Thank you for selecting our ๐๐๐๐ PPT
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๐๐ก๐ ๐ญ๐๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐๐ญ๐ ๐๐จ๐ฏ๐๐ซ๐ฌ ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐จ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐จ๐ฐ๐ข๐ง๐ ๐ญ๐จ๐ฉ๐ข๐๐ฌ
๐๐๐๐ข๐ง๐ข๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (๐๐๐๐) is a group of lung diseases that cause airflow blockage and breathing-related problems.
๐ฉ๐ซ๐๐ฏ๐๐ฅ๐๐ง๐๐
COPD is more prevalent in developing countries, but it is also a growing problem in developed countries. In the United States, COPD is the third leading cause of death.
Forms of ๐๐๐๐
โข Chronic bronchitis
โข Emphysema
๐๐๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐ฉ๐ก๐ฒ๐ฌ๐ข๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ฒ
In normal lungs, air flows freely in and out of the bronchi and alveoli. However, in people with COPD, the airflow is blocked. This can be caused by inflammation of the airways, mucus production, or damage to the air sacs.
๐๐ข๐ฌ๐ค ๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐จ๐ซ๐ฌ
There are several risk factors for COPD, including smoking, air pollution, and genetics. Smoking is the most common risk factor for COPD. Smoking is responsible for about 80% of COPD cases. Air pollution, particularly indoor air pollution from cooking and burning fuels, can also increase the risk of COPD. Genetics can also play a role in COPD. People with a family history of COPD are more likely to develop the disease.
๐๐๐ฎ๐ฌ๐๐ฌ
The main causes of COPD are smoking and air pollution. Smoking damages the lungs and makes it difficult to breathe
๐๐ญ๐๐ ๐๐ฌ
โข Stage 1
โข Stage 2
โข Stage 3
.
๐๐ฒ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ญ๐จ๐ฆ๐ฌ
The most common symptoms of COPD are:
โข Shortness of breath
โข Cough
โข Wheezing
โข Chest tightness
โข Fatigue
๐๐จ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐ข๐๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ
COPD can lead to several complications, including:
โข Anemia
โข Right-sided heart failure
โข Muscle weakness
โข Lung infections
โข Bone thinning
โข Collapsed lungs
๐๐ข๐๐ ๐ง๐จ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐ ๐ฆ๐๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐๐ฌ
COPD is diagnosed with a spirometry test, which measures how much air a person can exhale.
๐๐ซ๐๐๐ญ๐ฆ๐๐ง๐ญ ๐๐ฉ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ
There is no cure for COPD, but there are treatments that can help manage the symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. Treatment options include:
โข Bronchodilators
โข Antibiotics
โข Supplemental oxygen
โข Vaccination
๐๐ซ๐๐ฏ๐๐ง๐ญ๐ข๐ฏ๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐๐ฌ
The best way to prevent COPD is to avoid smoking and air pollution. Several lifestyle changes can help reduce the risk of COPD, such as eating a healthy diet and exercising regularly.
Visit our site for more animated templates
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What is emphysema?
Emphysema is a condition that forms part of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and involves the enlargement of the air sacs in the lung.
The alveoli at the end of the bronchioles of the lung become enlarged because of the breakdown of their walls. The fewer and larger damaged sacs that result mean there is a reduced surface area for the exchange of oxygen into the blood and carbon dioxide out of it.
Definition
Emphysema is a condition in which the alveoli become stiff expands and continuously filled the air even after expiration. Emphysema is a chronic obstructive disease due to lack of elasticity in the lungs and alveoli surface area.
Classification
Panlobular (panacinar)
It is damage to the respiratory bronchi, alveolar ducts and alveoli. All air space in the little lobes much enlarged, with little inflammatory disease. The characteristics that have chest hyperinflation, and is characterized by dyspnea on exertion, and weight loss.
CENTRILOBULAR (CENTROACINAR)
The pathological changes mainly occur in the centre of the secondary lobes, and peripheral of acini remain good. Often there is chaos-ventilation perfusion ratio, which lead to hypoxia, hypercapnia (increased CO2 in the arterial blood), polycythaemia and heart failure episodes right. The condition leads to cyanosis, peripheral oedema, and respiratory failure.
CAUSES OF EMPHYSEMA
The biggest known cause or risk factor for emphysema - and for COPD - is smoking. Cigarette smoking is responsible for around 90% of cases of COPD. However, COPD will develop only in smokers who are genetically susceptible - smoking does not always lead to the disease.
Thank you for selecting our ๐๐๐๐ PPT
This medical PowerPoint template about ๐๐๐๐
You can download our template by visiting our website:
https://www.rxslides.com/product/copd-powerpoint-template
copy and paste this URL into the browser and download the full editable template.
This ๐๐๐๐ animated template is designed by RxSlides, a medical professional team covering the following topics about ๐๐๐๐
๐๐ก๐ ๐ญ๐๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐๐ญ๐ ๐๐จ๐ฏ๐๐ซ๐ฌ ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐จ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐จ๐ฐ๐ข๐ง๐ ๐ญ๐จ๐ฉ๐ข๐๐ฌ
๐๐๐๐ข๐ง๐ข๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (๐๐๐๐) is a group of lung diseases that cause airflow blockage and breathing-related problems.
๐ฉ๐ซ๐๐ฏ๐๐ฅ๐๐ง๐๐
COPD is more prevalent in developing countries, but it is also a growing problem in developed countries. In the United States, COPD is the third leading cause of death.
Forms of ๐๐๐๐
โข Chronic bronchitis
โข Emphysema
๐๐๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐ฉ๐ก๐ฒ๐ฌ๐ข๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ฒ
In normal lungs, air flows freely in and out of the bronchi and alveoli. However, in people with COPD, the airflow is blocked. This can be caused by inflammation of the airways, mucus production, or damage to the air sacs.
๐๐ข๐ฌ๐ค ๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐จ๐ซ๐ฌ
There are several risk factors for COPD, including smoking, air pollution, and genetics. Smoking is the most common risk factor for COPD. Smoking is responsible for about 80% of COPD cases. Air pollution, particularly indoor air pollution from cooking and burning fuels, can also increase the risk of COPD. Genetics can also play a role in COPD. People with a family history of COPD are more likely to develop the disease.
๐๐๐ฎ๐ฌ๐๐ฌ
The main causes of COPD are smoking and air pollution. Smoking damages the lungs and makes it difficult to breathe
๐๐ญ๐๐ ๐๐ฌ
โข Stage 1
โข Stage 2
โข Stage 3
.
๐๐ฒ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ญ๐จ๐ฆ๐ฌ
The most common symptoms of COPD are:
โข Shortness of breath
โข Cough
โข Wheezing
โข Chest tightness
โข Fatigue
๐๐จ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐ข๐๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ
COPD can lead to several complications, including:
โข Anemia
โข Right-sided heart failure
โข Muscle weakness
โข Lung infections
โข Bone thinning
โข Collapsed lungs
๐๐ข๐๐ ๐ง๐จ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐ ๐ฆ๐๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐๐ฌ
COPD is diagnosed with a spirometry test, which measures how much air a person can exhale.
๐๐ซ๐๐๐ญ๐ฆ๐๐ง๐ญ ๐๐ฉ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ
There is no cure for COPD, but there are treatments that can help manage the symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. Treatment options include:
โข Bronchodilators
โข Antibiotics
โข Supplemental oxygen
โข Vaccination
๐๐ซ๐๐ฏ๐๐ง๐ญ๐ข๐ฏ๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐๐ฌ
The best way to prevent COPD is to avoid smoking and air pollution. Several lifestyle changes can help reduce the risk of COPD, such as eating a healthy diet and exercising regularly.
Visit our site for more animated templates
๐ต๐๐๐ฝ๐://๐๐๐.๐ฟ๐ ๐๐น๐ถ๐ฑ๐ฒ๐.๐ฐ๐ผ๐บ
RxSlides PowerPoint icons and illustrations related to ๐๐๐๐ will help you customize the content of this editable presentation according to your content and audience interest.
What is emphysema?
Emphysema is a condition that forms part of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and involves the enlargement of the air sacs in the lung.
The alveoli at the end of the bronchioles of the lung become enlarged because of the breakdown of their walls. The fewer and larger damaged sacs that result mean there is a reduced surface area for the exchange of oxygen into the blood and carbon dioxide out of it.
Definition
Emphysema is a condition in which the alveoli become stiff expands and continuously filled the air even after expiration. Emphysema is a chronic obstructive disease due to lack of elasticity in the lungs and alveoli surface area.
Classification
Panlobular (panacinar)
It is damage to the respiratory bronchi, alveolar ducts and alveoli. All air space in the little lobes much enlarged, with little inflammatory disease. The characteristics that have chest hyperinflation, and is characterized by dyspnea on exertion, and weight loss.
CENTRILOBULAR (CENTROACINAR)
The pathological changes mainly occur in the centre of the secondary lobes, and peripheral of acini remain good. Often there is chaos-ventilation perfusion ratio, which lead to hypoxia, hypercapnia (increased CO2 in the arterial blood), polycythaemia and heart failure episodes right. The condition leads to cyanosis, peripheral oedema, and respiratory failure.
CAUSES OF EMPHYSEMA
The biggest known cause or risk factor for emphysema - and for COPD - is smoking. Cigarette smoking is responsible for around 90% of cases of COPD. However, COPD will develop only in smokers who are genetically susceptible - smoking does not always lead to the disease.
Report Back from SGO 2024: Whatโs the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
ย
Are you curious about whatโs new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Womenโs Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
ย
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1ยฑ1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years โ 64.8%, 20 years โ 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6ยฑ1525.6 days), 148 LCP โ more than 10 years (LS=5054.4ยฑ1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7ยฑ374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0โN12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0โN12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
ย
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
ย
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMENโS HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHATโS NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganongโs Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
2. DEFINITION
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the name for a collection of
lung diseases including chronic bronchitis, emphysema and chronic obstructive
airways disease. People with COPD have difficulties breathing, primarily due to the
narrowing of their airways, this is called airflow obstruction. COPD manifests via
chronic inflammatory response to irritants, frequently to tobacco smoke. The
progression of COPD from early onset to advanced disease leads to the loss of the
alveolar wall, pulmonary hypertension, and fibrosis of the respiratory epithelium.
Overall, the frequency of COPD ranges from 40โ70% among lung
cancer patients, while smoking was found in 80โ90% of lung cancer cases. Although
80โ90% of COPD or lung cancer patients are smokers, only approximately 10% of
smokers develop lung cancer and approximately 20% develop COPD.
The good news is that COPD can often be prevented, mainly by not
smoking. Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of COPD. Most people who have
COPD smoke or used to smoke. However, up to 30% of people with COPD never
smoked. A rare genetic condition called alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency can also
cause the disease.
3. Chronic Bronchitis
Chronic bronchitis is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD) that is defined as a productive cough of more than 3 months occurring within a
span of 2 years. Patients typically present with chronic productive cough, malaise, and
symptoms of excessive coughing such as chest or abdominal pain. Chronic bronchitis is
thought to be caused by overproduction and hypersecretion of mucus by goblet cells.
Epithelial cells lining the airway response to toxic, infectious stimuli by
releasing inflammatory mediators such as interleukin 8 and other cytokines, which
results in air trapping, Hypoxemia and hypercapnia
During an acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, the bronchial
mucous membrane becomes hyperemic and edematous with diminished bronchial
muco-ciliary function. This, in turn, leads to airflow impediment because of luminal
obstruction to small airways. The airways become clogged by debris and this further
increases the irritation. The characteristic cough of bronchitis is caused by the copious
secretion of mucus in chronic bronchitis
5. Chronic Emphysema
โข Pulmonary emphysema is a form of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
that is defined as a pathological, permanent dilatation of distal airways
(respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs) due to the
destruction of airway walls without fibrotic change. Emphysema interrupts
gas exchange, causing an obstructive ventilation defect.
Advanced emphysema is a common and serious cause of chronic
respiratory failure and acute decompensation that could be life-threatening.
Due to its high morbidity and mortality, recognizing and treating this
condition in its early stages is vital. Emphysema is differentiated from
interstitial pneumonia by the absence of fibrosis of the pulmonary
interstitium
6. โขEmphysema is divided into the following subtypes
A] centrilobular emphysema; most common type of emphysema, classically seen in smokers and is
characterised by the destruction of the respiratory bronchiole (central portion of the acinus) but it
spares distal alveoli and usually affects the upper lobe
B] panlobular emphysema; this is a rare type of emphysema associated with ฮฑ1-antitrypsin deficiency.
It is characterised by the destruction of the entire acinus (respiratory bronchioles and alveoli) and
usually affects the lower lobe.
Other subtypes include; cicatricial emphysema which is mainly caused by exposure to quartz dust
and results in chronic inflammation and nodular scar formation.
Giant bullous emphysema is characterised by large bullae (congenital or acquired) that extrude into
the surrounding tissue, the bullae may rupture leading to a pneumothorax and depending on the shape
of the bullae resection should be considered.
Senile emphysema is loss of pulmonary elasticity with age and may lead to emphysematous lung but
is not considered pathological but a normal consequence of ageing
7.
8.
9. Symptoms Of COPD
โข Chronic cough
โข Increasing breathlessness โ this may only happen when exercising at
first, and you may sometimes wake up at night feeling breathless
โข a persistent chesty cough with phlegm that does not go away
โข frequent chest infections
โข persistent wheezing.
RISK FACTORS OF COPD
โข Smoking
โข Age
โข Environmental factors(pollutants, dust, silica)
โข A1 antitrypsin genetic(autosomal dominant)
10.
11. Classification
โข GLOBAL INITIATIVE FOR CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE
(GOLD) CLASSIFICATION
โข GOLD classifies COPD according to the severity of airflow limitations
(GOLD 1-4) and the ABCD assessment tool, which takes into account
the modified British Medical Research Council (mMRC) dyspnea scale,
COPD assessment test (CAT), and the risk of exacerbation
โข Classification based on airflow limitation in patients with FEV1/FVC <
70%. GOLD uses FEV1/FVC to classify COPD
12.
13.
14. TREATMENT
General treatment include;
A] Cessation of tobacco use
B] Pneumococcal vaccines and influenza vaccination; once before 65years of
age and once after
C] Pulmonary rehabilitation; indicated in patients with GOLD B,C and D and
include physiotherapy with breathing exercise
MEDICAL TREATMENT ACCORDING TO GOLD; medical treatment I COPD
reduces the severity of symptoms, improves overall health status and
lowers the frequency and severity of exacerbation. The first line of
treatment of COPD consists of bronchodilators, inhaled corticosteroids and
phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibitors
โขBronchodilators include; short acting beta agonist, long acting beta agonist,
short acting muscarinic antagonist and long acting muscarinic antagonist
15. Acute Exacerbation Management
To determine how bad a COPD exacerbation is, you look at response to therapy
โขGive them O2 to get their SPO2 between 88-92%
โขGive duo-nebulisers (both albuterol and ipratropium) every 30 minutes
โขSteroids
After this there are 3 possible outcomes to determine the exacerbations; the patient gets
better, the patient gets worse or the patient needs more time for the therapy to improve
A] if patient gets better we give PO steroids and metered-dose inhalers of albuterol and
ipratropium
B] if patient gets worst meaning there is increased CO2, confusion, absence of wheezing or lung
sounds; they are given IV steroids (methylprednisolone) and nebuliser albuterol and ipratropium
moved to the ICU and are either put on BIPAP or an ET tube
C] if the patient needs more time, meaning no improves neither are they getting worst we can give
them either PO or IV steroids and nebulised albuterol and ipratropium
Most patients with COPD exacerbations need antibiotics such as azithromycin and doxycycline.
Azithromycin causes prolonged QT intervals so it is advised to get an ECG if time permits.