Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes caused by viruses or bacteria. It can be acute, lasting a few weeks, or chronic, lasting over 3 months per year. Chronic bronchitis is often caused by long-term exposure to irritants like cigarette smoke. Symptoms include cough, wheezing, fever, and difficulty breathing. Diagnosis involves examining sputum and chest x-rays. Treatment focuses on rest, fluids, breathing moist air, cough suppressants, and antibiotics for bacterial infections. Chronic bronchitis may also be treated with bronchodilators and mucolytics to thin mucus and open airways.
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes, the airways that carry air to your lungs. It causes a cough that often brings up mucus. It can also cause shortness of breath, wheezing, a low fever, and chest tightness. There are two main types of bronchitis: acute and chronic.
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes, the airways that carry air to your lungs. It causes a cough that often brings up mucus. It can also cause shortness of breath, wheezing, a low fever, and chest tightness. There are two main types of bronchitis: acute and chronic
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes, the airways that carry air to your lungs. It causes a cough that often brings up mucus. It can also cause shortness of breath, wheezing, a low fever, and chest tightness. There are two main types of bronchitis: acute and chronic.
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes, the airways that carry air to your lungs. It causes a cough that often brings up mucus. It can also cause shortness of breath, wheezing, a low fever, and chest tightness. There are two main types of bronchitis: acute and chronic
Emphysema is a type of COPD involving damage to the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs. As a result, your body does not get the oxygen it needs. Emphysema makes it hard to catch your breath. You may also have a chronic cough and have trouble breathing during exercise. The most common cause is cigarette smoking
TOPIC: Nursing Management of Br.Asthma
المحاضر: فريدة محمد مصطفى (مشرفه التعليم الطبي بالتمريض)
SPEAKER: Sr.Fareedah M. Mustafa
( Nursing Education Coordinator , MGH)
Acute and Chronic Bronchitis is amongst most common presenting illness for Family Physicians considering its prevalence in all ages. Revisiting it with perspective of a family physician helps improve understanding and management at Family PRactice
Normally, the pleural space contains a small amount of fluid (5 to 15 mL), which acts as a lubricant that allows the pleural surfaces to move without friction.
But if fluid builds up from either increased production or inadequate removal pleural effusion results.
Pleural effusion B/L or unilateral (parapneumonic process)
Refers to any significant collection of fluid within pleural space.
Any imbalance in formation, absorption lead accumulation of pleural fluid. Common condition:
CHF
Bacterial pneumonia
Malignancy(chest tumor)
Pulmonary embolism
Pleura effusion is a condition refers to a collection of fluid in the pleural space. It is almost secondary to other conditions.
Emphysema is a type of COPD involving damage to the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs. As a result, your body does not get the oxygen it needs. Emphysema makes it hard to catch your breath. You may also have a chronic cough and have trouble breathing during exercise. The most common cause is cigarette smoking
TOPIC: Nursing Management of Br.Asthma
المحاضر: فريدة محمد مصطفى (مشرفه التعليم الطبي بالتمريض)
SPEAKER: Sr.Fareedah M. Mustafa
( Nursing Education Coordinator , MGH)
Acute and Chronic Bronchitis is amongst most common presenting illness for Family Physicians considering its prevalence in all ages. Revisiting it with perspective of a family physician helps improve understanding and management at Family PRactice
Normally, the pleural space contains a small amount of fluid (5 to 15 mL), which acts as a lubricant that allows the pleural surfaces to move without friction.
But if fluid builds up from either increased production or inadequate removal pleural effusion results.
Pleural effusion B/L or unilateral (parapneumonic process)
Refers to any significant collection of fluid within pleural space.
Any imbalance in formation, absorption lead accumulation of pleural fluid. Common condition:
CHF
Bacterial pneumonia
Malignancy(chest tumor)
Pulmonary embolism
Pleura effusion is a condition refers to a collection of fluid in the pleural space. It is almost secondary to other conditions.
X-RAYS ON PNEUMONIA BY DR BASHIR AHMED DAR ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR MEDICINE SOPOR...Prof Dr Bashir Ahmed Dar
DR BASHIR ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR MEDICINE SOPORE KASHMIR PRESENTLY WORKING IN MALAYSIA TEACHING MEDICAL STUDENTS THE ART OF TREATING PATIENTS SPEAKS ABOUT THE IMPORTANCE OF HISTORY TAKING.MEDICAL STUDENTS AND DOCTORS should probe more deeply WHILE TAKING HISTORY OF A PATIENT as it gives the useful information in formulating a diagnosis and providing medical care to the patient.
Localization of brainstem lesion by Prof Dr Bashir Ahmed Dar Sopore KashmirProf Dr Bashir Ahmed Dar
Localizing neurological lesions in the brainstem can be very precise, it relies on a clear understanding on the functions of brainstem .Brainstem lesions usually produce cranial nerve palsy one one side and hemiplegia or hemiparesis on other side
Bronchitis is an acute inflammation of the air passages within the lungs. It occurs when the trachea (windpipe) and the large and small bronchi (airways) within the lungs become inflamed because of infection or irritation from certain causes. Homeopathy is the best treatment with no side effects. For further information contact Ph. : +91-265-2250212,
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Bronchiectasis is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by irreversible widening and scarring of the airways (bronchi) in the lungs. This widening and scarring result from repeated inflammation and infection, leading to the accumulation of mucus and impaired clearance of bacteria and debris from the airways. Common symptoms of bronchiectasis include chronic cough, production of large amounts of sputum (phlegm), recurrent respiratory infections, shortness of breath, fatigue, and chest pain. Treatment typically involves a combination of airway clearance techniques, medications to manage symptoms and prevent infections, and sometimes surgery in severe cases. Early diagnosis and management can help improve quality of life and reduce complications associated with bronchiectasis.
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This 𝐁𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐜𝐡𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐬animated template is designed by RxSlides, a medical professional team covering the following topics about 𝐁𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐜𝐡𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐬
𝐃𝐞𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
• 𝐁𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐜𝐡𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐬is an inflammation of the bronchi, the large airways that carry air to the lungs.
• It can be either acute, lasting for a short period, or chronic, persisting for several months or longer.
• Acute bronchitis is often caused by viral infections, while chronic bronchitis is typically associated with smoking.
𝐞𝐩𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐦𝐢𝐨𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐲
• 𝐁𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐜𝐡𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐬is a highly prevalent respiratory condition, affecting millions worldwide annually.
• The estimated global prevalence of acute bronchitis is around 5%, with higher rates in children and the elderly.
• Chronic bronchitis affects approximately 5% of adults globally, with a significant burden on healthcare resources.
𝐒𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐀𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐨𝐦𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐍𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐥 𝐁𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐜𝐡𝐢 𝐓𝐢𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐞
• The bronchi are lined by a layer of ciliated epithelium, which helps to remove debris and mucus from the airways.
• Beneath the epithelium lies a layer of smooth muscle, which helps to control the diameter of the airways.
• The smooth muscle is surrounded by a layer of cartilage, which provides support and structure to the bronchi.
• The outermost layer is the adventitia, which contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics.
𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝐛𝐞𝐭𝐰𝐞𝐞𝐧 𝐍𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐀𝐛𝐧𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐥 𝐁𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐜𝐡𝐢
• Differences in airflow and respiration processes between healthy and diseased bronchi.
𝐜𝐚𝐮𝐬𝐞𝐬
o Smoking
o Pollution
o Genetics
o Age
𝐑𝐢𝐬𝐤 𝐅𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐬
o Alcohol
o Genetics
o Pollution
o Viruses
𝐏𝐚𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐩𝐡𝐲𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐲
o Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of mucinous glands in the main bronchi
o Hypertrophy of goblet cells in the bronchioles
o Increased mucus leading to airway obstruction and air-trapping
o Shortened and less mobile cilia due to smoking
𝐒𝐲𝐦𝐩𝐭𝐨𝐦𝐬
• Cough: The most common symptom
• Wheezing: A high-pitched whistling sound during breathing, caused by the narrowing of the airways.
• Shortness of breath:
• Chest discomfort:
• Fatigue
• Fever:
𝐃𝐢𝐚𝐠𝐧𝐨𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐝𝐬
o Sputum testing
o Pulmonary function tests
o Chest X-rays
𝐓𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐎𝐩𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬
o Bronchodilators
o Cough suppressants
o Inhaled steroids
o Animated mechanism of bronchodilators' effect on bronchi
𝐁𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐜𝐡𝐨𝐝𝐢𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐬
• Types: Short-acting beta-agonists (SABAs) and long-acting beta-agonists (LABAs) are commonly used.
𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐌𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐝𝐬
• Includes healthy lifestyle choices such as:
o Avoiding alcohol
o Maintaining a balanced diet
The lower respiratory system, or lower respiratory tract, consists of the trachea, the bronchi and bronchioles, and the alveoli, which make up the lungs. These structures pull in air from the upper respiratory system, absorb the oxygen, and release carbon dioxide in exchange.
this is detailed study on lower respiratory diseases
please comment
thank you
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Antimicrobial stewardship to prevent antimicrobial resistanceGovindRankawat1
India is among the nations with the highest burden of bacterial infections.
India is one of the largest consumers of antibiotics worldwide.
India carries one of the largest burdens of drug‑resistant pathogens worldwide.
Highest burden of multidrug‑resistant tuberculosis,
Alarmingly high resistance among Gram‑negative and Gram‑positive bacteria even to newer antimicrobials such as carbapenems.
NDM‑1 ( New Delhi Metallo Beta lactamase 1, an enzyme which inactivates majority of Beta lactam antibiotics including carbapenems) was reported in 2008
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
1. ZANZIBAR UNIVERSITY
subject: MEDICAL AND SURGICAL NURSING-1
TOPIC : BRONCHITIS
Done by;
SEIF SAID KHALFAN
BSc. N, Student
Under Supervision of ;
Madame Khadija
2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the session learners should be
able to:
• Define Bronchitis.
• Mention causes and pre disposing factors
of bronchitis .
• Explain Pathophisiology of bronchitis.
• List diagnostic measures of bronchitis.
• Describe medical treatment and nursing
management of bronchitis.
3. BRONCHITIS
Bronchitis is an inflammation or swelling of the
bronchial tubes (bronchi), the air passage between the
nose and the lungs. Bronchitis is more specifically
when the lining of the bronchial tubes becomes
inflamed or infected. People with bronchitis breathe
less air and oxygen into their lungs; they also have
heavy mucus or phlegm forming in their airways.
4. BRONCHITIS
• Bronchitis can be caused by either a virus or
bacteria but viral bronchitis is much more
common, in most cases bronchitis is caused by the
same virus that cause the common cold or
flu(virus influenza)
5. PRE DESPOSING FACTORS OF
BRONCHITIS
• Breathing in irritant substances: such as
smoking cigarrete, chemicals in house hold
products or tobacco smoke. Smoking is the
main cause of long term bronchitis and it
affects people who inhale second hand smoke
as well as smokers themselves.
6. Cont…
• Exposed to materials that can damage your
lungs, such as grain dust, textiles, ammonia
strong acid or chlorine. This sometimes
referred as occupational bronchitis, and
usually ceases once you are no longer
exposed to the irritant substances .
8. Acute Bronchitis.
• Is characterized by the development of cough or
small sensation in the back of throat with or
without production of sputum.
• Acute bronchitis often occurs after a cold or the
flu, as the result of bacterial infection, or from
constant irritation of the bronchi by polluted air
or chemical fumes in the environment.
9. Cont..
Also characterized by a slight fever that may last
for a few days to weeks, and is often accompanied
by a cough that may persist for several weeks.
Acute bronchitis, symptoms usually resolve within
7 to 10 days, however, a dry, hacking cough can
longer for several weeks.
10. Cont..
Acute bronchitis is more common and often
serious in small children because their bronchi
are smaller and more easily obstructed and also
in the elderly.
11. Chronic Bronchitis.
• Is a form of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
caused by chronic respiratory infections and chronic
exposure to environment pollutants and irritants, also
known as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ,as
the condition gets worse, the affected person becomes
increasingly short of breath, has difficulty with
physical exertion, and may require supplemental
oxygen.
12. Cont..
It may include fever[-Also characterized by the
presence of productive cough that last for 3
months or more per year. Chronic bronchitis
usually develop due to a recurrent injury to the
airways caused by inhaled.
13. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY.
• Short term irritation of respiratory tract leads to
inflammation resulting in hyper secretion of
mucus and initial dry irritating cough which
later becomes productive. Continued bronchial
irritation in chronic bronchitis.
14. Cont…
Resulting in hypertrophy and hyperplasia of bronchial
mucous glands and mucous producing goblet cells thus
causing increased secretion by the bronchial mucosa.
Chronic infiltration of the bronchial walls by leucocytes
and lymphocytes. Make the bronchial wall to become
thickened and the bronchial lumen to become narrowed
thus interfering with the flow of air to and from the lungs.
15. Cont..
The narrowed lumen often becomes plugged with the
mucus. The alveoli adjacent to the affected bronchioles
may become damaged and fibroses with increased
airway resistance and severe ventilation perfusion
imbalance. Because of the inflammatory process, the
patient has fever with accompanying chills, headache,
chest muscle soreness and loss of appetite.
16.
17. SIGNS AND SYMTOMS OF BRONCHITIS
• Cough.
• Wheezing .
• Throat pain.
• Difficulty in breathing .
• Chest discomfort and soreness.
• Fatigue and headache.
• Fever and sometimes sweating and nausea.
19. Cont..
• Sputum culture reveals microorganism,
and Arterial blood gas analysis reveals
abnormal blood gases e.g. decreased PaO2
(hypoxia) and increased PaCO2.
Respiratory alkalosis.
20. General Nursing Management and
Treatment
• People suffering from bronchitis are usually
instructed to rest, drink copious fluids , breathe
warm and moist air and take over the counter
cough suppressants and pain relievers in order
to manage symptoms and ease breathing.
21. Cont..
• Many cases of acute bronchitis may go away
without any specific treatment, but there is no
cure for chronic bronchitis in this case
Antibiotics may be prescribed so as to prevent
secondary infection and will be effective for
bacterial infections
22. Cont..
• Cough medicine may be administered but we
should not suppress the cough completely for
its important way to bring up mucus and
remove irritants from the lungs.
• Bronchodilator and Mucolytic these drugs will
open bronchial tubes thin and clear out mucus
also it makes to easier cough.
23. Reference
• Margaret F Alexandra (2000) Nursing practice hospital
and homes, second edition
• International Study Of Pain: An Unpleasant Experience
That We Primarily Associate With Tissue Damage Or
Describe In Terms Of Tissue Damage Or Both."
Merskey, H. (1964), An Investigation Of Pain
• Jennifer E. Helms, Claudia P. Barone,physiology And
Treatment Of Skin Disease, critical Care Nurse, Vol 28,
No. 6, Dec.2008.
• Griffiths CE, Barker JN. Pathogenesis and clinical
features of psoriasis. Lancet 2007;370(9583):263-71.