Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes, the airways that carry air to your lungs. It causes a cough that often brings up mucus. It can also cause shortness of breath, wheezing, a low fever, and chest tightness. There are two main types of bronchitis: acute and chronic
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes, the airways that carry air to your lungs. It causes a cough that often brings up mucus. It can also cause shortness of breath, wheezing, a low fever, and chest tightness. There are two main types of bronchitis: acute and chronic
Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung parenchyma caused by various microorganisms, including bacteria, mycobacteria, fungi, and viruses.
Pneumonitis is a more general term that describes the inflammatory process in the lung tissue that may predispose and Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a microbial agent.
place the patient at risk for microbial invasion.
Pneumonia is classified into four: community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), pneumonia in the immunocompromised host, and aspiration pneumonia.
Slides are prepared as per INC Syllabus Unit V Drugs used on Respiratory systems and it is most benefited for 2nd yr B sc Nursing students and faculty of the subject.
Pleural effusion, sometimes referred to as “water on the lungs,” is the build-up of excess fluid between the layers of the pleura outside the lungs. The pleura are thin membranes that line the lungs and the inside of the chest cavity and act to lubricate and facilitate breathing.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is an umbrella term used to describe progressive lung diseases including emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and refractory (non-reversible) asthma. This disease is characterized by increasing breathlessness
Bronchitis is an acute inflammation of the air passages within the lungs. It occurs when the trachea (windpipe) and the large and small bronchi (airways) within the lungs become inflamed because of infection or irritation from certain causes. Homeopathy is the best treatment with no side effects. For further information contact Ph. : +91-265-2250212,
(M) +91 97236 69210
Skype Id : cosmic1021
Email:
drmahavrat@homeopathyhealing.net
Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung parenchyma caused by various microorganisms, including bacteria, mycobacteria, fungi, and viruses.
Pneumonitis is a more general term that describes the inflammatory process in the lung tissue that may predispose and Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a microbial agent.
place the patient at risk for microbial invasion.
Pneumonia is classified into four: community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), pneumonia in the immunocompromised host, and aspiration pneumonia.
Slides are prepared as per INC Syllabus Unit V Drugs used on Respiratory systems and it is most benefited for 2nd yr B sc Nursing students and faculty of the subject.
Pleural effusion, sometimes referred to as “water on the lungs,” is the build-up of excess fluid between the layers of the pleura outside the lungs. The pleura are thin membranes that line the lungs and the inside of the chest cavity and act to lubricate and facilitate breathing.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is an umbrella term used to describe progressive lung diseases including emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and refractory (non-reversible) asthma. This disease is characterized by increasing breathlessness
Bronchitis is an acute inflammation of the air passages within the lungs. It occurs when the trachea (windpipe) and the large and small bronchi (airways) within the lungs become inflamed because of infection or irritation from certain causes. Homeopathy is the best treatment with no side effects. For further information contact Ph. : +91-265-2250212,
(M) +91 97236 69210
Skype Id : cosmic1021
Email:
drmahavrat@homeopathyhealing.net
Acute bronchitis (brahn-KITE-uss), or chest cold, is a condition that occurs when the bronchial (BRAHN-kee-uhl) tubes in the lungs become inflamed. The bronchial tubes swell and produce mucus, which causes a person to cough. This often occurs after an upper respiratory infection like a cold. Most symptoms of acute bronchitis (chest pain, shortness of breath, etc.) last for up to 2 weeks, but the cough can last for up to 8 weeks in some people.
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes
mild, cold-like symptoms in adults and older children. However, it can cause
serious problems in young babies, including pneumonia and severe breathing
problems. In rare cases it can lead to death. Premature babies and those with
other health problems have the highest risk. A child with RSV may have a fever,
stuffy nose, cough and trouble breathing. Tests can tell if your child has the
virus.
RSV easily spreads from person to person.
You can get it from direct contact with someone who has it or it by touching
infected objects such as toys or surfaces such as countertops. Washing your
hands often and not sharing eating and drinking utensils are simple ways to
help prevent the spread of RSV infection. There is currently no vaccine for
RSV.
Mistry Shivangi, M.pharm in Pharmacology, Assistant Professor in BMCP, Definition, Difference between COPD and Asthma, Causes, Pathophysiology, symptoms, Complication, Diagnosis, Treatment and Pro-diagnosis
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma may
present alone or in combination.
AsthmaBronchitis
Emphysema
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3. Description
Characterized by presence of airflow
obstruction
Caused by emphysema or chronic bronchitis
Generally progressive
May be accompanied by airway hyperreactivity
May be partially reversible
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4. Emphysema
Abnormal permanent enlargement of the air
space distal to the terminal bronchioles
Accompanied by destruction of bronchioles
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7. COPD Causes
Infection
Major contributing factor to the
aggravation and progression of COPD
Heredity
-Antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency (produced
by liver and found in lungs); accounts for
< 1% of COPD cases
Emphysema results from lysis of lung tissues by
proteolytic enzymes from neutrophils and macrophages
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9. Chronic bronchitis
•Chronic bronchitis is
a chronic inflammation
of the bronchi (medium-size airways) in
the lungs.
• It is generally considered one of the two
forms of chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD), the other being emphysema.
•Chronic bronchitis It is defined clinically as a
persistent cough that produces sputum and
mucus, for at least three months per year in
two consecutive years.
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10. Signs and symptoms
Bronchitis may be indicated by –
Cough (also known as a productive
cough, i.E. One that produces sputum),
Shortness of breath and
Wheezing.
Occasionally ,
chest pains, fever, and fatigue or malaise may also occur.
Mucus is often green or yellowish green and also may be
orange or pink, depending on the pathogen causing the
inflammation.
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11. Causes:
Tobacco smoking is the most common cause.
Pneumoconiosis and long-term fume inhalation
are other causes.
Allergies can also cause mucus
hypersecretion, thus leading to symptoms
similar to asthma or bronchitis
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13. Chronic Bronchitis Pathophysiology
Pathologic lung changes are:
Hyperplasia of mucus-secreting glands
in trachea and bronchi
Increase in goblet cells
Disappearance of cilia
Chronic inflammatory changes and narrowing
of small airways
Altered function of alveolar macrophages
infections
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15. Chronic Bronchitis Pathophysiology
Greater resistance to airflow increases
work of breathing
Hypoxemia and hypercapnia develop more
frequently in chronic bronchitis than
emphysema
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16. Chronic Bronchitis Pathophysiology
Bronchioles are clogged with mucus and
pose a physical barrier to ventilation
Hypoxemia and hypercapnia , lack of
ventilation and O2 diffusion
Tendency to hypoventilate and retain CO2
Frequently patients require O2 both at rest
and during exercise
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17. Chronic Bronchitis Pathophysiology
Cough is often ineffective to remove secretions
because the person cannot breathe deeply enough to
cause air flow distal to the secretions
Bronchospasm frequently develops
More common with history of
smoking or asthma
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19. Chronic Bronchitis
Clinical Manifestations
Bronchospasm at end of paroxysms of
coughing
Cough
History of smoking
Normal weight or heavyset
Ruddy (bluish-red) appearance d/t
polycythemia (increased Hgb d/t chronic hypoxemia))
cyanosis
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20. Chronic Bronchitis Clinical Manifestations
Hypoxemia and hypercapnia
Results from hypoventilation and
airway resistance + problems with
alveolar gas exchange
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22. Diagnosis:
A variety of tests may be performed in patients
presenting with cough and shortness of breath:
•Pulmonary Function Tests (PFT)
(or spirometry)
•A chest X-ray
• chest radiography.
•A sputum sample showing neutrophil
granulocytes (inflammatory white blood cells)
and Check for pathogenic microorganisms such
as Streptococcus spp.
•A blood test would indicate inflammation
•High Resolution Computed Tomography (HRCT)
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24. Acute bronchitis
Acute bronchitis is an inflammation of the large bronchi (medium-
size airways) in the lungs that is
Usually caused by viruses or bacteria and may last
several days or weeks.
Characteristic symptoms :
• cough,
• sputum (phlegm) production,
• shortness of breath
• wheezing related to the obstruction of the inflamed airways.
Diagnosis is by clinical examination and
sometimes microbiological examination of the phlegm.
Treatment
For acute bronchitis is typically symptomatic. As viruses cause
most cases of acute bronchitis, antibiotics should not be used unless
microscopic examination of gram-stained sputum reveals large numbers of
bacteria.
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28. Anti-inflammatory drugs: steroids
Life-saving.
Take at least 12 h to work: so start early in
severe cases.
Systemic steriods: acute severe asthma.
Inhaled steroids: maintenance
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29. Anti-inflammatory drugs: steroids
Systemic steroid:
intolerance
‘Cushingoid’ features
Hypertension
Salt and water retention
Infection
Topical steroid
Hoarseness
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30. Anti-inflammatory drugs:
cromoglycate{mast cell stabilizer}
Prevent release of histamine from mast cells
By inhaler only.
Useful maintenance therapy.
No role in severe episodes.
Few, if any, adverse effects.
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35. 2-agonists.
Salbutamol, terbutiline
Inhalers (of various types).
Maintenance:
Regularly in more severe cases
Acute severe asthma
Tachycardia and tremor
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36. Aminophylline
Is not a catecholamine, but has analgous effects.
Narrow therapeutic range.
Given by mouth or by IV infusion.
Toxic:
Fatal if injected too fast.
Convulsions.
Tachyarrhythmia
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37. Antimuscarinics
Atropine is the classical antimuscarinic, and this
is b’dilator.
Atropine: too many diverse effects.
Ipratropium.
By inhaler.
Add to salbutamol.
Dry mouth.
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