infestans. Data corresponds to mean ± SD
obtained from 12 biological replicates.
Fig. 13
26
27. Gene ontology (GO) analysis: representation of processes and associated
example transcripts (in brackets) significantly regulated at each time point.
Fig. 14
27
28. Time(h)
No:ofsignificanttranscripts
Differentially expressed genes: A
comparison of number of transcripts
induced and repressed at each time
point.
Area proportional Venn
diagram depicting overlap of
transcripts significantly altered
at all the time points .
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
28
29.
30. Molitor et al., 2011Germany
• Colonization of barley roots with the basidiomycete fungus Piriformospora indica
(Sebacinales) induces systemic resistance against the biotrophic leaf pathogen Blumeria
graminis f. sp. hordei (B. graminis).
• In plants that were more B. graminis resistant due to P. indica root colonization, 22
transcripts, including those of pathogenesis related genes and genes encoding heat-
shock proteins were differentially expressed.
• Detailed expression analysis revealed a faster induction after B. graminis inoculation
between 8 and 16 hpi, suggesting that priming of these genes is an important
mechanism of P. indica-induced systemic disease resistance.
Barley leaf transcriptome and metabolite analysis reveals new aspects of
compatibility and Piriformospora indica–mediated systemic induced
resistance to powdery mildew
30
31. Upregulated
Downregulated
Powdery mildew-regulated
transcripts in barley leaves.
Venn diagram showing numbers of Blumeria
graminis f. sp. hordei-responsive transcripts (false
discovery rate < 0.05) in 3-week-old P. indica
colonized barley plants 12, 24, and 96 h post
inoculation (hpi) with the pathogen.
Mean fold-inductions of transcript levels were calculated from
levels detected in three independent experiments by
hybridization to the Affymetrix Barley1 Gene Chip.
Fig. 17
31
32. Systemic effect of
Piriformospora indica on
expression of Blumeria
graminis f. sp. hordei (B.
graminis)–induced genes in
barley.
• Transcript levels determined by quantitative real-
time polymerase chain reaction were calculated
relative to the mean of three constitutively expressed
genes.
• The gray frame highlights the 12-hpi time point for
which differential induction was originally detected
in the Gene Chip experiment.
Fig. 18
32
33. Systemic effect of Piriformospora indica on expression of defense-associated BCI-7
(barley chemically induced 7 ).
• Determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, were calculated relative to the mean of three constitutively expressed genes.
Fig. 19
33
34. Lower
Higher
(compared with mock control)
• Arrow thickness correlates with the proposed metabolic
flux relative to the other depicted metabolic pathways.
Only significantly altered metabolites and transcripts
with a fold change >2 relative to mock control are
included in the model.
• Abbreviations
• Metabolites: ADPglc (ADP-glucose), aro-aa
(aromatic amino acids), aKG ( ketoglutarate), bc-aa
(branched-chain amino acid),Cit (citrate), Hex
(hexoses), HexP (hexose phosphates), Icit (isocitrate),
PEP (phosphoenol pyruvate), 3PGA (3
phosphoglycerate), Suc (sucrose), TP (triose
phosphates), UDPglc (UDP-glucose).
• Transcripts: AsnS (asparagine synthetase), CS
(chorismate synthase), cwINV (cell wall invertase),
GDH (glutamate dehydrogenase),
GS (glutamine synthetase), IPMS
(isopropylmalate synthase), P5CDH ( ’1-
pyrroline 5-carboxylate dehydrogenase),
PGM (phosphoglycerate mutase), PPT
(phosphoenolpyruvate / phosphate translocator),
SuSy (sucrose synthase).
Based on the results of the combined metabolome and transcriptome analysis, a model illustrating the major
redirection of metabolism in B. graminis–infected barley leaves was developed that integrates the dynamics in
central metabolism observed at 24 and 96 h post inoculation (hpi) (changes observed only at 96 hpi are depicted
in gray).
Fig. 20
34
36. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have great potential as biocontrol organisms against
the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita which causes severe gall formation in plants.
Suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) was used to investigate plant genes that are
specifically up-regulated in tomato roots (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Marmande) pre-colonized
by the AMF Glomus mosseae (BEG 12) after 12 days of soil inoculation with M. incognita
juveniles.
The higher expression of a selection of defense-related plant genes specifically in the
biocontrol interaction compared to in plants that were only mycorrhizal or only nematode
infected was confirmed, which pleads for the existence of mycorrhiza-induced priming of
plant defense responses.
In particular, the involvement of the phenylpropanoid pathway and reactive oxygen species
(ROS) metabolism could explain the reduced root-knot nematode infection in mycorrhizal
tomato roots, processes that have also been reported to play a pivotal role in plant resistance to
nematodes.
Vos et al., 2013Belgium
Mycorrhiza-induced resistance against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne
incognita involves priming of defense gene responses in tomato.
36
37. Genes responsible for secondary and hormone metabolism
Transcript abundance relative to the control treatment in roots of G. mosseae colonized
tomato plants, M. incognita-infected plants, and nematode-infected mycorrhizal plants,
12 days after nematode inoculation.
Fig. 21
37
38. Genes responsible for secondary and hormone metabolism
Transcript abundance relative to the control treatment in roots of G. mosseae colonized
tomato plants, M. incognita-infected plants, and nematode-infected mycorrhizal plants,
12 days after nematode inoculation.
Fig. 22
38
40. Nematode infection parameters in tomato plants colonized or not by the AMF G.
mosseae, 12 days after M. incognita inoculation (Pi ¼ 1000).
Treatment Number
of J2 & J3
Number
of J4
Total number
of nematodes
per root system
Gall indexa
- G. mosseae 118 ± 24 b 34 ± 9 b 151 ± 27 b 2.3 ± 0.2 b
+ G. mosseae 48 ± 13 a 9 ± 2 a 58 ± 14 a 1.7 ± 0.2 a
P (treatment) 0.024 0.013 0.008 0.048
Data represent mean standard error (n ¼ 8). Within each column, values followed by different letters are significantly different (P 0.05) according to one-
way ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD test. Statistical analysis was performed on log(x þ 1) transformed nematode infection data: n.s. ¼ not significant; J2, 2nd
stage juveniles; J3, 3rd stage juveniles; J4, 4th stage juveniles. a Gall index was rated on a scale of 1e10, according to Bridge and Page (1980).
Table 3
40
43. Defense against arthropods
Direct defense priming can be achieved
through either chemical or natural stimuli.
Natural stimuli can stem from arbuscular
mycorrhiza, nonpathogenic rhizobacteria,
or various arthropod cues such as
oviposition or insect wounding. In
priming against arthropods, abscisic acid
(ABA) is a key regulator that activates
defenses coordinately with jasmonic acid
(JA)- and systemin-dependent signaling.
Indirect defense priming is
more diverse. It involves the
enhancement of defense
responses in neighbouring
plants and also more efficient
attraction of predators. Primed
defenses in surrounding plants
activate ocymene synthase
(OS), which catalyzes the
accumulation of b-ocimene.
43
46. Mao et al., 2013China
• These results suggest a strong interaction between Si and JA in defense against insect herbivores
involving priming of JA-mediated defense responses by Si and the promotion of Si accumulation by JA.
Priming of jasmonate-mediated anti-herbivore defense responses
in rice by silicon
• To explore the role of JA in Si-enhanced resistance, the expression of allene oxide synthase (OsAOS;
active in JA biosynthesis) and CORONATINE INSENSITIVE1 (OsCOI1; active in JA perception)
genes are silenced in transgenic rice plants via RNAi and examined resulting changes in Si accumulation
and defense responses against caterpillar Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (rice leaffolder, LF) infestation.
• Reduced Si deposition and Si cell expansion were observed in leaves of OsAOS and OsCOI1 RNAi
plants in comparison with wild-type (WT) plants, and reduced steady-state transcript levels of the Si
transporters OsLsi1, OsLsi2, and OsLsi6 were observed in Si-pretreated plants after LF attack.
• Upon LF attack, wild-type plants subjected to Si pretreatment exhibited enhanced defense responses relative to
untreated controls, including higher levels of JA accumulation; increased levels of transcripts encoding defense
marker genes; and elevated activities of peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, and trypsin protease inhibitor.
46
47. Gain in mass of LF larvae fed on WT rice plants and the OsCOI1 RNAi and OsAOS RNAi lines
treated with Si and MeJA.
• Seven-day-old seedlings were transplanted to nutrient solution containing 2 mM K2SiO3. In the Si-deficient treatment, potassium chloride was used to
replenish potassium.
• OsCOI1 and OsAOS RNAi lines and WT rice plants were sprayed with 1 mM MeJA or buffer (control) 20 d after transplanting.
• Two days later all plants were infected by third-instar LF larvae at leaf node 3.
• The individual larvae were measured 3 d later, and the mean percentage of gain in mass was calculated. Values are mean ± SE (n ( 20). Letters above
bars indicate significant differences among treatments (P < 0.05 according to Tukey’s multiple range test).
Fig. 26
47
48. Steady-state levels of OsAOS (A and C) and OsCOI1 (B and D) transcripts in the leaves of WT rice plants
not treated with Si or treated with Si with or without LF infestation (A and B) or treatment with MeJA (C
and D).
For gene-expression experiments the treatments included no Si added (Si−); no Si added followed by MeJA treatment (Si−MeJA+) or LF infestation
(Si−LF+); 2 mM potassium silicate added (Si+); and 2 mM potassium silicate added followed by treatment with 1 mM MeJA (Si+MeJA+) or LF
infestation (Si+LF+). Real-time qRT-PCR analysis was used to determine the relative steady-state transcript levels shown. Values shown are mean ±
SE (n ( 3).
Fig. 27
Time after treatment (h)
Relativegeneexpression
48
49. Steady-state levels of JA levels (E) in the leaves of WT rice plants
For JA analysis the six treatments were Si−, Si+, Si−MeJA+, Si−LF+, Si+MeJA+, and Si+LF+; values are mean ± SE (n ( 6). For each time point,
letters above bars indicate significant difference among treatments (P < 0.05 according to Tukey’s multiple range test).
Fig. 28
49
50. Scanning electron micrographs of rice
leaf cross-sections. Bilobed (“dumbbell”-
shaped) Si cells from node 3 leaves of
WT, OsAOS RNAi, and OsCOI1 RNAi
plants are shown.
(Scale bar: 20 μm.) Silica cells were quantified at a magnification of 2,000×. The
length and width of the Si cell were measured; then the Si area was calculated.
SC, silica cell.
Fig. 29
50
51. Steady-state levels of OsLsi1
and OsLsi2 transcripts in
roots and of OsLsi6 in the
leaf sheath of WT rice
plants, OsCOI1 RNAi and
OsAOS RNAi plants treated
with Si plus MeJA or LF
infestation.
• Transcripts levels of OsLsi1 (A), OsLsi2 (B), and
OsLsi6 (C) in OsAOS RNAi, OsCOI1 RNAi, and
WT plants were analyzed 24 h after MeJA
application or LF infestation.
• Real-time qRT-PCR analysis was used to
determine the relative steady-state transcript
levels shown.
Values are mean ± SE (n ( 3). For each time point, letters above
bars indicate significant difference among treatments (P < 0.05
according to Tukey’s multiple range test).
Fig. 30
51
53. Predatory mites
(Dicke & Sabelis, 1988)
Parasitoid wasps
(Turlings et al., 1990)
Predatory bugs
(Drukker et al., 1995)
Predatory lady beetles
(Ninkovic et al., 2001) Herbivorous moths, which are repelled
(de Moraes et al., 2001)Nematodes
(Rasmann et al., 2005)
Parasitic plants
(Runyon et al., 2006)
Predatory birds
(Mantyla et al., 2008)
Resistance to pathogens
(Yi et al., 2009)
Other plants
(Baldwin & Schultz, 1983;
Rhoades,1983)
Depolarization events and Ca2+ influxes in
membranes exposed to HI-VOCs (Zebelo et
al., 2012) it is likely that the next discovery
will concern their perception by local cells
that are surrounding the injured tissues.
Milestones in the research of herbivore induced-volatile organic
compounds(HI-VOCs)
Fig. 31 Martin., 2014
53
54. Reports on herbivore-induced volatile organic compounds (HI-VOCs) published
between 1983-2013.
Martin., 2014
Fig. 32
54
55. Vieira et al., 2012Brazil
• It induce indirect defenses in soybean plants
against stink bugs by egg parasitoid Telenomus
podisi.
• Spraying cis-jasmone increased number of
Scelionidae egg parasitoids in soybean plots.
• Their results suggest that treatment with cis-
jasmone effectively attracted and enhanced the
population of Scelionid parasitoids, but had no
effect on the occurrence and intensity of parasitism
and in the number of stink bugs.
• The secondary metabolite cis-Jasmone activates the metabolic pathway that produces
volatile organic compounds attractive to natural enemies and, sometimes, repellent to
herbivores. cis-Jasmone is an herbivore induced plant volatile.
cis-Jasmone indirect action on egg parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) and
its application in biological control of soybean stink bugs (Hemiptera:
Pentatomidae)
Constitutive
volatiles
Selective attraction
HIPVs
Spraying
cis-jasmone
Soybean field plotsFig. 33 55
56. Abundance of adult parasitoids sampled in soybean plots, with yellow sticky
traps for nine weeks in control and cis-jasmone treated plots in two areas.
Legend: Aph ( Aphelinidae), Bet ( Bethylidae), Bra ( Braconidae), Cer ( Ceraphronidae), Chal ( Chalcididae), Chalni ( Chalcidoidea unidentified), Chr (
Chrysididae), Dia ( Diapriidae), Dry ( Dryinidae), Euc ( Eucoilidae), Eul ( Eulophidae), Eup ( Eupelmidae), Eur ( Eurytomidae), Eva ( Evaniidae), Fig (
Figitidae), Ich (Ichneumonidae), Meg ( Megaspilidae), Mma ( Mymarommatidae), Mym ( Mymaridae), Per ( Perilampidae), Pla ( Platygastridae), Pro (
Proctrupidae), Sce ( Scelionidae), Sig ( Signiphoridae), Tet ( Tetracampidae), Tor ( Torimidae), Tri ( Trichogrammatidae).Indicate significant difference (P
< 0,05).
Fig. 34
Abundance
Family
d
56
58. Conclusion
Prime-omics is an integrated approach for defense priming which involves
different techniques spanning the fields of transcriptomics, proteomics, and
metabolomics together with adequate bioinformatics tools.
Primed plants show faster and stronger defense responses when subsequently
challenged by microbes, insects, or abiotic stress, and this is frequently linked to
development of local and systemic immunity and stress tolerance.
The availability of rapidly growing transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic
data sets – the prime-ome – describes the state of primed plants.
The knowledge of prime-omics can be exploited for a better defence modulation
in plants.
58
59. Future thrust
Studies on adaptation occurring in the attacker stresses in response to priming
and priming response at different developmental stages of plants will suffice the
strategies to manage any deviations in response.
Research on the priming response in combination with two or more stress
should be investigated.
The work on development of metadata will speed up further research in this
area.
59
Editor's Notes
Due to the changing environment, plants are constantly exposed to a variety of stressful situations. It may be biotic like insect or pathogen attack and abiotic like wind, temp., salinity, drought etc. The crop loss due to abiotic stress may reach more than 50%, insects about 25%, pathogens-20% and vertebrate pest 6-8%.
Since the plants are sessile it have to evolve various strategies to defend against these stresses.