Induction of Systemic acquired resistance in Mungbean against Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Begomovirus by the exogenous application of Salicylic acid and Benzothiadiazole
— The diseases caused by bipartite Begomoviruses have emerged as overwhelming problem in various cropping systems of Pakistan. The study was conducted to evaluate the potential of induced resistance in mungbean to Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) disease. In this work, resistance to MYMV infection was induced in mungbean plants by activating the Salicylic acid (SA) pathway using SA and Benzothiadiazole (BTH) as treatments. The resistance was characterized by evaluating symptom appearance and virus titter through ELISA. Elicitors i.e., SA and BTH were applied at different concentrations to enhance the innate resistance of mungbean by the induction of defense related compounds. All treatments were helpful in reducing plant infection but the most effective treatment was the combination of SA@5mM and BTH@150mg/L as compared to virus inoculated control. Three weeks analysis showed peak accumulation of defense related enzymatic antioxidants and phenols in the mungbean leaves treated with SA and BTH. Higher enzymatic activity was observed in elicitor treated plants followed by inoculation with MYMV. As the resistance increased due to the application of SA & BTH the enzymatic activities of SOD, POD, and CAT were also increased during second week after application of elicitors. This study revealed that SA and BTH are potential source for management of MYMV by enhancing the level of protection through induction of systemic acquired resistance.
This document discusses the role of elicitors in producing plant secondary metabolites through in-vitro culture conditions. It defines secondary metabolites and explains their economic importance. It also outlines the advantages and disadvantages of in-vitro production. The document classifies different types of elicitors and presents case studies demonstrating how elicitors like methyl jasmonate and chitosan can increase the production of secondary metabolites like alkaloids and terpenoids in plant species. It concludes that elicitors play a key role in enhancing in-vitro production of these high-value compounds.
1. Secondary metabolites in plants play an important role in innate immunity and disease resistance. They are classified into terpenes, phenolics, and nitrogen and sulfur containing compounds.
2. Terpenes are the largest class of secondary metabolites derived from acetyl-CoA or glycolytic intermediates. Phenolic compounds include coumarins, lignins, flavonoids, and tanins.
3. Secondary metabolites can act as phytoanticipins, which are constitutively present, or phytoalexins, which are induced after pathogen attack. Phytoanticipins include glucosinolates, cyanogenic glucosides, and benzoxazinone glucosides.
This review discusses the role of bioinoculants in bioremediation and inducing systemic resistance in plants. Bioinoculants like PGPR and PGPF colonize plant roots and promote growth through nutrient uptake and disease resistance. They also play a role in bioremediation by degrading toxic contaminants like PAHs, PCBs, and heavy metals through enzymatic activity. Bioinoculants induce systemic resistance in plants through phytohormonal signaling pathways like JA, ET, and SA which activate defense genes and resistance against pathogens. Studies show various bacteria and fungi are effective in bioremediating contaminants and inducing resistance through these pathways.
Priming for enhanced defence during Plant-Pathogen IntractionRakesh Punia
This document discusses plant defense priming, which enables plants to respond more rapidly and robustly to pathogens. Priming involves accumulating signaling components without activating full resistance. It is accompanied by induced resistance pathways. Priming techniques include chemical treatments and bio-priming with microbes. The molecular mechanisms of priming involve elevated pattern recognition receptors, dormant mitogen-activated protein kinases, and chromatin modifications that provide a stress memory. Priming shows potential for sustainable agriculture by reducing pesticide use through potentiated defenses.
This study investigated the biochemical resistance mechanisms of Jatropha curcas against Lasiodiplodia theobramae, a leaf blight and necrosis pathogen. Biochemical parameters were evaluated in 8 Jatropha accessions before and after inoculation with the pathogen. The study found that resistant accessions activated the synthesis of defensive compounds like phenolics, flavonoids, proteins, photosynthetic pigments, and salicylic acid. They also increased antioxidant enzyme activities. Susceptible accessions showed decreased photosynthetic pigments and increased lipid peroxidation. Principal component analysis separated resistant from susceptible accessions based on their biochemical parameter profiles, indicating resistance is associated with the induction of defensive biomolecules and oxidative enzymes.
PRESENT STATUS AND PROSPECT OF BOTANICALS IN PLANT DISEASE CONTROLSamar Biswas
Botanicals have been in use for a long time for pest control. A product of species coevolution, these compounds offer many environmental advantages. However, their uses during the 20th century have been rather marginal compared with other bio control methods of pests and pathogens. Improvement in our understanding of plant allelochemical mechanisms of activity offer new prospects for using these substances in crop protection. We examine the reasons behind their limited use and the actual crop protection developments involving plant allelochemicals, namely formulations including bio pesticides of plant origin for organic or traditional agricultures, and improvement of plant resistance to pathogens through identification of genes coding for allelochemicals and stimulation of natural passive and active defenses of the plant. Commercial and regulatory aspects are discussed.
This study investigated the effects of four commercially available bioactive compounds (Bion, Messenger, Regalis, and Dormex) on infection rates, symptom expression, and growth rates of apple trees infected with 'Candidatus Phytoplasma mali' over three years. The compounds showed limited and transient effects. Infection rates were not significantly affected. Regalis was the only compound that significantly inhibited growth of both infected and non-infected trees. Acibenzolar-S-Methyl and Harpin had no significant effects on symptom expression. Regalis masked symptoms during summer but caused severe growth abnormalities. Cyanamide delayed symptoms in the first two years but symptoms appeared earlier in the third year, with differences in expression level
Activation of natural host defence by elicitors for management of post harves...Vinod Upadhyay
India suffers post-harvest losses of over $2 billion annually due to spoilage of 30% of fruits and vegetables after harvesting. Elicitors are compounds that can activate natural host defense responses in plants. Some examples of elicitors that have been shown to reduce post-harvest diseases include salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate, harpin, and oligandrin. Elicitors work by priming the plant's defenses through mechanisms like reactive oxygen species production, phytoalexin production, and hypersensitive response. The effectiveness of elicitors can depend on factors like cultivar genotype, environmental conditions, and whether they are combined with other treatments like fungicides or biocontrol agents.
This document discusses the role of elicitors in producing plant secondary metabolites through in-vitro culture conditions. It defines secondary metabolites and explains their economic importance. It also outlines the advantages and disadvantages of in-vitro production. The document classifies different types of elicitors and presents case studies demonstrating how elicitors like methyl jasmonate and chitosan can increase the production of secondary metabolites like alkaloids and terpenoids in plant species. It concludes that elicitors play a key role in enhancing in-vitro production of these high-value compounds.
1. Secondary metabolites in plants play an important role in innate immunity and disease resistance. They are classified into terpenes, phenolics, and nitrogen and sulfur containing compounds.
2. Terpenes are the largest class of secondary metabolites derived from acetyl-CoA or glycolytic intermediates. Phenolic compounds include coumarins, lignins, flavonoids, and tanins.
3. Secondary metabolites can act as phytoanticipins, which are constitutively present, or phytoalexins, which are induced after pathogen attack. Phytoanticipins include glucosinolates, cyanogenic glucosides, and benzoxazinone glucosides.
This review discusses the role of bioinoculants in bioremediation and inducing systemic resistance in plants. Bioinoculants like PGPR and PGPF colonize plant roots and promote growth through nutrient uptake and disease resistance. They also play a role in bioremediation by degrading toxic contaminants like PAHs, PCBs, and heavy metals through enzymatic activity. Bioinoculants induce systemic resistance in plants through phytohormonal signaling pathways like JA, ET, and SA which activate defense genes and resistance against pathogens. Studies show various bacteria and fungi are effective in bioremediating contaminants and inducing resistance through these pathways.
Priming for enhanced defence during Plant-Pathogen IntractionRakesh Punia
This document discusses plant defense priming, which enables plants to respond more rapidly and robustly to pathogens. Priming involves accumulating signaling components without activating full resistance. It is accompanied by induced resistance pathways. Priming techniques include chemical treatments and bio-priming with microbes. The molecular mechanisms of priming involve elevated pattern recognition receptors, dormant mitogen-activated protein kinases, and chromatin modifications that provide a stress memory. Priming shows potential for sustainable agriculture by reducing pesticide use through potentiated defenses.
This study investigated the biochemical resistance mechanisms of Jatropha curcas against Lasiodiplodia theobramae, a leaf blight and necrosis pathogen. Biochemical parameters were evaluated in 8 Jatropha accessions before and after inoculation with the pathogen. The study found that resistant accessions activated the synthesis of defensive compounds like phenolics, flavonoids, proteins, photosynthetic pigments, and salicylic acid. They also increased antioxidant enzyme activities. Susceptible accessions showed decreased photosynthetic pigments and increased lipid peroxidation. Principal component analysis separated resistant from susceptible accessions based on their biochemical parameter profiles, indicating resistance is associated with the induction of defensive biomolecules and oxidative enzymes.
PRESENT STATUS AND PROSPECT OF BOTANICALS IN PLANT DISEASE CONTROLSamar Biswas
Botanicals have been in use for a long time for pest control. A product of species coevolution, these compounds offer many environmental advantages. However, their uses during the 20th century have been rather marginal compared with other bio control methods of pests and pathogens. Improvement in our understanding of plant allelochemical mechanisms of activity offer new prospects for using these substances in crop protection. We examine the reasons behind their limited use and the actual crop protection developments involving plant allelochemicals, namely formulations including bio pesticides of plant origin for organic or traditional agricultures, and improvement of plant resistance to pathogens through identification of genes coding for allelochemicals and stimulation of natural passive and active defenses of the plant. Commercial and regulatory aspects are discussed.
This study investigated the effects of four commercially available bioactive compounds (Bion, Messenger, Regalis, and Dormex) on infection rates, symptom expression, and growth rates of apple trees infected with 'Candidatus Phytoplasma mali' over three years. The compounds showed limited and transient effects. Infection rates were not significantly affected. Regalis was the only compound that significantly inhibited growth of both infected and non-infected trees. Acibenzolar-S-Methyl and Harpin had no significant effects on symptom expression. Regalis masked symptoms during summer but caused severe growth abnormalities. Cyanamide delayed symptoms in the first two years but symptoms appeared earlier in the third year, with differences in expression level
Activation of natural host defence by elicitors for management of post harves...Vinod Upadhyay
India suffers post-harvest losses of over $2 billion annually due to spoilage of 30% of fruits and vegetables after harvesting. Elicitors are compounds that can activate natural host defense responses in plants. Some examples of elicitors that have been shown to reduce post-harvest diseases include salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate, harpin, and oligandrin. Elicitors work by priming the plant's defenses through mechanisms like reactive oxygen species production, phytoalexin production, and hypersensitive response. The effectiveness of elicitors can depend on factors like cultivar genotype, environmental conditions, and whether they are combined with other treatments like fungicides or biocontrol agents.
Plant Defence inducing molecules against pathogens - Lessons learned and path...Ashajyothi Mushineni
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on defence inducing molecules against plant pathogens. It discusses various molecules that can induce plant defenses, such as BABA, probenazole, SA analogues, jasmonic acid, chitosan, oligogalacturonides, harpin proteins, and vitamins. Case studies demonstrate the effects of these molecules in enhancing disease resistance in plants like tomato and pepper. While these defense activators provide advantages over fungicides, challenges include potential environmental and health issues. Further research is needed to develop more economical and effective defense inducing strategies.
Genetic Engineering in Insect Pest management Mohd Irshad
gene incorporation is gaining attention across the globe with the aim of improving plant health, crop protection, and sustainable crop production. This versatile method of Scientific cultivation should be adopted by the growers as it has been investigated and assessed by experts and environmentalists. There is not any kind of toxic effect on mammalian.
Plants have evolved various constitutive and induced defense strategies against herbivores. Constitutive defenses include physical defenses like thorns and trichomes as well as chemical defenses like alkaloids, terpenes, and glucosinolates. Induced defenses are activated in response to herbivore attack and can be direct like proteinase inhibitors or indirect like releasing volatile signals to attract natural enemies of herbivores. Key phytohormones like jasmonic acid and salicylic acid mediate induced defense responses by activating genes related to toxins, repellents, and signal production. Understanding these plant defense mechanisms could help develop new ecofriendly pest management approaches for agriculture.
Role of new generation plant bioregulators in fruitSindhu Reddy
In order meet out the emerging consumer demand and challenges towards fruit production, there is the need to explore new interventions. One among that is use of new generation plant growth regulators in fruit crops. Plant growth regulators (PGR), recently name has been changed to plant bio-regulators (PBR’s) are defined as organic compounds, other than nutrients, that in small concentrations, affect the physiological processes of plants. There are five classical growth hormones which have the specific function in growth and development were already commercially exploited in fruit crops, but use of new generation growth regulators in fruit crops are recent and emerging trend. New generation PBR’s includes brassinosteroids, Jasmonate, salicylic acid, polyamines, karrikins and strigolactones and retardants such as 1-MCP and prohexodione-Ca. These are utilized in fruit crops starting from propagation to improving quality also including biotic and abiotic stress resistant. Hence, new generation plant growth regulators are an effective alternative for future fruit production combating major production challenges.
Role of secondary metabolites in insect pest managementMohd Irshad
This document discusses the role of secondary plant metabolites in insect pest management. Secondary metabolites are compounds produced by plants that are not directly involved in growth or development but play an important role in plant defense. The major groups of secondary metabolites discussed are terpenes, phenolic compounds, sulfur-containing compounds, and nitrogen-containing compounds. Many secondary metabolites have insecticidal, antifeedant, or repellent properties that help protect plants from herbivorous insects and other pests. The document also reviews several plant-derived products that are used commercially in pest management due to their secondary metabolite content.
Prime-ome: "A molecular approach towards defense priming"Dhanya AJ
Prime-ome is the entire set of messenger RNA (mRNA) molécules or transcripts, proteins and metabolites produced or modified by an organism or system during the different stages of priming in plants and prime-omics is the study of prime-ome.
Phytoalexins are toxic chemical compounds produced by plants in response to infection by parasites or pathogens. They act as a defense mechanism against invading fungi or bacteria. Hundreds of phytoalexins have been characterized, mostly in the families Fabaceae and Solanaceae. They are produced through the shikimic acid pathway and are often fungistatic rather than fungicidal. Important phytoalexins include pisatin, phaseollin, glyceollin and gossypol. In addition to their role in plant defense, many phytoalexins have potential health benefits for humans such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties.
Phytoalexins are broad-spectrum antimicrobial compounds produced by plants in response to pathogen infection. They are chemically diverse and fall into classes like terpenoids, steroids, and alkaloids. Phytoalexins are synthesized de novo from primary metabolites through pathways like the shikimic acid and mevalonic acid pathways after plants detect elicitors from pathogens. They function as toxins to disrupt the metabolism and reproduction of pathogens. Their production is part of plants' general short-term response to infection and their long-term systemic acquired resistance which protects the entire plant.
This document summarizes a study on the antimicrobial activity of various fern species found in Darjeeling, India. Five fern species were found to have antimicrobial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria: Athyrium filix-femina, Dicranopteris linearis, Tectaria impressa, Hypolepis punctata, and Pleopeltis macromarpa. Ethanol extracts of these five species were tested against Bacillus megaterium and E. coli bacteria using the agar cup diffusion method. Dicranopteris linearis and Tectaria impressa showed similar activity against both types of bacteria. Athyrium filix-femina was more effective
Antimicrobial peptides and innate immunitySpringer
This document provides an overview of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that are part of the innate immunity in plants. It discusses five classes of AMPs found in plants - thionins, defensins, lipid transfer proteins, snakins, and related knotteins/cyclotides/hevein-like peptides. Thionins are the first AMP isolated from plants and are cationic peptides containing disulfide bridges that primarily act on microbial membranes. Plant AMPs play a role in the constitutive and induced defenses of plants against pathogens.
Antioxidant activity, photosynthetic rate, and Spectral mass in bean Plants (...IJEABJ
This document summarizes a study that examined the effects of various defense activators (jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, Trichoderma asperellum, and Bacillus pumilus) on antioxidant activity, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and metabolic profile in bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The study found that jasmonic acid and T. asperellum increased antioxidant enzyme activity, photosynthetic rate, and stomatal conductance in the plants. Mass spectrometry analysis also revealed a greater number and quantity of metabolites/masses in the T. asperellum treated plants compared to the other treatments. The results suggest that some defense activators can
The document discusses the application of proteomics in studying plant biotic stress. It notes that biotic stress is caused by living organisms like viruses, bacteria, fungi, and insects. The role of proteins in the plant stress response is crucial, as proteins directly regulate physiological characteristics to help plants adapt. Proteomics can help discover proteins and pathways associated with stress tolerance in crops. Studying the plant's proteomic response could improve understanding of key metabolic proteins involved in tolerance and help develop strategies to reduce stress.
Defensins: Antimicrobial peptide for the host plant resistancesnehaljikamade
Since the beginning of the 90s lots of cationic plant, cysteine-rich antimicrobial peptides (AMP) have been studied. However, Broekaert et al. (1995) only coined the term “plant defensin,” after comparison of a new class of plant antifungal peptides with known insect defensins. From there, many plant defensins have been reported and studies on this class of peptides encompass its activity toward microorganisms and molecular features of the mechanism of action against bacteria and fungi. Plant defensins also have been tested as biotechnological tools to improve crop production through fungi resistance generation in organisms genetically modified (OGM). Its low effective concentration towards fungi, ranging from 0.1 to 10 μM and its safety to mammals and birds makes them a better choice, in place of chemicals, to control fungi infection on crop fields. Herein, is a review of the history of plant defensins since their discovery at the beginning of 90s, following the advances on its structure conformation and mechanism of action towards microorganisms is reported. This review also points out some important topics, including: (i) the most studied plant defensins and their fungal targets; (ii) the molecular features of plant defensins and their relation with antifungal activity; (iii) the possibility of using plant defensin(s) genes to generate fungi resistant GM crops and biofungicides; and (iv) a brief discussion about the absence of products in the market containing plant antifungal defensins.
This document discusses genetic engineering for resistance to biotic stress. It defines biotic stress as stress caused by other living organisms that can damage crops. Various techniques for genetically engineering plants for resistance are described, including using genes from Bacillus thuringiensis to make plants resistant to certain insects. Case studies on developing resistance to the European corn borer in Bt corn and developing glyphosate resistance in crops through different strategies are summarized. The development of transgenic crops with traits like insect resistance, herbicide tolerance, and virus resistance are also briefly outlined.
This document discusses methods for improving microbial strains through genetic modification to increase production of commercially valuable metabolites. There are two main methods - mutation and genetic recombination. Mutation involves inducing changes in a microorganism's DNA through mutagenic agents like UV light or chemicals to generate mutants with desirable traits like higher yields, antibiotic resistance, or growth on low-cost substrates. Genetic recombination combines genetic material from two strains, such as combining a high yielding mutant with a wild type or another mutant, to further increase fermentation yields.
Staphylococcus aureus biofilm inhibitors from an elmleaf blackberry extract -...Cassandra Quave
1) Researchers fractionated an ethanol extract from the roots of elmleaf blackberry (Rubus ulmifolius) and found that one fraction (220D-F2) strongly inhibited Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation.
2) 220D-F2 was able to inhibit biofilm formation in all tested genotypes of S. aureus and did not affect bacterial growth.
3) When used in combination with various antibiotics, 220D-F2 enhanced the ability of the antibiotics to reduce existing biofilms and kill biofilm-embedded bacteria.
Role of secondary metabolite in plant defenceDevidas Shinde
Secondary metabolites are organic compounds produced by plants that are not directly involved in their normal growth, development or reproduction but play an important role in plant defense. They are classified into terpenes, phenolic compounds and nitrogen-containing compounds. Plants have developed various defense mechanisms including chemical defenses using secondary metabolites that can deter herbivores and pathogens. Secondary metabolites also help improve disease resistance and shelf life of plants. They have applications in pharmaceuticals, pesticides, drug development and regulating plant metabolic processes.
The document discusses secondary metabolites called antibiotics produced by soil bacteria Streptomyces. It focuses on actinomycins, which are mixtures of molecules that inhibit the growth of other microorganisms. Actinomycin D is highlighted as an important antibiotic that is a cyclic polypeptide. It works by binding to DNA and inhibiting RNA synthesis, thereby preventing protein synthesis. Actinomycin D is used clinically to treat several types of cancer.
Fungal biocontrol agents like Trichoderma spp. can induce systemic resistance in plants against pathogens through several mechanisms. They compete with pathogens for space and nutrients, produce antibiotics, or act as mycoparasites against other fungi. Trichoderma elicits plant defenses by inducing the expression of pathogenesis-related proteins and antioxidant enzymes. Case studies showed Trichoderma reduced disease severity in cotton, barley, and maize by triggering the plants' terpenoid defenses or increasing their tolerance to salt and drought stress. Fungal biocontrol is an environmentally sustainable alternative to chemicals for managing plant diseases.
Management of potato virus Y (PVY) in potato by some biocontrol agents under ...Open Access Research Paper
The study was conducted to test the activity of Pseudomonas fluorescens, Rhodotorula sp and fermented neem extract to protect potato plants against potato virusY disease development under field conditions. Infected potato tubers were soaked in P. fluorescens, Rhodotorula sp suspensions and in fermented neem extracts separately and sown in the field in completely randomized block design. The development of virus symptoms and the accumulation of virus in the plant based on Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) were followed. The results obtained showed that the treatment of potato tubers with the three agents have significantly accelerated plant emergence, 5-6 days early than non treated ones, and improved plant growth, the plant dry weights ranged from 120-177 g/plant compared to 42 g/plant in non treated plants. The enhancement of plant growth was found associated with reduction in disease severity based on symptoms development and restriction of virus concentration as proved by ELISA absorbance of 405 nm, 0.14-0.23 compared with 2.50 in non treated plants. The results indicated that the use of bioagent to induce systemic resistance provide an efficient tool, as insecticide alternative to manage potato virus Y in potato. Check out more by following link https://innspub.net/management-of-potato-virus-y-pvy-in-potato-by-some-biocontrol-agents-under-field-conditions/
Plant Defence inducing molecules against pathogens - Lessons learned and path...Ashajyothi Mushineni
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on defence inducing molecules against plant pathogens. It discusses various molecules that can induce plant defenses, such as BABA, probenazole, SA analogues, jasmonic acid, chitosan, oligogalacturonides, harpin proteins, and vitamins. Case studies demonstrate the effects of these molecules in enhancing disease resistance in plants like tomato and pepper. While these defense activators provide advantages over fungicides, challenges include potential environmental and health issues. Further research is needed to develop more economical and effective defense inducing strategies.
Genetic Engineering in Insect Pest management Mohd Irshad
gene incorporation is gaining attention across the globe with the aim of improving plant health, crop protection, and sustainable crop production. This versatile method of Scientific cultivation should be adopted by the growers as it has been investigated and assessed by experts and environmentalists. There is not any kind of toxic effect on mammalian.
Plants have evolved various constitutive and induced defense strategies against herbivores. Constitutive defenses include physical defenses like thorns and trichomes as well as chemical defenses like alkaloids, terpenes, and glucosinolates. Induced defenses are activated in response to herbivore attack and can be direct like proteinase inhibitors or indirect like releasing volatile signals to attract natural enemies of herbivores. Key phytohormones like jasmonic acid and salicylic acid mediate induced defense responses by activating genes related to toxins, repellents, and signal production. Understanding these plant defense mechanisms could help develop new ecofriendly pest management approaches for agriculture.
Role of new generation plant bioregulators in fruitSindhu Reddy
In order meet out the emerging consumer demand and challenges towards fruit production, there is the need to explore new interventions. One among that is use of new generation plant growth regulators in fruit crops. Plant growth regulators (PGR), recently name has been changed to plant bio-regulators (PBR’s) are defined as organic compounds, other than nutrients, that in small concentrations, affect the physiological processes of plants. There are five classical growth hormones which have the specific function in growth and development were already commercially exploited in fruit crops, but use of new generation growth regulators in fruit crops are recent and emerging trend. New generation PBR’s includes brassinosteroids, Jasmonate, salicylic acid, polyamines, karrikins and strigolactones and retardants such as 1-MCP and prohexodione-Ca. These are utilized in fruit crops starting from propagation to improving quality also including biotic and abiotic stress resistant. Hence, new generation plant growth regulators are an effective alternative for future fruit production combating major production challenges.
Role of secondary metabolites in insect pest managementMohd Irshad
This document discusses the role of secondary plant metabolites in insect pest management. Secondary metabolites are compounds produced by plants that are not directly involved in growth or development but play an important role in plant defense. The major groups of secondary metabolites discussed are terpenes, phenolic compounds, sulfur-containing compounds, and nitrogen-containing compounds. Many secondary metabolites have insecticidal, antifeedant, or repellent properties that help protect plants from herbivorous insects and other pests. The document also reviews several plant-derived products that are used commercially in pest management due to their secondary metabolite content.
Prime-ome: "A molecular approach towards defense priming"Dhanya AJ
Prime-ome is the entire set of messenger RNA (mRNA) molécules or transcripts, proteins and metabolites produced or modified by an organism or system during the different stages of priming in plants and prime-omics is the study of prime-ome.
Phytoalexins are toxic chemical compounds produced by plants in response to infection by parasites or pathogens. They act as a defense mechanism against invading fungi or bacteria. Hundreds of phytoalexins have been characterized, mostly in the families Fabaceae and Solanaceae. They are produced through the shikimic acid pathway and are often fungistatic rather than fungicidal. Important phytoalexins include pisatin, phaseollin, glyceollin and gossypol. In addition to their role in plant defense, many phytoalexins have potential health benefits for humans such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties.
Phytoalexins are broad-spectrum antimicrobial compounds produced by plants in response to pathogen infection. They are chemically diverse and fall into classes like terpenoids, steroids, and alkaloids. Phytoalexins are synthesized de novo from primary metabolites through pathways like the shikimic acid and mevalonic acid pathways after plants detect elicitors from pathogens. They function as toxins to disrupt the metabolism and reproduction of pathogens. Their production is part of plants' general short-term response to infection and their long-term systemic acquired resistance which protects the entire plant.
This document summarizes a study on the antimicrobial activity of various fern species found in Darjeeling, India. Five fern species were found to have antimicrobial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria: Athyrium filix-femina, Dicranopteris linearis, Tectaria impressa, Hypolepis punctata, and Pleopeltis macromarpa. Ethanol extracts of these five species were tested against Bacillus megaterium and E. coli bacteria using the agar cup diffusion method. Dicranopteris linearis and Tectaria impressa showed similar activity against both types of bacteria. Athyrium filix-femina was more effective
Antimicrobial peptides and innate immunitySpringer
This document provides an overview of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that are part of the innate immunity in plants. It discusses five classes of AMPs found in plants - thionins, defensins, lipid transfer proteins, snakins, and related knotteins/cyclotides/hevein-like peptides. Thionins are the first AMP isolated from plants and are cationic peptides containing disulfide bridges that primarily act on microbial membranes. Plant AMPs play a role in the constitutive and induced defenses of plants against pathogens.
Antioxidant activity, photosynthetic rate, and Spectral mass in bean Plants (...IJEABJ
This document summarizes a study that examined the effects of various defense activators (jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, Trichoderma asperellum, and Bacillus pumilus) on antioxidant activity, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and metabolic profile in bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The study found that jasmonic acid and T. asperellum increased antioxidant enzyme activity, photosynthetic rate, and stomatal conductance in the plants. Mass spectrometry analysis also revealed a greater number and quantity of metabolites/masses in the T. asperellum treated plants compared to the other treatments. The results suggest that some defense activators can
The document discusses the application of proteomics in studying plant biotic stress. It notes that biotic stress is caused by living organisms like viruses, bacteria, fungi, and insects. The role of proteins in the plant stress response is crucial, as proteins directly regulate physiological characteristics to help plants adapt. Proteomics can help discover proteins and pathways associated with stress tolerance in crops. Studying the plant's proteomic response could improve understanding of key metabolic proteins involved in tolerance and help develop strategies to reduce stress.
Defensins: Antimicrobial peptide for the host plant resistancesnehaljikamade
Since the beginning of the 90s lots of cationic plant, cysteine-rich antimicrobial peptides (AMP) have been studied. However, Broekaert et al. (1995) only coined the term “plant defensin,” after comparison of a new class of plant antifungal peptides with known insect defensins. From there, many plant defensins have been reported and studies on this class of peptides encompass its activity toward microorganisms and molecular features of the mechanism of action against bacteria and fungi. Plant defensins also have been tested as biotechnological tools to improve crop production through fungi resistance generation in organisms genetically modified (OGM). Its low effective concentration towards fungi, ranging from 0.1 to 10 μM and its safety to mammals and birds makes them a better choice, in place of chemicals, to control fungi infection on crop fields. Herein, is a review of the history of plant defensins since their discovery at the beginning of 90s, following the advances on its structure conformation and mechanism of action towards microorganisms is reported. This review also points out some important topics, including: (i) the most studied plant defensins and their fungal targets; (ii) the molecular features of plant defensins and their relation with antifungal activity; (iii) the possibility of using plant defensin(s) genes to generate fungi resistant GM crops and biofungicides; and (iv) a brief discussion about the absence of products in the market containing plant antifungal defensins.
This document discusses genetic engineering for resistance to biotic stress. It defines biotic stress as stress caused by other living organisms that can damage crops. Various techniques for genetically engineering plants for resistance are described, including using genes from Bacillus thuringiensis to make plants resistant to certain insects. Case studies on developing resistance to the European corn borer in Bt corn and developing glyphosate resistance in crops through different strategies are summarized. The development of transgenic crops with traits like insect resistance, herbicide tolerance, and virus resistance are also briefly outlined.
This document discusses methods for improving microbial strains through genetic modification to increase production of commercially valuable metabolites. There are two main methods - mutation and genetic recombination. Mutation involves inducing changes in a microorganism's DNA through mutagenic agents like UV light or chemicals to generate mutants with desirable traits like higher yields, antibiotic resistance, or growth on low-cost substrates. Genetic recombination combines genetic material from two strains, such as combining a high yielding mutant with a wild type or another mutant, to further increase fermentation yields.
Staphylococcus aureus biofilm inhibitors from an elmleaf blackberry extract -...Cassandra Quave
1) Researchers fractionated an ethanol extract from the roots of elmleaf blackberry (Rubus ulmifolius) and found that one fraction (220D-F2) strongly inhibited Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation.
2) 220D-F2 was able to inhibit biofilm formation in all tested genotypes of S. aureus and did not affect bacterial growth.
3) When used in combination with various antibiotics, 220D-F2 enhanced the ability of the antibiotics to reduce existing biofilms and kill biofilm-embedded bacteria.
Role of secondary metabolite in plant defenceDevidas Shinde
Secondary metabolites are organic compounds produced by plants that are not directly involved in their normal growth, development or reproduction but play an important role in plant defense. They are classified into terpenes, phenolic compounds and nitrogen-containing compounds. Plants have developed various defense mechanisms including chemical defenses using secondary metabolites that can deter herbivores and pathogens. Secondary metabolites also help improve disease resistance and shelf life of plants. They have applications in pharmaceuticals, pesticides, drug development and regulating plant metabolic processes.
The document discusses secondary metabolites called antibiotics produced by soil bacteria Streptomyces. It focuses on actinomycins, which are mixtures of molecules that inhibit the growth of other microorganisms. Actinomycin D is highlighted as an important antibiotic that is a cyclic polypeptide. It works by binding to DNA and inhibiting RNA synthesis, thereby preventing protein synthesis. Actinomycin D is used clinically to treat several types of cancer.
Similar to Induction of Systemic acquired resistance in Mungbean against Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Begomovirus by the exogenous application of Salicylic acid and Benzothiadiazole
Fungal biocontrol agents like Trichoderma spp. can induce systemic resistance in plants against pathogens through several mechanisms. They compete with pathogens for space and nutrients, produce antibiotics, or act as mycoparasites against other fungi. Trichoderma elicits plant defenses by inducing the expression of pathogenesis-related proteins and antioxidant enzymes. Case studies showed Trichoderma reduced disease severity in cotton, barley, and maize by triggering the plants' terpenoid defenses or increasing their tolerance to salt and drought stress. Fungal biocontrol is an environmentally sustainable alternative to chemicals for managing plant diseases.
Management of potato virus Y (PVY) in potato by some biocontrol agents under ...Open Access Research Paper
The study was conducted to test the activity of Pseudomonas fluorescens, Rhodotorula sp and fermented neem extract to protect potato plants against potato virusY disease development under field conditions. Infected potato tubers were soaked in P. fluorescens, Rhodotorula sp suspensions and in fermented neem extracts separately and sown in the field in completely randomized block design. The development of virus symptoms and the accumulation of virus in the plant based on Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) were followed. The results obtained showed that the treatment of potato tubers with the three agents have significantly accelerated plant emergence, 5-6 days early than non treated ones, and improved plant growth, the plant dry weights ranged from 120-177 g/plant compared to 42 g/plant in non treated plants. The enhancement of plant growth was found associated with reduction in disease severity based on symptoms development and restriction of virus concentration as proved by ELISA absorbance of 405 nm, 0.14-0.23 compared with 2.50 in non treated plants. The results indicated that the use of bioagent to induce systemic resistance provide an efficient tool, as insecticide alternative to manage potato virus Y in potato. Check out more by following link https://innspub.net/management-of-potato-virus-y-pvy-in-potato-by-some-biocontrol-agents-under-field-conditions/
Proteomic analysis of the interaction between the plant growth promoting fhiz...kys9723331
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polymyxa (P. polymyxa) E681. Shoot fresh and root dry weights were increased, whereas root
length was decreased by treatment with P. polymyxa E681. 2DE approach in conjunction
with MALDI-TOF/TOF analysis revealed a total of 41 (17 spots in root, 24 spots in shoot)
that were differentially expressed in response to P. polymyxa E681. Biological process- and
molecular function-based bioinformatics analysis resulted in their classification into seven different
protein groups. Of these, 36 proteins including amino acid metabolism, antioxidant,
defense and stress response, photosynthesis, and plant hormone-related proteins were upregulated,
whereas five proteins including three carbohydrate metabolism- and one amino
acid metabolism-related, and one unknown protein were down-regulated, respectively. A good
correlation was observed between protein and transcript abundances for the 12 differentially
expressed proteins during interactions as determined by qPCR analysis. Metabolite analysis
using LC-MS/MS revealed highly increased levels of tryptophan, indole-3-acetonitrile (IAN),
indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and camalexin in the treated plants. Arabidopsis plant inoculated
P. polymyxa E681 also showed resistance to Botrytis cinerea infection. Taken together these
results suggest that P. polymyxa E681 may promote plant growth by induced metabolism and
activation of defense-related proteins against fungal pathogen.
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1) Extracts of A. melegueta and Z. officinale significantly reduced the growth of fungi (Aspergillus niger, Penicillium digitatum, Helminthosporium solani, and Mucor piriformis) isolated from diseased tomatoes.
2) Z. officinale extract completely inhibited fungal growth at 25% concentration or higher, while A. melegueta
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Comparative analysis of antibacterial activity of Nigella sativa L and Rumex ...theijes
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traditional as well as pharmacological properties. The objective of the present investigation was to find out the
antibacterial activity of S. caryophyllatum leaf methanolic extract against some human pathogenic bacteria. It
was followed by Disc Diffusion method using gram positive and gram negative bacterial strains such as
Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, Sarcina lutea, Esherichia coli,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella Spp., Salmonella typhi and Proteus mirabilis. The result showed that the
inhibitory effect on Bacillus subtilis (24mm) was high when compared to E. coli (21mm) and Bacillus cereus
(20mm).This effect on the bacterial strains may be due to the presence of secondary metabolites present in the
leaf methanolic extract of Syzygium caryophyllatum.
ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANT EXTRACS AGAINST PLANT PATHOG...IJSIT Editor
The aim of this work was to find an alternative to chemical fungicides currently used in the control
plant pathogenic fungi Rhizoctoniasolani ,ColletotrichummusaeandFusariumoxysporum,. The antifungal
activity of the methanol extracts of six medicinal plants used in native medicine in Sri Lanka is reported.All
plant extracts were screened for their fungistatic, fungicidal activities and minimum inhibitory dilution (MID)
against above fungi. The media amended with methanol and recommended fungicide for respective fungal
strain were consider as negative and positive control respectively.Results showed that radial growth in all the
three tested organisms was significantly impaired (p<0.05) by the addition of the extracts in the culture
medium used. The test fungi differed in their reaction to the different extracts but on the whole, growth
inhibition increased with the concentration of each extract. The most active extracts, shows a marked effect of
the 20% methanol extracts from sweet flag with inhibition values of 91%, 86% and 84 % for F. oxysporum,R.
solani and C.muceawhereas those from wild basil inhibited the growth of the same pathogens by 89%, 84%
and 74%.The results showed minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were 5 % (v/v) for sweet flag and wild
basil and 20% (v/v) for all other plant crude extracts. Out of six plants extract screened, wild basil and sweet
flag showed more than 80% fungal inhibition after 6 hour immersion and other extracts could not exceed
60% inhibition after any exposure time. The study revealed that methanol crude extract of sweet flag and
wild basil exhibit strong fungistatic and fungicidal activities against tested fungi. These results support the
potential use of these plant extracts in the management of diseases caused by tested plant pathogenic fungi.
Induced systemic resistance in tomato plants againstAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the potential for β, amino butyric acid (BABA) and
benzothiadiazole (BTH) to induce systemic resistance in tomato plants against root knot nematodes from the
genus Meloidogyne. Seed treatments with BABA and BTH significantly reduced nematode infection of tomato
plants, with BABA providing the highest level of protection based on reduced galling and nematode penetration.
BABA and BTH seed treatments also significantly increased shoot and root weights compared to the untreated
control. The longest seed treatment time of 120 minutes provided the greatest level of induced resistance against
root knot nematodes.
Endophytic microbes live within plant tissues without causing harm and can benefit plants through various mechanisms. This document discusses endophytic bacteria and fungi, their transmission within plants, and how they can promote plant growth, act as biocontrol agents, and increase stress tolerance in plants. Specifically, endophytes produce plant hormones, fix nitrogen, make nutrients more available, and induce systemic resistance to pathogens or tolerance to stresses like drought. Their interactions with plants demonstrate potential for agriculture and phytoremediation.
This document discusses the role of phytohormones in helping plants overcome environmental stress. It begins by introducing the challenges posed by stresses like pollution, water scarcity, and salinization of soil. Plants have evolved mechanisms to perceive and respond to stresses, often involving phytohormones. The major phytohormones - auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, ethylene, abscisic acid, brassinosteroids, jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, and strigolactones - are discussed in terms of their roles in growth, development, and stress responses. Application of certain phytohormones can help mitigate stress effects and improve plant growth,
In vitro free radical scavenging activity of different extracts of Adansonia ...IJEAB
The species Adanasonia digitata L. (Bombacaceae) is a multipurpose tree with enormous range of medicinal and economic importance. The objective of the current study was to investigate the free radical scavenging potential of A. digitata. The methanol extracts of different parts i.e., leaf, seed, bark, fruit wall and floral extracts of A. digitata were screened for antioxidant activity using DPPH assay. Results from this study showed that the maximum and minimum percentage of free radical scavenging activity was exhibited by methanol extracts of seed and fruit wall (27.69 & 20) as measured by using DPPH assay. These results showed the antioxidant potential of this medicinal plant to make use in the preparation of drugs with free radical scavenging activity.
Suillus species, in general, are edible mushrooms, and environmentally important that are associated
mostly with pine trees in the tropics regions. These fungi considered a remarkable source of phenolic
compounds that play a crucial role as antioxidants which may reduce the risk of most human chronic
diseases such as cancer, diabetes, asthma, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer, and others. On the other hand,
carotenoids (β carotene) are the most popular natural pigments which play an important role to protect
the plants from photo-oxidative reactions. In human, these compounds prevent oxidative stress and
expects to have antimicrobial activity. Here, the phenolic compounds were extracted with Ethyl acetate
from fruiting bodies of Suillus sp and analyzed by HPLC, the antioxidant activity (reducing power%) of
phenolic compounds was determined at the concentrations of 1, 2.5, and 5 mg/mL. Antimicrobial activity
of β carotene pigment was measured at a concentration of 100 mg/mL against some human pathogenic
bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Staphylococcus
aureus. The specific DNA region ITS was amplified and sequenced using ITS1 and ITS4 primers with
some bioinformatics analyses. The phenolic extract isolated from fruiting bodies of Suillus sp showed a
remarkable antioxidant activity by increasing the reducing power percent (from F+3 ions to F+2 ions)
comparing with the industrial antioxidant (Propyl gallate) at all used concentrations. Percent of reducing
power of phenolic compounds were 75.5, 84.9 and 95.7% at concentrations of 1, 2.5, and 5 mg/mL
respectively; comparing with PG were 65.9, 81.3, and 93.3 at 1, 2.5, and 5 mg/mL respectively. The β
carotene pigment revealed a significant antimicrobial activity at a concentration of 100 mg/mL against K.
pneumonia, E. coli, and S. aureus. The highest bacterial growth inhibition was against K. pneumonia (40
mm), followed by E. coli (36 mm) and S. aureus (31 mm), while no effect showed against P. aeruginosa.
Our outcomes revealed that the phenolic bioactive compounds can be used as a natural antioxidant
instead of the industrial antioxidants, and also a β carotene pigment could be applied as a promising
natural compound rather than using the antibiotics and other manufactured compounds to inhibit
bacteria activity.
A study of the antimicrobial potency of adenia cissampeloidesAlexander Decker
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Induction of Systemic acquired resistance in Mungbean against Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Begomovirus by the exogenous application of Salicylic acid and Benzothiadiazole
1. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-4, Issue-4, April- 2018]
Page | 99
Induction of Systemic acquired resistance in Mungbean against
Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Begomovirus by the exogenous
application of Salicylic acid and Benzothiadiazole.
Muhammad Farooq1*
, Naila Ilyas2*
, Kaleem Kakar3
, Iltaf Khan4
, Abdul Saboor5
,
Nabeela Ilyas6
, Shoaib Khan7
, Abdul Qayum8
, Naqeeb Ullah9
,
Muhammad Bakhtiar10
1
Institute of Food Sciences &Technology Sindh Agriculture University, Tando Jam Pakistan.
2
Department of Plant Pathology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.
3
Department of Horticulture, Sindh Agriculture University, Tando Jam Pakistan.
4
Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Pakistan.
5
School of Food Science & Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, China.
6
Department of Environmental Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.
7
Department of Horticulture, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan.
8
Department of Food Science & Technology, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan.
9
Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan.
10
Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan.
*Corresponding Authors Email: farooq.fst28@gmail.com/inaila471@gmail.com
Abstract— The diseases caused by bipartite Begomoviruses have emerged as overwhelming problem in various cropping
systems of Pakistan. The study was conducted to evaluate the potential of induced resistance in mungbean to Mungbean
yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) disease. In this work, resistance to MYMV infection was induced in mungbean plants by
activating the Salicylic acid (SA) pathway using SA and Benzothiadiazole (BTH) as treatments. The resistance was
characterized by evaluating symptom appearance and virus titter through ELISA. Elicitors i.e., SA and BTH were applied at
different concentrations to enhance the innate resistance of mungbean by the induction of defense related compounds. All
treatments were helpful in reducing plant infection but the most effective treatment was the combination of SA@5mM and
BTH@150mg/L as compared to virus inoculated control. Three weeks analysis showed peak accumulation of defense related
enzymatic antioxidants and phenols in the mungbean leaves treated with SA and BTH. Higher enzymatic activity was
observed in elicitor treated plants followed by inoculation with MYMV. As the resistance increased due to the application of
SA & BTH the enzymatic activities of SOD, POD, and CAT were also increased during second week after application of
elicitors. This study revealed that SA and BTH are potential source for management of MYMV by enhancing the level of
protection through induction of systemic acquired resistance.
Keywords— Induced resistance, Vigna radiata, enzymatic antioxidants, PAL, SOD, and POD.
I. INTRODUCTION
The mungbean (Vigna radiata L) is also called mung, green gram is dominant legume crop grown throughout the world for
its edible seed and sprouts. Ninety percent of world mungbean is cultivated in Asia. In Pakistan mungbean is grown over an
area of 133 thousand hectares with annual yield of 102 thousand tons.(Government of Pakistan, 2015). Grain legumes are
rich source of protein contents throughout south Asia, but they are affected by a number of pest and diseases and which
resulted high yield losses and among them Mungbean Yellow Mosaic virus is very devastating disease during summer
months in Pakistan and more than 50% yield losses were reported in mungbean. MYMV belongs to family Geminiviridae
and genus Begomovirus (Boss, 1999)...Whitefly. (Bemisia tabacai) as a vector is responsible for transmission of this virus.
According to an estimate more than US$ 300 million loss occurred due to this virus in different leguminous crops (Varma et
al., 1992). Initial symptoms of disease arises on foliage in the form of small intermingle green and lemon color dots on
young leaves that scattered on other leaves, puckering of leaves occurred and apex of growing areas are reduced in size and
irregular light green and yellow specks appear on affected leaves. (Narini, 1960). If plants are attacked at seedling stage than
100% yield losses occurred (Usharani et al., 2004). These alterations emerging from disease causing organism may interrupt
plant physiology and increase plant senescence and activate the defense mechanism. Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a
phenomenon which operates in plants under stress conditions and plant produce chemicals like salicylic acid (SA), Methyl
Jasmontae (MeJ) a derivative of Jasmonic acid (JS) which act as signaling hormone and provide pathway for the activation
2. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-4, Issue-4, April- 2018]
Page | 100
of defense reaction. Exogenous application of SA enhances tolerance to stress, depending on the developmental phase of
plants. SA is an endogenous regulator has definite role in defense mechanism against biotic and abiotic stress.
Benzothiadiazole (BTH) shares the property of activating the systemic acquired resistance pathway downstream from the SA
signaling. As a result of defense reaction different type of proteins known as pathogenesis related proteins (PR ), phenolic
compounds, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and enzymatic and non enzymatic antioxidants are produced which detoxify the
reactive oxygen species produced by plant- pathogen interaction and protect plant from oxidative damage. Furthermore these
compounds could be acts as biochemical markers to evaluate the developing resistance. Therefore an attempt was made for
enhancing resistance against MBYMV by the exogenous application of SA and BTH. The resistance was characterized by
evaluating symptom developed by viral infection, phenolic contents and enzymatic antioxidants like Superoxide dismutase
(SOD), Peroxidase (POD), Catalase (CAT) and Phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL). Application of plants with signaling
molecules decrease enzyme activities and results in induction of resistance. Application of Salicylic acid and BTH results in
activation of plant defense mechanism and induces resistance in plant against pathogens Salicylic acid is produced naturally
in plant it is phenolic compound which is produced in plant in stress or when they are attacked by pathogen it activates
signal transduction pathway and induces local and systemic resistance to pathogens (Delaney et al., 1995 and Maleck et al.,
2000).
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Induction of resistance in mungbean against MYMV
Research trial was conducted under controlled conditions to study induction of resistance in mungbean against Mungbean
yellow mosaic virus (MYMV). For this purpose highly susceptible variety of mungbean i.e Kabuli mung was sown in
earthen pots of 35cm filled with sand, peat and loam. The pots were irrigated daily. After 20 days of sowing when leaves
become mature, plants were divided on the basis of treatments. Each treatment contained 3 replications. Plants were treated
exogenously with Salicylic acid (SA) and Benzotihadiazole (BTH) (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) at different concentrations.
After 24 hours of application mungbean plants were inoculated with viruliferous whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci) reared on
MYMV infected plants. The inoculated plants without application of elicitor were used as infected control while plants
sprayed with water were used as healthy control. The enzymatic activates i.e., PAL, POD, SOD, CAT and total Phenolic
contents were determined after first, second and third week of post inoculation. The disease severity on each plant was
calculated on the basis of symptoms using disease rating scale. For the detection of virus titer all the treated plant were tested
through DAS-ELISA (Clark and Adam, 1977) using Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Gemini virus polyclonal antibodies (AC,
Diagnostics, USA) and has cross reactivity with other Gemini viruses.
TABLE 1
TREATMENTS APPLIED FOR MANAGEMENT OF MYMV UNDER CONTROLLED CONDITIONS
Treatments
No. Treatment Treatment detail
1 T0 Inoculated control
2 T1 Healthy Control ( Plants sprayed with water only )
3 T2 MYMV + 5mM Salicylic acid
4 T3 MYMV + 10mM Salicylic acid
5 T4 MYMV + 150mg/ L BTH
6 T5 MYMV+ 300 mg /L BTH
7 T6 MYMV+ 5mM Salicylic acid + 150 mg/ L BTH
MYMV= Mungbean yellow mosaic virus, mM= mili mole, BTH= Benzothiadiazole, mg= mili gram, L = liter
2.2 Enzyme Extraction
The activities of POD, SOD, and CAT in mungbean leaves were assayed according to the method following method. Three
leaves samples of 0.2 g FW were collected from each treatment at 7, 14 and 21dpi and grinded in liquid nitrogen with the
help of pestle and mortar. 2ml of 50mm ice -cold phosphate buffer (pH 7.8) containing 1mM ethylene diamine teraacetic acid
3. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-4, Issue-4, April- 2018]
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(EDTA) was added and homogenized. The mixture was Centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 15 min at 4o
C. The supernatant was
used as enzyme extract.
2.3 Superoxide dismutase (SOD) assay (EC 1.5.1.1)
The SOD activity is defined as the inhibition of the photochemical reduction of nitrobule tetrazolium (NBT) at 560 nm. The
monitoring of this inhibits the is used to assay SOD activity. The reaction mixture was prepared by taking 50µL enzyme
extract and adding 1 mL NBT (50µM), 500 µL methionine (13mM), 1mL riboflavin(1.3µM), 950µL (50mM) phosphate
buffer and 500µL EDTA (75mM).This reactions was started by keeping reaction solution under 30 W fluorescent lamp
illuminations and turning the flourecent lamp on.The rections stopped when the lamp turned of 5 minutes lettere. The NBT
photo reduction produced blue formazane which was used to measure the increase in absorbance at 560 nm . The same
reaction mixtures without enzyme extract in dark were used as blank . The SOD activity was determined and expressed as
SOD IU min-1
mg-1
protein (Glannopolitls and Ries, 1997).
2.4 Peroxidase (POD) assay ( EC 1.11.1.7)
The POD activity assayed by guaiacol oxidation and defined as 0.01 absorbance change min-1mg-1 protein. The reaction
mixture was prepared by adding 400 µL guaiacol (20 mM), 500 µL H2O2 (40 mM) and 2mL phosphate (50mM) in 100 µL
enzyme extract.The change in absorbance at 470 nm of the reaction mixture was observed every 20s up to 5min.The POD
activity expressed as m.mol min-1
mg protein-1
(Castillo et al., 1984).
2.5 Catalase (CAT) assay ( EC 1.11.1.6)
The CAT activity assayed by the decomposition of H2O2 and change in absorbance due to H2O2 was obseved every 30s for 5
minutes using a UV-visible spectrophotometer. Reaction mixture for CAT contained 900µL H2O2 (5.9 mM) and 2mL
phosphate buffer (50mM). Reaction was started by adding 100µL enzyme extract to the reaction mixture. The Catalase
activity was expressed as µmol of H2O2 min mg-1
protein-1
(Aebi, 1984).
2.6 PAL (Phenylalanine ammonia Lyase ) activity (EC 4.3.1.24)
Leaf samples (0.5 g) were homogenized in 1200 µl of ice cold 0.1 M sodium borate buffer, pH 7, containing 1.4 mM of 2-
merceptoethanol and 0.1 g of insoluble polyvenylpyrrolidone. The extract was filtered through cheese cloth and the filterate
was centrifuged at 14,000 rpm at 4º C for 15 minutes. The supernatant was used as enzyme source. PAL activity was
determined as the rate of conversion of L-phenylalanine to trans-cinnamic acid at 290 nm asdescribed by Dickerson et al.
(1984). Sample containing 0.4 mL of enzyme extract was incubated with 0.5 mL of o.1 M borate buffer, pH 8.8 and 0.5 mL
of 12 mM L- phenylalanine in the same buffer for 30 minutes at 40° C. The amount of trans-cinnamic acid synthesized was
calculated using its extinction coefficient of 9630 m-1
(Dickerson et al., 1984). Enzyme activity was expressed as nmol trans-
cinnamic acid min-1
mg-1
protein
2.7 Estimation of total phenolic contents ( EC 1.14.13.7)
Total phenols of leaf samples were determined at 760 nm using gallic acid as reference standard (Ainsworth and gillespie,
2007). To create calibration curve the standard solution were prepared in different concentration i.e. 500, 250, 150 and 100
mg L-1
gallic acid. For extraction and preparation of sample, 0.5 g leaf sample was homogenized in 5 ml acetone (80%).
Filtration followed by extraction and volume of filtrate was raised with acetone upto 10 ml. Then reaction mixture was
prepared by taking 20 µL sample or standard and adding 1.58 ml water, 100 µL Follin-ciocalteu reagent within 30 seconds
upto 8 minutes. Reaction mixture was left at 40ºC for 30 minutes or at 25 ºC for 120 minutes after adding and mixing 300 µL
sodium carbonate. Absorbance of reaction mixture was read at 760 nm against the blank (80% acetone). Total phenol level in
samples were determined by plotting calibration curve from standards and reported as gallic acid equivalent GAE.
Total protein estimation was carried out by Bradford assay (Bradford, 1976).
2.8 Statistical analysis
Data was subjected to statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA) using (Statistical software package 8.0 .Institute Carry Inc;
USA). Treatment means were compared using Fisher’s least significant differences (LSD) at (P = 0.05).
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results of the trial revealed that all the treatments have significantly help in reducing the disease severity as compared to
the control. Disease severity of MYMV with respect to each treatment was shown in figure.1. The maximum disease
4. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-4, Issue-4, April- 2018]
Page | 102
suppression was observed as compared to infected control where the treatments of SA@ 5 mM and BTH @150 mgL-1
were
applied with the disease severity ranged between 14% and 13.8% as compared to infected control where it was up to 45%.
3.1 Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity assay
The enzymatic activities after the induction of resistance through elicitors against MYMV were increased significantly as
compared to both the virus infected and healthy controls. The PAL activity was increased in all the treatments significantly as
compared to infected and healthy controls (Fig.2) Maximum PAL activity was observed in first week after application of
treatment of SA@ 5mM + virus followed by 10mM S.A + virus . PAL activities tend to decreased after every week.
3.2 Peroxidase (POD) activity assay
The POD activity was increased in all treatments after application as compared to infected and healthy controls (Fig.3).
During three weeks after application maximum POD activity was observed in second week on the treatment of SA@5mM +
virus.
3.3 Superoxide dismutase (SOD) assay
There was significant effect of S.A and BTH on SOD activity in second and third week after treatments as compared to the
controls. In first week after application of treatments the SOD activity was very low but in second week, it was increased and
remained almost at higher level. Where the SOD activity in BTH + virus treated plants was decreased in third week.
3.4 Catalase (CAT) activity assay
The CAT activity was greatly increased in second week after application. The most effective treatment which showed
maximum CAT activity was SA @10mM + virus and BTH @150mg/ L+ virus. The CAT activity was tend to decreased after
in third week.
3.5 Total phenolic contents assay
Total phenolic contents were increased significantly as compared to the healthy and inoculated controls. The effect of
treatments on the production of total phenolic contents remained almost same during all three weeks after applications. Total
phenolic contents were maximum in third week in all treated plants.
IV. DISCUSSION
There was scarcity of resistant genetic source in mungbean, so innate defense of plant was enhanced by exogenous
application of Salicylic acid and benzothiadiazole under controlled conditions on highly susceptible cultivar of mungbean.
Salicylic acid (SA) is natural plant hormone which is responsible in natural plant defense mechanism in response to pathogen
attack and this signaling molecule is helpful in induction of resistance in plants. In case of lack of natural defense mechanism
of plants, exogenous treatment of elicitor like SA (salicylic acid) and BTH (Benzothiadiazole) are helpful in the induction of
resistance in plants. Enzymatic antioxidants are produced in plants and played an important role in induced systemic acquired
resistance, furthermore acts as a biochemical markers to evaluate the developing resistance as the result of elicitor application
in plants. Ashry and Mohamed, (2011) reported the increased activities of POD and CAT enzymes in Tomato yellow leaf curl
virus (TYLCV) infected leaves and induce resistance in the host plant. Induced resistance in plants may increases the ability
of susceptible plants to withstand pathogens in a non-genetic way (Kagale, et al, 2004). As it is reported that the induced
resistance prior to challenge infection elevates the level of some defense compounds and sensitizes the plants to rapidly
produce some compounds after infection and thereby, provide protection against the disease (Biswas, et al., 2012). The
phenomenon of induced resistance may involve the production of pathogenesis related proteins and antioxidative enzymes
etc. Kagale, et al. (2011) reported that elicitor applications involve induction of systemic resistance by the activation of
various defense-related enzymes POD and PAL. The elevated level of these enzymes may be involved in the protection of the
host plant against systemic infection. This is in agreement with the previous findings that the increased level of phenolics
could provide an adequate substrate to oxidative reactions catalyzed by POD make the medium unfavorable to the further
development of pathogens, (Lattanzio, et al., 2006). Our study was similar to the findings of Radwan et al ., (2006) who
studied the application of SA on cucumber and pumpkin infected by Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) and the resultant
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enzymatic activity of PAL, POD, CAT and SOD activity were increased by three folds by application of SA. Our findings
are also similar to findings of Loon (1989) who concluded that when plant is in stress by environmental factors or pathogen
attack than a variety of pathogenesis related proteins are accumulated in plants that provide resistance to plant. POD can
oxidize phenolic compounds into antimicrobial quinones, which inhibit viruses by inactivating viral DNA and RNA (Lamb
and Dixon, 1997). Elbadry et al. (2006) suggested that external application of SA was helpful in providing systemic acquired
resistance against Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) in faba beans by enhancing production of oxidative enzymes. Siddique
et al., (2014) result revealed that SOD, CAT, PAL, POD, Phenolic contents and proteins played vital role in defense
mechanism of cotton plant against CLCuBuV. This finding suggested that correlation exist between integral extent of
enzymes activities and resistance of plant and acts as biochemical markers for analyzing compatible and incompatible plant-
virus relationship. External application of SA in appropriate concentration significantly reduce systemic infection of MYMV
before inoculation and no prominent symptom of MYMV was observed at100µM concentration of SA (Kundu et al., 2011).
Primary and secondary metabolism was depended on enhanced protein synthesis during metabolic reprogramming which is
very important for induction of resistance by SA against MYMV. Recognition of proteins depicting huge profusion,
associated with process of photosynthesis is essential analysis which recovers virus induced destruction of photosynthesis
process and gave increased metabolites that are needed for re distribution of available defense resources. Our findings are in
agreement with Mandal, (2010). Elicitors are efficient and imitate in recognition of pest by plants, hence activate the delicate
and easy defense capability in plants. Activity of PAL by application of SA, and BTH showed an increase in POD activity
was increased. The effect or activity of these compounds on other antioxidants like CAT, SOD were also higher by these
elicitors. Phenolics deposition and activity of several defense enzymes were increased as they were triggered by elicitor. SA
application is helpful in activation of defense proteins in plants (Clarke et al., 1998).The results of this investigation
suggested that when SA was applied to plants infested with viruses than Pathogenesis related proteins (PR) inhibit production
of viral replication and movement protein. Ashfaq et al. (2010) also observed that when viral pathogen attacked on Urdbean
(Vigna mungo L.) plant then total proteins were increased due to viral proteins. It has been known for some time that SA
modulates the induction of SAR following pathogen attack (Neuenschwander et al., 1996; Ryals et al., 1996) Loon et al.
(1994) concluded that PR proteins has strong defense ability against viral infection. In our whole study on induction of
resistance in highly susceptible variety Kabuli mung under controlled conditions we observed that by application of elicitor
compounds BTH and SA activity of defense related antioxidants like SOD, POD, PAL, CAT and total proteins and phenolic
contents were higher in mungbean leaves that were treated with elicitor compounds and in healthy control as compared to
infected control our study coincides with investigation of many scientists their results also showed that the external
application of elicitor molecules enhances plant defense system by producing higher level of SOD, POD, CAT, phenols and
proteins. The most appropriate defense mechanism of plants was linked with metabolic variation that are integrated in plants
and Socheath Ong and Filomena, (2016) findings are interconnected with our results in their results leaf curl infection in
tomato plant was reduced by application of SA and activities of SOD, POD, CAT was increased in treated plants as
compared to infected control. Our results are linked with the study that SA and BTH application significantly increases
oxidative enzymes accumulation in Tobbacco plant infected with Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) (Zechmann et al, 2003). The
generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is one of the initial responses of plants to pathogens (Mehdy, 1994; Vanacker et
al., 2000). As a major scavenger in antioxidant enzyme systems that protect cellular membranes and organelles from AOS in
plants, SOD converts superoxide anion radicals to hydrogen peroxide and oxygen by disproportion (Fridovich, 1986). PAL, a
key enzyme in phenylpropanoid metabolism, plays a significant role in the synthesis of various secondary metabolites (e.g.,
phenols, phenylpropanoids, and lignin and salicylic acid monomers) that are involved in plant immunity and induce
resistance by PGPR (Gerasimova et al., 2005; Harish et al., 2008). The accumulation of these secondary metabolites was
thought to restrict virus invasion (Lian et al., 2011). BTH-treated Arabidopsis thaliana plants were described as resistant to
infection by turnip crinkle virus, Pseudomonas syringae pv ‘tomato’ DC3000 and Peronospora parasitica (Lawton et al.,
1996). Treatment of mungbean plants with BTH and SA reduced the percentage of infected plants and the plants that became
infected displayed less severe symptoms. The reduction was directly correlated with the concentration of BTH and SA and
the time period between application and the inoculation with the virus.
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V. CONCLUSIONS
It is concluded that an exogenous application of SA and BTH could offer a good source of the management of MYMV by
inducing resistance in highly spsceptible of mung bean.
FIG. 1. DISEASE SEVERITY OF MYMV IN GLASS HOUSE WITH RESPECT TO TREATMENTS
FIG. 2. PAL ACTIVITY WITH RESPECT TO DAYS AFTER APPLICATION OF ELICITORS
FIG. 3. POD ACTIVITY WITH RESPECT TO DAYS AFTER APPLICATION OF ELICITORS
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FIG. 4. SOD ACTIVITY WITH RESPECT TO DAYS AFTER APPLICATION OF ELICITORS PROTEIN
FIG. 5. CAT ACTIVITY WITH RESPECT TO DAYS AFTER APPLICATION OF ELICITOR
FIG . 6. TOTAL PHENOLIC CONTENTS WITH RESPECT TO DAYS AFTER APPLICATION OF ELICITORS
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