Self-incompatibility refers to the inability of a plant with functional pollen to set seeds when self pollinated. It is the failure of pollen from a flower to fertilize the same flower or other flowers of the same plant.
This presentation includes, Single-locus self-incompatibility- {Gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI) and Sporophytic self-incompatibility (SSI)},2-locus gametophytic self-incompatibility, Heteromorphic self-incompatibility,Cryptic self-incompatibility (CSI) and Late-acting self-incompatibility (LSI).
Plant breeding methods of vegetatively propagated crops Roksana Aftab Ruhi
Vegetatively propagated crops are bred by intentionally crossing of closely or distantly related individual to produce new crop varieties or lines with desirable traits. Breeding of vegetative crops have successfully improved quality, yield, tolerance of crops to environmental pressure. Breeding helps in producing crops that are resistant to viruses, fungi and bacteria and helps in longer storage period for the harvested crop.
Plant breeding methods of vegetatively propagated crops Roksana Aftab Ruhi
Vegetatively propagated crops are bred by intentionally crossing of closely or distantly related individual to produce new crop varieties or lines with desirable traits. Breeding of vegetative crops have successfully improved quality, yield, tolerance of crops to environmental pressure. Breeding helps in producing crops that are resistant to viruses, fungi and bacteria and helps in longer storage period for the harvested crop.
Clone is the progeny of a single plant, produced by asexual reproduction
Clonal selection is the selection of the most desirable members of a clone for continued vegetative propagation rather than for sexual reproduction.
The members of a clone keep up genetic constancy.
So by clonal selection and continued vegetative propagation, the desirable qualities of plants can be maintained for long.
Centres of diversity – types of biodiversity – Centres of origin – Law of homologous series – centers of origin – types of centres of diversity – gene sanctuaries – genetic erosion – main reasons of genetic erosion – extinction – introgression – gene banks – types of gene banks
The concept of gene for gene hypothesis was first developed by Flor in 1956 based on his studies of host pathogen interaction in flax, for rust caused by Melampsora lini. The gene for gene hypothesis states that for each gene controlling resistance in the host, there is corresponding gene controlling pathogenicity in the pathogen. The resistance of host is governed by dominant genes and virulence of pathogen by recessive genes. The genotype of host and pathogen determine the disease reaction. When genes in host and pathogen match for all loci, then only the host will show susceptible reaction. If some gene loci remain unmatched, the host will show resistant reaction. Now gene – for –gene relationship has been reported in several other crops like potato, sorghum, wheat, etc. The gene for gene hypothesis is also known as “Flor Hypothesis.”
Hybridization between individuals from different species belonging to the same genus or two different genera, is termed as distant hybridization or wide hybridization, and such crosses are known as distant crosses or wide crosses.
Clone is the progeny of a single plant, produced by asexual reproduction
Clonal selection is the selection of the most desirable members of a clone for continued vegetative propagation rather than for sexual reproduction.
The members of a clone keep up genetic constancy.
So by clonal selection and continued vegetative propagation, the desirable qualities of plants can be maintained for long.
Centres of diversity – types of biodiversity – Centres of origin – Law of homologous series – centers of origin – types of centres of diversity – gene sanctuaries – genetic erosion – main reasons of genetic erosion – extinction – introgression – gene banks – types of gene banks
The concept of gene for gene hypothesis was first developed by Flor in 1956 based on his studies of host pathogen interaction in flax, for rust caused by Melampsora lini. The gene for gene hypothesis states that for each gene controlling resistance in the host, there is corresponding gene controlling pathogenicity in the pathogen. The resistance of host is governed by dominant genes and virulence of pathogen by recessive genes. The genotype of host and pathogen determine the disease reaction. When genes in host and pathogen match for all loci, then only the host will show susceptible reaction. If some gene loci remain unmatched, the host will show resistant reaction. Now gene – for –gene relationship has been reported in several other crops like potato, sorghum, wheat, etc. The gene for gene hypothesis is also known as “Flor Hypothesis.”
Hybridization between individuals from different species belonging to the same genus or two different genera, is termed as distant hybridization or wide hybridization, and such crosses are known as distant crosses or wide crosses.
Farm-Firm Linkages Through Contract Farming in IndiaExternalEvents
The presentation hihglights how contract farming may be a successful tool to link farmers to markets. It shows successful cases of contract farming ventures in India
It comprises on mating designs used in plant breeding programs. 6 basic mating designs are briefly explained in it with their requirements as well limiting factors...
Sexual Incompatibility and its types: MSC BOTANYBLOGGER
Sexual incompatibility,
inter specific and intra-specific compatibility ,
Homo- & Hetero-morphic compatibility,
GSI &SSI.
click : https://syedbasharat123.blogspot.com/
Genetic, biochemical and molecular mechanism SI and factors causing breakdown...RonikaThakur
This presentations covers about self incompatibility in plants, its types and genetic, molecular and biochemical mechanisms involved in it. Along with temporary suppression of SI and factors breaking it.
This power point Presentation intends to explore the different issues of incompatibility in angiosperms flower and the ways to overcome for desired benefits.
Self incompatibility PART 1
Plant breeding
K Vanangamudi
TNPSC AO, AAO, HO, ADH, AHO exams
ICAR AIEEA JRF & SRF for PG admissions exams
ICAR NET, ARS & STO (T-6) exams
IBPS – AFO exams
interspecific incompability
General features of Self-incompatibility
Classification of Self-incompatibility
Types of self - incompatibility
Mechanism of self - incompatibility
Self-incompatibility refers to the inability of a plant with functional pollen to set seeds when self pollinated. It is the failure of pollen from a flower to fertilize the same flower or other flowers of the same plant.
Self-incompatibility is a mechanism that prevents pollen from one flower from fertilizing other flowers of the same plant. Self-incompatibility is often observed in plants belonging to such families as Solanaceae and Rosaceae.
SELF INCOMPATIBILITY IN VEGETABLES
Mode of pollination is very important in plant breeding because it determines the genetic constitution, nature of gene action, ease in pollination control and stability of varieties after release. There are several mechanisms that promote cross pollination, among these self-incompatibility. Self incompatibility is defined as the prevention of fusion of fertile (functional) male and female gametes of the same plant (Gowers, 1989). Self incompatibility is a system where self-recognition and rejection is the rule that prevents inbreeding depression.
Self incompatibility in plants: a pollination control mechanism in plantsVijayakumar Narayanpur
Self incompatibility(SI) in plant plays important role in view of hybrid seed production. SI in this ppt have been explained in detail from its basics. The mechanism has been explained on the basis of conventional methods and molecular basis. It will be very useful for teaching and students.
Prime-ome: "A molecular approach towards defense priming"Dhanya AJ
Prime-ome is the entire set of messenger RNA (mRNA) molécules or transcripts, proteins and metabolites produced or modified by an organism or system during the different stages of priming in plants and prime-omics is the study of prime-ome.
A bacterial plasmid is a short, usually circular, and double-stranded segment of DNA that is found in the cytoplasm separate from the main bacterial chromosome. This presentation contains plasmid features, replication, classification and its uses.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
1. ANAND AGRICLTURAL UNIVERSITY
B. A. COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
Topic: Self-incompatibility in Plants.
Course: GP-502 - Principles of Cytogenetics(2+1)
Course Teacher: Dr. H. L. Dhaduk
Prepared By,
Dhanya A J,
[ Reg. No: 04-2348-2014 ],
M. Sc. (Agri) Plant Molecular -
Biology & Biotechnology
1
2. Self-incompatibility (SI)
It refers to the inability of a plant with
functional pollen to set seeds when self
pollinated. It is the failure of pollen from a
flower to fertilize the same flower or other
flowers of the same plant.
2
3. Self-incompatibility (SI) is a general
name for several genetic mechanisms
in angiosperms, which prevent self-
fertilization and thus encourage out-
crossing and allogamy.
3
4. In plants with SI, when a pollen grain
produced in a plant reaches a stigma of the
same plant or another plant with a similar
genotype, the process of pollen germination,
pollen tube growth, ovule fertilization,
and embryo development is halted at one of
its stages, and consequently no seeds are
produced. SI is one of the most important
means to prevent selfing and promote the
generation of new genotypes in plants, and it
is considered as one of the causes for the
spread and success of the angiosperms on the
earth.
4
6. Criteria Types
Genes involved
(number)
Monoallelic (governed by single
gene)
Diallelic (governed by two genes)
Polyallelic (governed by many
genes)
Cytology of
pollen
Binucleate (pollens with two nuclei)
Trinucleate (pollens with three
nuclei)
Expression site
Ovarian (expression site is ovary)
Stylar (expression site is style)
Stigmatic (expression site is stigma)
6
7. General features of Self-incompatibility
Prevents selfing and promotes out-breeding so
increases the probability of new gene
combinations.
Causes may be morphological, physiological,
genetical or biochemical.
Normal seed set on cross pollination.
May operate at any stage between pollination and
fertilization.
Reduces homozygosity.
In plants, self-incompatibility is often inherited by
a single gene (S) with different alleles (e.g. S1, S2,
S3 etc.) in the species population
7
9. Mechanisms of single-locus
self-incompatibility
The best studied mechanisms of SI act by inhibiting the
germination of pollen on stigmas, or the elongation of
the pollen tube in the styles. These mechanisms are
based on protein-protein interactions, and the best-
understood mechanisms are controlled by a
single locus termed S, which has many
different alleles in the species population. Despite their
similar morphological and genetic manifestations, these
mechanisms have evolved independently, and are based
on different cellular components; therefore, each
mechanism has its own, unique S-genes.
9
10. The S-locus contains two basic
protein coding regions - one expressed in
the pistil, and the other in
the anther and/or pollen (referred to as
the female and male determinants,
respectively). Because of their physical
proximity, these are genetically linked,
and are inherited as a unit.
The units are called S-haplotypes.
10
11. The translation products of the two regions of the S-
locus are two proteins which, by interacting with one
another, lead to the arrest of pollen germination and/or
pollen tube elongation, and thereby generate an SI
response, preventing fertilization. However, when a
female determinant interacts with a male determinant of
a different haplotype, no SI is created, and fertilization
ensues.
This is a simplistic description of the general
mechanism of SI, which is more complicated, and in
some species the S-haplotype contains more than two
protein coding regions.
11
14. Gametophytic Self-Incompatibility (GSI)
This form of self-incompatibility is more common
than SSI but not so well understood. It occurs in
nearly one-half of all the families of angiosperms,
including
the Solanaceae (potatoes, tomatoes [wild, not
cultivated], and tobacco)
petunias
beets (Beta vulgaris)
buttercups (Ranunculus)
Lilies
roses
many grasses
14
15. The rules:
The S loci are
extremely polymorphic;
that is, there is an
abundance of multiple
alleles in the population.
Incompatibility is
controlled by the single
S allele in the haploid
pollen grain.
Thus a pollen grain
will grow in any pistil
that does not contain the
same
15
16. This appears to be the mechanism in the Petunia:
All pollen grains — incompatible as well as
compatible — germinate forming pollen tubes that
begin to grow down the style.
However, growth of incompatible pollen tubes
stops in the style while compatible tubes go on to
fertilize the egg in the ovary.
The block within incompatible pollen tubes is
created by an S-locus-encoded ribonuclease (S-
RNase), which is
synthesized within the style;
enters the pollen tube and
destroys its RNA molecules
halting pollen tube growth. 16
17. The RNase molecules contain a hypervariable region,
each encoded by a different allele, which establishes each
S specificity (S1, S2, S3, etc.).
The pollen tube expresses a protein designated SLF(S-
locus F-box protein) that binds S-RNase. SLF also exists
in different S specificities (S1, S2, S3, etc.).
In compatible ("nonself") tubes, the SLF or SCF(Skp1–
Cul1–F-box-protein ubiquitin ligase) triggers the
degradation (in proteasomes) of the S-RNase thus
permitting RNAs in the pollen tube to survive and growth
to continue.
In incompatible ("self") tubes the interaction of, for
example, the S1 SCF with the S1 S-RNase blocks its
degradation so the RNAs of the pollen tube are destroyed
and growth is halted. 17
18. Cross Compatibility
S1S2 X S1S2 Fully incompatible
S1S2 X S1S3 Partially compatible
S1S2 X S3S4 Fully compatible
18
19. Sporophytic Self-Incompatibility (SSI)
This form of self-incompatibility has been studied
intensively in members of the mustard family
(Brassica), including turnips, rape, cabbage,
broccoli, and cauliflower.
In this system,
•Rejection of self pollen is controlled by
the diploid genotype of the sporophyte generation.
19
20. •The control lies in the "S-locus", which is actually a
cluster of three tightly-linked loci:
•SLG (S-Locus Glycoprotein) which encodes part
of a receptor present in the cell wall of the stigma;
•SRK (S-Receptor Kinase), which encodes the
other part of the receptor. Kinases attach
phosphate groups to other proteins. SRK
is transmembrane protein embedded in the plasma
membrane of the stigma cell.
•SCR (S-locus Cysteine-Rich protein), which
encodes a soluble ligand for the same receptor
which is secreted by the pollen.
20
23. •Because the plants cannot fertilize themselves,
they tend to be heterozygous; that is, carry a pair
of different S loci (here designated S1 and S2).
•However, dozens of different S alleles may be
present in the population of the species; that is;
the S-locus in the species is
extremely polymorphic.
•The difference between the alleles is concentrated
in certain "hypervariable regions" of the
receptor .
23
24. The rules:
• Pollen will not germinate on the stigma (diploid)
of a flower that contains either of the two alleles
in the sporophyte parent that produced the pollen.
• This holds true even though each pollen grain —
being haploid — contains only one of the alleles.
• For example, the S2 pollen, which was produced
by a S1S2 parent, cannot germinate on an
S1S3 stigma.
24
26. The explanation:
•The S1S2 pollen-producing sporophyte synthesizes
both SCR1 and SCR2 for incorporation in (and later
release from) both S1 and S2 pollen grains.
•If either SCR molecule can bind to either receptor
on the pistil, the kinase triggers a series of events that
lead to failure of the stigma to support germination of
the pollen grain. Among these events is
the ubiquination of proteins targeting them for
destruction in proteasomes.
•If this path is not triggered (e.g., pollen from an
S1S2 parent on an S3S4 stigma, the pollen germinates
successfully.
26
28. The grass subfamily Pooideae,
and perhaps all of the
family Poaceae, have a
gametophytic self-
incompatibility system that
involves two unlinked loci
referred to as S and Z. If the
alleles expressed at these two
loci in the pollen grain both
match the corresponding alleles
in the pistil, the pollen grain will
be recognized as incompatible.
2) 2-locus gametophytic self-
incompatibility
28
29. The genes responsible for
self-incompatibility in
heterostylous flowers are
strongly linked to the genes
responsible for flower
polymorphism, so these
traits are inherited together.
The associated concepts are
distyly and tristyly.
3) Heteromorphic self-incompatibility
29
30. What is Distyly ?
Here, both stamens and styles are of two
types.
Stamens may be low and high
styles short and long.
It is determined by a single gene, with two
alleles.
The flower with short style and high stamen
is called as thrum type and flower with long
style and low stamen is called as pin type.
Both thrum and pin flowers differ for six
characters in addition to stamen and style
length.
30
31. Stigma
Anther
Cross Result
Ss (thrum) X Ss (thrum) Incompatible
ss (pin) X ss (pin) Incompatible
Ss(thrum) X ss (pin) 1:1
ss (pin) X Ss(thrum) 1:1
Distyly
Thrum Pin 31
32. What is Tristyly?
In tristyly, styles and stamens have three
different positions.
It is determined by two genes S and M, each
with two alleles.
S gives rise to short style,
S and M to medium style and
s and m to long style.
The number of possible genotypes is greater,
but a 1:1 ratio exists between individuals of
each SI type.
32
34. Cryptic self-incompatibility (CSI)
It exists in a limited number of taxa (for example,
there is evidence for CSI in
Bladder Campion-Silene vulgaris
(Caryophyllaceae),
Viper's Bugloss or Blueweed -Echium
vulgare(Boraginaceae),
Waterwillow or swamp loosestrife -Decodon
verticillatus (Lythraceae),
34
37. In this mechanism, the simultaneous
presence of cross and self pollen on the
same stigma, results in higher seed set
from cross pollen, relative to self
pollen. However, as opposed to
'complete' or 'absolute' SI, in CSI, self-
pollination without the presence of
competing cross pollen, results in
successive fertilization and seed set; in
this way, reproduction is assured, even in
the absence of cross-pollination.
Contd…37
38. CSI acts, at least in some species, at the
stage of pollen tube elongation, and leads
to faster elongation of cross pollen tubes,
relative to self pollen tubes. The cellular
and molecular mechanisms of CSI have
not been described.
The strength of a CSI response can be
defined, as the ratio of crossed to selfed
ovules, formed when equal amounts of
cross and self pollen, are placed upon the
stigma; in the taxa described up to this day,
this ratio ranges between 3.2 and 11.5
38
39. It is also termed ovarian self-incompatibility
(OSI).
In this mechanism, self pollen germinates and
reaches the ovules, but no fruit is set.
LSI can be pre-zygotic(e.g. deterioration of
the embryo sac prior to pollen tube entry, as
in Narcissus triandrus) or
post-zygotic (malformation of
the zygote or embryo, as in certain species
of Asclepias and in Spathodea campanulata).
Late-acting self-incompatibility (LSI)
39
42. The existence of the LSI mechanism among different
taxa and in general, is subject for scientific debate.
Criticizers claim, that absence of fruit set is due to
genetic defects (homozygosity for lethal recessive
alleles), which are the direct result of self-fertilization
(inbreeding depression).
Supporters, on the other hand, argue for the existence of
several basic criteria, which differentiate certain cases of
LSI from the inbreeding depression phenomenon.
Late-acting self-incompatibility (LSI)
42
43. Importance of Self-Incompatibility In
Plant Breeding
Self-incompatibility effectively prevents self-pollination;
as a result, it has a profound effect on plant breeding
approaches and objectives.
(1) In self incompatible fruit trees, it is necessary to plant
two cross-compatible varieties to ensure fruitfulness.
(2) Self-incompatibility may be used in hybrid seed
production. For that, two self-incompatible but cross-
compatible lines are to be interpolated; seeds obtained
from both the lines would be hybrid seed.
43
44. (3) Self incompatibility provides a way for hybrid seed
production without emasculation and without
resorting to genetic or cytoplasmic male sterility.
(4) Self incompatibility system permits combining of
desirable genes in a single genotype from two or
more different sources through natural cross
pollination which is not possible in self compatible
species .
(5) In case of pineapple, commercial clones are self-
incompatible. As a result, their fruits develop
parthenocarpically & are seedless.
44
45. 1. It is very difficult to produce homozygous
inbred lines in a self incompatible species.
2. Bud pollination has to be made to maintain
the parental lines.
3. Self incompatibility is affected by
environmental factors such as temperature
and humidity. Incompatibility is reduced or
broken down at high temperature and hu-
midity.
4. There is a limited use of self-incompatibility
due to problems associated with the
maintenance of inbred lines through hand
pollination as it is tedious and costly.
Limitations
45
46. Reference
Cryptic self-incompatibility in Echium vulgare
(Boraginaceae)- Korbecka G. and P.G.L.
Klinkhamer
Cryptic Self-incompatibility In Tristylous
Decodon Verticillatus (Lythraceae) -
Christopher G. Eckert2 And Maryl Allen
Gametophytic self incompatibility Systems -
Ed Newbigin, Marilyn A. Anderson, and
Adrienne E. Clarke’
www.wikipedia.com
www.theagricos.com
Principles of Plant Breeding by B. D. Singh.
46