Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is an umbrella term used to describe progressive lung diseases including emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and refractory (non-reversible) asthma. This disease is characterized by increasing breathlessness

1. PRESENTED BY
MR. ABHAY RAJPOOT

2.  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic
inflammatory lung disease that causes obstructed airflow from the
lungs Emphysema and Chronic bronchitis are the two most common
conditions that contribute to COPD.

3. Chronic bronchitis is inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes,
which carry air to and from the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs. It's
characterized by daily cough and mucus (sputum) production.

4. Emphysema is a condition in which the alveoli at the end of the smallest air
passages (bronchioles) of the lungs are destroyed as a result of damaging
exposure to cigarette smoke and other irritating gases and particulate

5.  COPD is currently the fourth leading cause of death in the world.
 COPD is projected to be the 3rd leading cause of death by 2020.
 More than 3 million people died of COPD in 2012 accounting for 6% of all
deaths globally.
 Globally, the COPD burden is projected to increase in coming decades
because of continued exposure to COPD risk factors and aging of the
population.

6.  Age
 Exposure to tobacco smoke
 People with asthma who smoke
 Occupational exposure to dusts
 Exposure to fumes from burning fuel
 Allergens

7.  Causes of airway obstruction:
 Bronchial smooth muscle contraction
 Bronchial mucosal congestion and edema
 Airway inflammation
 Increased airway secretions
 It includes:
 Chronic bronchitis
 Emphysema
 Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency
 Cigarette smoke and other irritants

10.  Breathlessness with exertion or even at rest
 Swelling of the legs, ankles and feet
 Bloating of the abdomen due to fluid buildup
 Cough while lying down
 Fatigue
 Irregular heartbeats that feel rapid, fluttering
 Pleuritic Chest pain
 Dizziness
 Dyspnea
 Cyanosis

11.  Lung (pulmonary) function tests
 Laboratory tests.
 Arterial blood gas analysis.
 CT scan.
 Chest X-ray.
 Spirometry

12.  Respiratory infections.
 Heart problems.
 Lung cancer.
 High blood pressure in lung arteries.
 Depression

13.  Bronchodilators:
Example
 Salbutamol
 Albuterol
 Formoterol
 Corticosteroids:
Example
 Betamethasone
 Prednisolone
 Metaprednisolone

14.  Anticholinergic:
Example
 Atropine sulphate
 Mast Cell Stabilizers :
Example
 Cromolyn sodium
 Xanthine derivatives :
Example
 Theophylline
 Aminophylline
 Antitussives Drugs:

15.  Lung volume reduction surgery:
In this surgery, the surgeon removes small wedges of damaged lung
tissue from the upper lungs

16. Lung transplant:
Transplantation can improve the ability to breathe and to be active. However, it's a
major operation that has significant risks, such as organ rejection, and it's necessary
to take lifelong immune-suppressing medications.

17. Bullectomy:
Large air spaces (bullae) form in the lungs when the walls of the air sacs are
destroyed. These bullae can become very large and cause breathing problems. In a
bullectomy, doctors remove bullae from the lungs to help improve air flow

18.  Ineffective airway clearance related to excessive mucous congestion as
evidenced by shortness of breath.
 Fluid volume deficit related to fever, diaphoresis as evidenced by reduced skin
turgor.
 Altered nutrition less then body requirements related to loss of appetite as
evidenced by weight loss
 Activity intolerance related to decreased energy reserves as evidenced by
patients tired look

19. A relatively new non-invasive imaging technique, called parametric response
mapping (PRM), can identify damage in the smallest airways, opening the
possibility of detecting specific lung changes earlier (when it is most
treatable) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),
and allowing doctors to more accurately measure the response to medicines,
according to new research published in the American Journal of Respiratory
and Critical Care Medicine.

21. Pulmonologists point out that pollution has increased the number of patients
of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the country.
“Earlier, COPD was closely associated with smoking tobacco. But today,
only 20% of the cases are related to smoking — remaining part of the
population is getting COPD due to other factors. We believe that over half of
the cases are caused by air pollution,” said Dr Sundeep Salvi, director of
Pune-based Chest Research centre.