Introduction of bronchitis
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Bronchitis is an inflammation of the air passages between the nose and lungs. Acute bronchitis usually follows a viral infection like a cold and resolves within two weeks, while chronic bronchitis presents symptoms for at least three months per year for two consecutive years, often caused by smoking. Treatment for acute bronchitis focuses on air flow optimization using expectorants, bronchodilators, and sometimes antibiotics or corticosteroids. Treatment for chronic bronchitis emphasizes smoking cessation and uses long-acting bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids to manage symptoms.
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Bronchitis
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes, the airways that carry air to your lungs. It causes a cough that often brings up mucus. It can also cause shortness of breath, wheezing, a low fever, and chest tightness. There are two main types of bronchitis: acute and chronic.
Bronchitis
1. Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes that causes mucus buildup and difficulty breathing. It can be acute, lasting a few weeks, or chronic, lasting over 3 months.
2. Smoking is a major cause of both acute and chronic bronchitis. Other causes include viral infections, air pollution, and repeated lung irritation.
3. Treatment for bronchitis focuses on relieving symptoms through rest, hydration, cough suppressants, bronchodilators, antibiotics if bacterial infection is present, and removing irritants like smoking. Managing symptoms can help prevent complications like pneumonia.
Bronchitis
Bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchial tubes caused by viruses, bacteria, or other irritants. It can be acute, lasting a few weeks, or chronic, characterized by a long-term productive cough. Symptoms include cough, mucus production, shortness of breath, wheezing, and chest discomfort. Treatment depends on the cause but may include antibiotics, cough medicine, bronchodilators, mucolytics, or steroids. Lifestyle changes like quitting smoking and avoiding pollution can help prevent bronchitis.
Bronchitis
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes, the airways that carry air to your lungs. It causes a cough that often brings up mucus. It can also cause shortness of breath, wheezing, a low fever, and chest tightness. There are two main types of bronchitis: acute and chronic
Bronchitis
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes caused by viral or bacterial infection or irritants like smoke. It is classified as acute (lasting days to weeks) or chronic (lasting months). Acute bronchitis is usually caused by cold/flu viruses while chronic bronchitis is often caused by long-term smoke inhalation. Symptoms include cough, wheezing, chest tightness and mucus production. Treatment focuses on reducing inflammation, opening airways, treating infection if present, and addressing underlying causes like smoking.
Asthma ppt
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory lung disease that causes narrowing of the airways. It is characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing. Risk factors include allergens, air pollution, infections, stress, obesity, and family history. Symptoms are typically worse at night or early morning. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms and lung function tests. Treatment focuses on preventing symptoms through avoidance of triggers and use of inhaled corticosteroids and bronchodilators. Nursing care emphasizes breathing treatments, monitoring for complications, patient education, and managing exacerbations.
Emphyisema
Emphysema is a type of COPD involving damage to the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs. As a result, your body does not get the oxygen it needs. Emphysema makes it hard to catch your breath. You may also have a chronic cough and have trouble breathing during exercise. The most common cause is cigarette smoking
Pneumonia
Pneumonia (pneumonitis) is an inflammatory process in lung parenchyma usually associated with a marked increased in interstitial and alveolar fluid.
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Bronchitis
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes, the airways that carry air to your lungs. It causes a cough that often brings up mucus. It can also cause shortness of breath, wheezing, a low fever, and chest tightness. There are two main types of bronchitis: acute and chronic.
Bronchitis
1. Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes that causes mucus buildup and difficulty breathing. It can be acute, lasting a few weeks, or chronic, lasting over 3 months.
2. Smoking is a major cause of both acute and chronic bronchitis. Other causes include viral infections, air pollution, and repeated lung irritation.
3. Treatment for bronchitis focuses on relieving symptoms through rest, hydration, cough suppressants, bronchodilators, antibiotics if bacterial infection is present, and removing irritants like smoking. Managing symptoms can help prevent complications like pneumonia.
Bronchitis
Bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchial tubes caused by viruses, bacteria, or other irritants. It can be acute, lasting a few weeks, or chronic, characterized by a long-term productive cough. Symptoms include cough, mucus production, shortness of breath, wheezing, and chest discomfort. Treatment depends on the cause but may include antibiotics, cough medicine, bronchodilators, mucolytics, or steroids. Lifestyle changes like quitting smoking and avoiding pollution can help prevent bronchitis.
Bronchitis
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes, the airways that carry air to your lungs. It causes a cough that often brings up mucus. It can also cause shortness of breath, wheezing, a low fever, and chest tightness. There are two main types of bronchitis: acute and chronic
Bronchitis
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes caused by viral or bacterial infection or irritants like smoke. It is classified as acute (lasting days to weeks) or chronic (lasting months). Acute bronchitis is usually caused by cold/flu viruses while chronic bronchitis is often caused by long-term smoke inhalation. Symptoms include cough, wheezing, chest tightness and mucus production. Treatment focuses on reducing inflammation, opening airways, treating infection if present, and addressing underlying causes like smoking.
Asthma ppt
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory lung disease that causes narrowing of the airways. It is characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing. Risk factors include allergens, air pollution, infections, stress, obesity, and family history. Symptoms are typically worse at night or early morning. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms and lung function tests. Treatment focuses on preventing symptoms through avoidance of triggers and use of inhaled corticosteroids and bronchodilators. Nursing care emphasizes breathing treatments, monitoring for complications, patient education, and managing exacerbations.
Emphyisema
Emphysema is a type of COPD involving damage to the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs. As a result, your body does not get the oxygen it needs. Emphysema makes it hard to catch your breath. You may also have a chronic cough and have trouble breathing during exercise. The most common cause is cigarette smoking
Pneumonia
Pneumonia (pneumonitis) is an inflammatory process in lung parenchyma usually associated with a marked increased in interstitial and alveolar fluid.
Bronchiectases
Bronchiectasis is a chronic lung condition defined by the permanent dilation of the bronchi. It has both congenital and acquired causes such as infections from tuberculosis, pneumonia, or cystic fibrosis. Symptoms include chronic cough, production of large amounts of purulent sputum, and recurrent lung infections. Diagnosis involves imaging like CT scans and pulmonary function tests. Treatment focuses on airway clearance techniques, antibiotics for infections, and surgery in severe cases. Nursing care aims to improve lung function and prevent infections through techniques like postural drainage and breathing exercises.
Bronchiectasis
Bronchiectasis is a chronic lung condition defined by abnormal dilatation of the bronchi. It can be caused by infections, genetic conditions, or other lung diseases that damage the airways. People with bronchiectasis commonly produce large amounts of sputum and experience recurrent lung infections. Diagnosis is made through chest imaging like CT scans. Treatment focuses on airway clearance and controlling infections with antibiotics. Surgical options are available for severe cases involving hemorrhage or localized disease.
Pleural effusion
Pleural effusion, sometimes referred to as “water on the lungs,” is the build-up of excess fluid between the layers of the pleura outside the lungs. The pleura are thin membranes that line the lungs and the inside of the chest cavity and act to lubricate and facilitate breathing.
Rhinitis presentation
Rhinitis is inflammation of the nasal cavity that can be allergic or non-allergic in nature. Allergic rhinitis, also known as hay fever, is caused by an allergen triggering an immune response. Non-allergic rhinitis includes acute viral/bacterial rhinitis from infections as well as chronic rhinitis from long-term irritation or obstruction. Symptoms include sneezing, congestion, and rhinorrhea. Treatment focuses on environmental control, medications like antihistamines, nasal steroids, and immunotherapy for allergies. Chronic rhinitis can lead to sinusitis if mucus is unable to drain properly from the sinuses.
:Bronchiectasis : Nursing Management
Bronchiectasis is a chronic lung condition characterized by abnormal dilation of the bronchi and bronchioles. It can be caused by airway obstruction, infections, genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis, or immunodeficiencies. Symptoms include chronic cough, excessive sputum production, recurring lung infections, shortness of breath, and finger clubbing. Diagnosis involves chest imaging, sputum analysis, and pulmonary function tests. Treatment focuses on airway clearance techniques, antibiotics for infections, and sometimes surgery to remove diseased portions of the lung.
Lungs abscess
Lung abscess is a type of liquefactive necrosis of the lung tissue and formation of cavities (more than 2 cm) containing necrotic debris or fluid caused by microbial infection.
Empyema
This document discusses empyema, which is an accumulation of thick, purulent fluid in the pleural space caused by bacterial pneumonia, lung abscess, chest trauma, or surgery. Common organisms include Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Empyema develops from a parapneumonic effusion through exudative, fibrino-purulent, and organizing stages. Symptoms include fever, chest pain, and dyspnea. Diagnosis involves imaging and culture of pleural fluid. Treatment requires drainage of fluid, antibiotics for 10-14 days intravenously or longer orally, and oxygen. Nursing diagnoses relate to impaired gas exchange, acute pain, and risk for activity intolerance.
Atelectasis
Atelectasis is the collapse or closure of the lungs caused by the absence of air in parts of the lung. It develops when alveoli become airless and collapse. Common causes include obstruction of the airways, diminished lung expansion, retained secretions, altered breathing patterns during anesthesia or sedation, and compression of the lungs. Symptoms may include cough, difficulty breathing, and low oxygen levels. Treatment focuses on removing obstructions and secretions through techniques like suctioning, chest physiotherapy, and bronchodilators to reinflate the lungs. More severe cases may require procedures like bronchoscopy or mechanical ventilation.
Rhinitis
This document defines and classifies rhinitis as an inflammation of the nasal mucosa that can be acute or chronic. It discusses the causes of rhinitis including viruses, allergens, and medications. The clinical features and treatment options are also outlined. Rhinitis presents with symptoms like sneezing, nasal obstruction, and watery discharge that typically resolve within a week without treatment but may require decongestants, antihistamines, corticosteroids, or antibiotics if a secondary bacterial infection develops.
Bronchiectasis
Bronchiectasis is a chronic lung disease characterized by irreversible dilation of the bronchi. It results from damage to the airways due to infection or inflammation that impairs mucus clearance. Common symptoms include chronic cough with sputum production. Diagnosis involves chest imaging and sputum culture. Treatment aims to clear secretions, treat infections, and manage symptoms. Nursing care focuses on airway clearance techniques, breathing exercises, infection control, nutrition support, and health education.
Lung abscess
Lung abscess is a localized infection and necrosis of lung tissue that forms a cavity containing pus. It is usually caused by aspiration or infection traveling via the bloodstream. Common symptoms include fever, cough, sputum production, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray or CT scan to identify lung cavities. Treatment consists of antibiotics chosen based on suspected bacteria and may require hospitalization. Complications can include spread of infection to the pleural space or amyloidosis.
Respiratory failure
This document discusses respiratory failure, including its definition, types, causes, clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluations, management, and complications. Respiratory failure is when the respiratory system fails to adequately oxygenate the blood or eliminate carbon dioxide. It can be classified as hypoxemic or hypercapnic. Acute respiratory failure develops rapidly over hours while chronic develops over days. Management involves treating the underlying cause, providing oxygen supplementation, monitoring vital signs, and supporting respiratory function. Complications can affect the lungs, heart, gastrointestinal system, and risk of infection.
Laryngitis-Easy PPT for Nursing Students
Laryngitis-Easy PPT for Nursing Students
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
DEFINITION
CAUSES
CLINICAL FEATURES
TREATMENT
Rhinitis
Rhinitis, also known as coryza, is irritation and inflammation of the mucous membrane inside the nose. Common symptoms are a stuffy nose, runny nose, sneezing, and post-nasal drip. The inflammation is caused by viruses, bacteria, irritants or allergens
Bronchitis powerpoint
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchioles, or airways, in the lungs. There are two main types: acute bronchitis, which lasts less than two weeks and is usually caused by infection, and chronic bronchitis, which lasts longer and is often caused by long-term smoking. Acute bronchitis causes symptoms like coughing, phlegm, fatigue, and shortness of breath. Chronic bronchitis can lead to permanent lung damage in long-term smokers and is treated with bronchodilators and pulmonary rehabilitation. Bronchitis is diagnosed through chest x-rays, sputum tests, and pulmonary function tests.
bronchitis - CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
Chronic bronchitis is defined as a productive cough that lasts for three months or more per year for at least two years. Tobacco smoking is the primary cause and leads to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in most cases. Symptoms include a chronic cough with mucus, wheezing, and shortness of breath. Treatment focuses on quitting smoking, using inhaled bronchodilators and steroids, and addressing exacerbating factors through medications, oxygen therapy, or lung transplantation in severe cases.
Upper respiratory tract infections ppt
Urti and its related Disorders like sinusitis, rhinitis, Epiglottitis, laryngitis, Pharyngitis, Tonsilitis, adenoids etc
Pneumonia
Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the lungs and causes symptoms like cough, fever, and difficulty breathing. It can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. Diagnosis involves chest x-rays, sputum tests, and blood tests. Treatment depends on the cause but may include antibiotics, oxygen therapy, or fluids. Complications can include lung abscesses or fluid in the chest. Vaccines can help prevent pneumonia.
Chronic bronchitis & emphysema
Chronic bronchitis and emphysema are both forms of COPD characterized by airflow obstruction. Chronic bronchitis involves long-term inflammation of the bronchial tubes causing excess mucus. Emphysema damages air sacs in the lungs reducing their elasticity. The main symptoms are shortness of breath and cough. Smoking is the primary cause and treatments include bronchodilators, steroids, oxygen therapy, and lifestyle changes like quitting smoking and exercise.
Pulmonary TB
Pulmonary tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis that mainly affects the lungs. It spreads through airborne droplets from coughing or sneezing. Symptoms include cough, fever, weight loss, and chest pain. Diagnosis involves tests like chest x-rays, sputum smears, and the tuberculin skin test. Treatment requires taking multiple antibiotic medications daily for 6-9 months. Directly observed treatment is recommended to ensure compliance and prevent drug resistance. Nursing care focuses on monitoring symptoms, preventing spread, promoting nutrition and activity, and supporting the treatment regimen.
Bronchitis ppt
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes that carry air to and from the lungs. There are two main types: acute and chronic. Risk factors include smoking, air pollution, and respiratory infections. Symptoms include cough, wheezing, shortness of breath, and mucus production. Homeopathy can help relieve cough, control recurring infections, improve immunity, reduce severity and duration of bronchitis, and help both allergic and infectious cases. Specific homeopathic remedies target productive coughing, lower recurrence risk, boost immunity, clear infections, reduce inflammation and make breathing easier. The document encourages those suffering from bronchitis to seek homeopathic treatment.
Bronchitis
Bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchi. Acute bronchitis causes cough and mucus production, often during a cold or flu. Chronic bronchitis is long-term cough and mucus production, usually caused by smoking or pollution. Acute bronchitis is usually viral but can be bacterial, while chronic bronchitis is caused by long-term airway irritation. Symptoms include cough, fatigue, and sore throat.
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Bronchiectases
Bronchiectasis is a chronic lung condition defined by the permanent dilation of the bronchi. It has both congenital and acquired causes such as infections from tuberculosis, pneumonia, or cystic fibrosis. Symptoms include chronic cough, production of large amounts of purulent sputum, and recurrent lung infections. Diagnosis involves imaging like CT scans and pulmonary function tests. Treatment focuses on airway clearance techniques, antibiotics for infections, and surgery in severe cases. Nursing care aims to improve lung function and prevent infections through techniques like postural drainage and breathing exercises.
Bronchiectasis
Bronchiectasis is a chronic lung condition defined by abnormal dilatation of the bronchi. It can be caused by infections, genetic conditions, or other lung diseases that damage the airways. People with bronchiectasis commonly produce large amounts of sputum and experience recurrent lung infections. Diagnosis is made through chest imaging like CT scans. Treatment focuses on airway clearance and controlling infections with antibiotics. Surgical options are available for severe cases involving hemorrhage or localized disease.
Pleural effusion
Pleural effusion, sometimes referred to as “water on the lungs,” is the build-up of excess fluid between the layers of the pleura outside the lungs. The pleura are thin membranes that line the lungs and the inside of the chest cavity and act to lubricate and facilitate breathing.
Rhinitis presentation
Rhinitis is inflammation of the nasal cavity that can be allergic or non-allergic in nature. Allergic rhinitis, also known as hay fever, is caused by an allergen triggering an immune response. Non-allergic rhinitis includes acute viral/bacterial rhinitis from infections as well as chronic rhinitis from long-term irritation or obstruction. Symptoms include sneezing, congestion, and rhinorrhea. Treatment focuses on environmental control, medications like antihistamines, nasal steroids, and immunotherapy for allergies. Chronic rhinitis can lead to sinusitis if mucus is unable to drain properly from the sinuses.
:Bronchiectasis : Nursing Management
Bronchiectasis is a chronic lung condition characterized by abnormal dilation of the bronchi and bronchioles. It can be caused by airway obstruction, infections, genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis, or immunodeficiencies. Symptoms include chronic cough, excessive sputum production, recurring lung infections, shortness of breath, and finger clubbing. Diagnosis involves chest imaging, sputum analysis, and pulmonary function tests. Treatment focuses on airway clearance techniques, antibiotics for infections, and sometimes surgery to remove diseased portions of the lung.
Lungs abscess
Lung abscess is a type of liquefactive necrosis of the lung tissue and formation of cavities (more than 2 cm) containing necrotic debris or fluid caused by microbial infection.
Empyema
This document discusses empyema, which is an accumulation of thick, purulent fluid in the pleural space caused by bacterial pneumonia, lung abscess, chest trauma, or surgery. Common organisms include Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Empyema develops from a parapneumonic effusion through exudative, fibrino-purulent, and organizing stages. Symptoms include fever, chest pain, and dyspnea. Diagnosis involves imaging and culture of pleural fluid. Treatment requires drainage of fluid, antibiotics for 10-14 days intravenously or longer orally, and oxygen. Nursing diagnoses relate to impaired gas exchange, acute pain, and risk for activity intolerance.
Atelectasis
Atelectasis is the collapse or closure of the lungs caused by the absence of air in parts of the lung. It develops when alveoli become airless and collapse. Common causes include obstruction of the airways, diminished lung expansion, retained secretions, altered breathing patterns during anesthesia or sedation, and compression of the lungs. Symptoms may include cough, difficulty breathing, and low oxygen levels. Treatment focuses on removing obstructions and secretions through techniques like suctioning, chest physiotherapy, and bronchodilators to reinflate the lungs. More severe cases may require procedures like bronchoscopy or mechanical ventilation.
Rhinitis
This document defines and classifies rhinitis as an inflammation of the nasal mucosa that can be acute or chronic. It discusses the causes of rhinitis including viruses, allergens, and medications. The clinical features and treatment options are also outlined. Rhinitis presents with symptoms like sneezing, nasal obstruction, and watery discharge that typically resolve within a week without treatment but may require decongestants, antihistamines, corticosteroids, or antibiotics if a secondary bacterial infection develops.
Bronchiectasis
Bronchiectasis is a chronic lung disease characterized by irreversible dilation of the bronchi. It results from damage to the airways due to infection or inflammation that impairs mucus clearance. Common symptoms include chronic cough with sputum production. Diagnosis involves chest imaging and sputum culture. Treatment aims to clear secretions, treat infections, and manage symptoms. Nursing care focuses on airway clearance techniques, breathing exercises, infection control, nutrition support, and health education.
Lung abscess
Lung abscess is a localized infection and necrosis of lung tissue that forms a cavity containing pus. It is usually caused by aspiration or infection traveling via the bloodstream. Common symptoms include fever, cough, sputum production, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray or CT scan to identify lung cavities. Treatment consists of antibiotics chosen based on suspected bacteria and may require hospitalization. Complications can include spread of infection to the pleural space or amyloidosis.
Respiratory failure
This document discusses respiratory failure, including its definition, types, causes, clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluations, management, and complications. Respiratory failure is when the respiratory system fails to adequately oxygenate the blood or eliminate carbon dioxide. It can be classified as hypoxemic or hypercapnic. Acute respiratory failure develops rapidly over hours while chronic develops over days. Management involves treating the underlying cause, providing oxygen supplementation, monitoring vital signs, and supporting respiratory function. Complications can affect the lungs, heart, gastrointestinal system, and risk of infection.
Laryngitis-Easy PPT for Nursing Students
Laryngitis-Easy PPT for Nursing Students
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
DEFINITION
CAUSES
CLINICAL FEATURES
TREATMENT
Rhinitis
Rhinitis, also known as coryza, is irritation and inflammation of the mucous membrane inside the nose. Common symptoms are a stuffy nose, runny nose, sneezing, and post-nasal drip. The inflammation is caused by viruses, bacteria, irritants or allergens
Bronchitis powerpoint
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchioles, or airways, in the lungs. There are two main types: acute bronchitis, which lasts less than two weeks and is usually caused by infection, and chronic bronchitis, which lasts longer and is often caused by long-term smoking. Acute bronchitis causes symptoms like coughing, phlegm, fatigue, and shortness of breath. Chronic bronchitis can lead to permanent lung damage in long-term smokers and is treated with bronchodilators and pulmonary rehabilitation. Bronchitis is diagnosed through chest x-rays, sputum tests, and pulmonary function tests.
bronchitis - CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
Chronic bronchitis is defined as a productive cough that lasts for three months or more per year for at least two years. Tobacco smoking is the primary cause and leads to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in most cases. Symptoms include a chronic cough with mucus, wheezing, and shortness of breath. Treatment focuses on quitting smoking, using inhaled bronchodilators and steroids, and addressing exacerbating factors through medications, oxygen therapy, or lung transplantation in severe cases.
Upper respiratory tract infections ppt
Urti and its related Disorders like sinusitis, rhinitis, Epiglottitis, laryngitis, Pharyngitis, Tonsilitis, adenoids etc
Pneumonia
Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the lungs and causes symptoms like cough, fever, and difficulty breathing. It can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. Diagnosis involves chest x-rays, sputum tests, and blood tests. Treatment depends on the cause but may include antibiotics, oxygen therapy, or fluids. Complications can include lung abscesses or fluid in the chest. Vaccines can help prevent pneumonia.
Chronic bronchitis & emphysema
Chronic bronchitis and emphysema are both forms of COPD characterized by airflow obstruction. Chronic bronchitis involves long-term inflammation of the bronchial tubes causing excess mucus. Emphysema damages air sacs in the lungs reducing their elasticity. The main symptoms are shortness of breath and cough. Smoking is the primary cause and treatments include bronchodilators, steroids, oxygen therapy, and lifestyle changes like quitting smoking and exercise.
Pulmonary TB
Pulmonary tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis that mainly affects the lungs. It spreads through airborne droplets from coughing or sneezing. Symptoms include cough, fever, weight loss, and chest pain. Diagnosis involves tests like chest x-rays, sputum smears, and the tuberculin skin test. Treatment requires taking multiple antibiotic medications daily for 6-9 months. Directly observed treatment is recommended to ensure compliance and prevent drug resistance. Nursing care focuses on monitoring symptoms, preventing spread, promoting nutrition and activity, and supporting the treatment regimen.
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Bronchitis ppt
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes that carry air to and from the lungs. There are two main types: acute and chronic. Risk factors include smoking, air pollution, and respiratory infections. Symptoms include cough, wheezing, shortness of breath, and mucus production. Homeopathy can help relieve cough, control recurring infections, improve immunity, reduce severity and duration of bronchitis, and help both allergic and infectious cases. Specific homeopathic remedies target productive coughing, lower recurrence risk, boost immunity, clear infections, reduce inflammation and make breathing easier. The document encourages those suffering from bronchitis to seek homeopathic treatment.
Bronchitis
Bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchi. Acute bronchitis causes cough and mucus production, often during a cold or flu. Chronic bronchitis is long-term cough and mucus production, usually caused by smoking or pollution. Acute bronchitis is usually viral but can be bacterial, while chronic bronchitis is caused by long-term airway irritation. Symptoms include cough, fatigue, and sore throat.
Chronic bronchitis
Chronic bronchitis is defined as a persistent cough with mucus production for at least three months in a year for two consecutive years. It is primarily caused by long-term irritation and inflammation of the airways due to cigarette smoke or other inhaled chemicals. Chronic bronchitis can progress to more severe lung diseases like COPD or lung cancer and, if left untreated, may result in heart failure or respiratory infections. The pathology involves damage to the airways, thickening of the mucus membranes, and increased mucus production.
Bronchitis
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes caused by viruses or bacteria. It can be acute, lasting a few weeks, or chronic, lasting over 3 months per year. Chronic bronchitis is often caused by long-term exposure to irritants like cigarette smoke. Symptoms include cough, wheezing, fever, and difficulty breathing. Diagnosis involves examining sputum and chest x-rays. Treatment focuses on rest, fluids, breathing moist air, cough suppressants, and antibiotics for bacterial infections. Chronic bronchitis may also be treated with bronchodilators and mucolytics to thin mucus and open airways.
Acute and Chronic Bronchitis and Homeopathy treatment
Bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchi (large and medium-sized airways) of the lungs. Symptoms include coughing up mucus, wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest discomfort.
Bronchitis
Acute bronchitis (brahn-KITE-uss), or chest cold, is a condition that occurs when the bronchial (BRAHN-kee-uhl) tubes in the lungs become inflamed. The bronchial tubes swell and produce mucus, which causes a person to cough. This often occurs after an upper respiratory infection like a cold. Most symptoms of acute bronchitis (chest pain, shortness of breath, etc.) last for up to 2 weeks, but the cough can last for up to 8 weeks in some people.
Bronchitis
This document provides information about bronchitis from the perspective of someone recently diagnosed. It defines bronchitis as a short term inflammation of the airways often due to a viral infection. It lists causes such as respiratory infections, smoking, pollution, and allergies. Symptoms include coughing, chest pain, fever, wheezing, runny nose, and sore throat. Treatment involves aspirin, fluids, avoiding smokers, quitting smoking, cough syrup, and other medications.
Bronchitis
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the air passages within the lungs that can be caused by viral or bacterial infections, irritants like dust, or cold weather. There are two main types - acute bronchitis typically lasts up to two weeks while chronic bronchitis can persist for months or years. Common symptoms include cough, wheezing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath as the inflammation affects the lungs. Preventive measures include getting vaccinated against influenza and practicing good hand hygiene.
Chronic obstructive airway disease (coad)
COPD is a common preventable disease characterized by persistent airflow limitation that is usually progressive. It is caused by exposure to noxious particles or gases, most commonly from cigarette smoking. COPD places a significant disease burden and is projected to become the third leading cause of death worldwide by 2020. The diagnosis is established through spirometry showing airflow obstruction that is not fully reversible. Disease severity is assessed based on symptoms, degree of airflow limitation, exacerbation frequency, and comorbidities. Treatment involves smoking cessation, pulmonary rehabilitation, pharmacotherapy including bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids, and management of exacerbations and complications. Prognosis can be estimated using the BODE index.
Chronic bronchitis
Chronic Bronchitis is a respiratory condition characterized by persistent cough and sputum production for at least three months per year caused by inflammation of the bronchial tubes. It is usually caused by long-term cigarette smoking which damages the airways and increases mucus production over many years. The primary symptoms include a daily cough with sputum, worsening shortness of breath, and reduced ability to exercise. While restoration of normal lung function is not possible, treatment aims to reduce symptoms and disability by addressing airway obstruction, infections, oxygen levels, and encouraging smoking cessation.
Updates on Asthma and COPD
Presented during the 1st Malaysian National Emergency Critical Care Symposium in Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia, Nov 2013.
bronchitis (pathology and treatment)by srota dawn
this presentation contains a detailed description about bronchitis ,its types, pathology,causes, treatment etc.
11 bio265 disease of respiratory system instructor dr di bonaventura
This document discusses various infections of the respiratory system caused by bacteria and fungi. It begins by describing the normal microbiota of the upper respiratory tract and how the lower tract is typically sterile. It then covers specific respiratory infections like strep throat, diphtheria, bacterial pneumonia, tuberculosis, whooping cough, anthrax, and fungal diseases like coccidioidomycosis that can spread systemically from the lungs. For each disease, it provides details on the causative agent, symptoms, transmission, diagnosis, and available treatments.
Avian Infectious Bronchitis IB Disease
Infectious Bronchitis is a highly contagious viral disease affecting chickens worldwide. It causes respiratory disease and drops in egg production. The document outlines the etiology, transmission, economic impact, pathogenesis, clinical signs, post-mortem lesions, and diagnosis of the disease. Definitive diagnosis requires isolation or identification of the Infectious Bronchitis Virus through laboratory tests.
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Acute and Chronic Bronchitis and Homeopathy treatment
Acute and Chronic Bronchitis and Homeopathy treatment
11 bio265 disease of respiratory system instructor dr di bonaventura
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Similar to Introduction of bronchitis
Bronchitis: An overview
Module: Pharmacology and Therapeutics III, (Therapeutics part)
Coordinator: Dr. Arwa M. Amin Mostafa
Academic Level: Undergraduate, B.Pharmacy
School: Dubai Pharmacy College
Year of first presented in Class: 2018
This presentation is for Educational purpose. It has no commercial value associated with it.
bronchitis.pptx
Bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchial tubes caused by viruses, bacteria, smoking, and other irritants. It can be acute, lasting a few weeks, or chronic, lasting over 3 months. Symptoms include cough, sputum production, wheezing, and shortness of breath. Treatment focuses on airway clearance using expectorants, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and antibiotics for secondary infections. Smoking cessation, exercise, chest physiotherapy, and oxygen therapy can help manage chronic bronchitis. Nursing care emphasizes improving breathing, clearing secretions, preventing infections, and enhancing coping skills.
Copd
This document provides an overview of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). It defines COPD as a preventable and treatable lung disease characterized by limited airflow. The two main conditions that make up COPD are chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Chronic bronchitis involves long-term inflammation of the bronchial tubes, while emphysema involves breakdown of lung tissue. Cigarette smoking is the primary cause of COPD. Symptoms include shortness of breath, cough, and sputum production. Diagnosis involves patient history, exams, pulmonary function tests, chest x-rays, and blood tests. Management focuses on smoking cessation, medications like bronchodilators, oxygen therapy, pulmonary rehabilitation
Copd(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)
This document provides an overview of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). It defines COPD as a preventable and treatable lung disease characterized by limited airflow. The two main conditions that make up COPD are chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Chronic bronchitis involves long-term inflammation of the bronchial tubes, while emphysema involves breakdown of lung tissue. Cigarette smoking is the primary cause of COPD. Symptoms include shortness of breath, cough, and sputum production. Diagnosis involves patient history, exams, pulmonary function tests, chest x-rays, and blood tests. Management focuses on smoking cessation, medications like bronchodilators, oxygen therapy, pulmonary rehabilitation
Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases & Nursing care.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive lung disease characterized by chronic obstruction of lung airflow. The two main conditions that make up COPD are chronic bronchitis and emphysema. COPD is the fifth leading cause of death in the United States. Smoking is the primary risk factor for COPD. Symptoms include cough, sputum production, shortness of breath, and wheezing. Treatment focuses on bronchodilators, corticosteroids, oxygen therapy, pulmonary rehabilitation, and smoking cessation. Nursing management for COPD patients focuses on improving ventilation and gas exchange, managing activity intolerance and anxiety, and effectively clearing airways through techniques like chest physiotherapy.
Respiratory system
The document provides an overview of the human respiratory system and common respiratory diseases and treatments. It describes the pathway of air through the nasal passages, pharynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles to the alveoli. Diseases discussed include pneumonia, asthma, emphysema, chronic bronchitis and COPD. Cystic fibrosis and lung cancer are also mentioned. Common medications for respiratory issues include antibiotics for bacterial infections, bronchodilators like albuterol to open airways, and antihistamines to reduce itching from conditions like eczema. A variety of treatment types are available depending on the specific condition and symptoms.
Bronchitis
Bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchial tubes caused by viruses, bacteria, or other irritants. It can be acute, lasting a few weeks after a cold or flu, or chronic, characterized by a persistent cough for at least three months per year over two years. Risk factors include smoking, secondhand smoke, air pollution, age, and weak immune system. Symptoms include cough, mucus production, shortness of breath, wheezing and fatigue. Diagnosis involves exams, tests, and imaging. Treatment focuses on antibiotics for bacteria, cough medicine, bronchodilators, and lifestyle changes.
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This document discusses chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It defines COPD as a preventable disease characterized by airflow limitation caused by significant exposure to noxious particles. COPD includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Chronic bronchitis is defined as cough and sputum for at least 3 months per year for two years. Emphysema involves abnormal enlargement of airspaces. Causative factors include tobacco smoke, indoor air pollution, and occupational exposures. Symptoms include cough, sputum production and breathlessness. Signs may include wheezing and prolonged expiration. Spirometry is important for diagnosis and classification of severity. Treatment involves smoking cessation, vaccinations, bronchodilators, inh
Pulmonary
The document provides information on pulmonary emergencies including pneumonia, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It discusses the common causes, clinical features, diagnostic tests, treatment, and management of each condition. For pneumonia, it outlines the typical bacterial and atypical agents that cause pneumonia in different age groups. It also lists antibiotics commonly used to treat pneumonia. For asthma, it describes the pathophysiology and emphasizes the importance of optimizing lung function and oxygenation. For COPD, it defines the components of the disease and notes the role of medications like bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and antibiotics in management.
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Drugs acting on Respiratory system. Explain the various Respiratory disorders such as Asthma and COPD.
Respiratory system
The document discusses several respiratory disorders:
- Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways causing hyperresponsiveness and mucus production. Common triggers include allergies, irritants, exercise and stress. Symptoms are coughing, wheezing and shortness of breath. Treatment includes preventative inhaled corticosteroids and bronchodilators for relief.
- Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that causes inflammation in the air sacs. Symptoms are cough, fever, chest pain and shortness of breath. It can be caused by bacteria, viruses or fungi. Treatment involves antibiotics, fever relief medications and oxygen therapy.
- COPD is a lung disease characterized by obstruction of
Asthma
Asthma is a chronic lung disease characterized by inflammation of the airways, wheezing, shortness of breath, and coughing. It is caused by environmental triggers like dust, pollen, or viruses. Symptoms include coughing, wheezing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. Asthma is diagnosed based on a patient's medical history and symptoms, and tests like spirometry. While there is no cure, treatment focuses on reducing inflammation and controlling symptoms using long-term control medications like inhaled corticosteroids and quick-relief medications for acute symptoms. The goal of treatment is to help patients live normal, active lives with minimal asthma symptoms or flare-ups.
Bronchitis
Bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchi. It can be acute or chronic. Acute bronchitis often occurs with a cold or flu and is characterized by cough with mucus. Chronic bronchitis lasts more than 3 months per year for over 2 years and is usually caused by smoking or air pollution. Symptoms include productive cough. Treatment involves antibiotics for bacterial infections, bronchodilators to open airways, mucolytics to thin mucus, steroids to reduce inflammation, and pulmonary rehabilitation. Nursing care focuses on breathing treatments, pulmonary hygiene, comfort measures, and health education. Preventing bronchitis involves avoiding tobacco smoke, managing diet, hand washing, and using a humidifier.
bronchitis Bronchitis is a condition that develops when the airways in the lu...
Bronchitis is an infection and inflammation of the bronchial tubes that connect the nose to the lungs. There are two main types: acute bronchitis, which usually follows a cold or flu and lasts a few weeks, and chronic bronchitis, a long-term illness with daily cough and mucus production for at least 3 months per year. Bronchitis is caused by viruses, bacteria, and other irritants and risk factors include smoking, air pollution, and respiratory infections. Symptoms include cough, mucus production, shortness of breath, wheezing, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, chest x-rays, and pulmonary function tests. Treatment focuses on antibiotics, cough medicine, bronchod
COPD-Report.pdf
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a preventable, treatable respiratory disease involving airflow obstruction in the lungs. It includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema and is the fourth leading cause of death in the US. The document discusses the pathophysiology of COPD, risk factors like smoking, and management approaches including oxygen therapy, medications, and surgical options. Management involves addressing risk factors, treating exacerbations, and improving quality of life through pulmonary rehabilitation.
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cronic obstractive pulmonary disease it is a group of respiratory track disease its characterised by air flow obstraction and limitation.
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
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Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
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Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
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Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
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10. Define the mean QRS vector
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12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
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1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
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Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
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Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Introduction of bronchitis
- 2. Introduction of Bronchitis Bronchitis is an inflammation of the air passages between the nose and th e lungs, including the windpipe or trac hea and the larger airtubes of the lung that bring ai r in from the trachea (bronchi).
- 4. • Acute bronchitis is usually caused b y a viral infection, but can also be cau sed by a bacterial infection and can h eal without complications. • Chronic bronchitis is a sign of serio us lung disease that may be slowed but cannot be cured.
- 5. Acute and chronic bronchitis Acute bronchitis is most prevalent in winter. It usually follows a viral infection, su ch as a cold or the flu, and can be accomp anied by a secondary bacterial infection. Acute bronchi tis resolves within two weeks, although the co ugh may persist longer. Acute bronchitis, c an increase a person's likelihood of developing
- 6. In chronic bronchitis, these symptoms are present for at least three months in each of t wo consecutive years. Chronic bronchitis is caused by inhaling bron chial irritants, especially cigarette smoke. Unti l recently, more men than women developed chronic bronchitis, but as the number of wom en who smoke has increased, so has their rat e of chronic bronchitis. Because this disease progresses slowly, middle aged and older people are more likely to be d iagnosed with chronic bronchitis.
- 7. Causes of acute bronchitis Viral infection Rhinovirus, Adenovirus, Influenza virus Bacterial infection Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae
- 8. Causes of chronic bronchitis smoking Chemical fumes Air pollution Environmental irritants Mold and dust
- 9. Sign and symptoms Wheezing Cough with yellow or green mucous Chest tightness, Shortness of breath Low fever
- 10. Contd.. Chronic bronchitis shows the same sign and symptoms Additionally the cough and sputum continue for more than three consecutive months for more than two years Mostly suspected above 40 years of age
- 12. Treatment of Acute Bronchitis Air flow optimization Antibiotic therapy
- 13. Air flow optimization Expectorants Acefyl cough (Acefylline, Piperazine, Diphenhydramine) Acetyl (Acetylcysteine 200mg) Diminol (Ammonium cholride, Diphenhydramine HCl , Ephedrine HCl )
- 14. Bronchodilators They don’t alter the lung function but they improve symptoms of the disease Anticholinergic ( Ipratropium bromide 2-4 puffs every 6 hour) Beta-2 agonist (Albuterol)
- 16. Antibiotics First line agents Doxycycline Amoxicillin 2nd line agents Co-amoxicalv Clarithromycin Cefixime
- 17. Treatment of chronic bronchitis Smoking cessation Oxygen therapy (supplemental oxygen for patients with resting hypoxemia)
- 18. Bronchodilators They don’t alter the lung function but they improve symptoms of the disease Anticholinergic ( ipratropium bromide 2-4 puffs every 6 hour) Beta-2 agonist (albuterol) Ipratropium bromide is preferred over beta-2 angonists because of Long duration of action No sympathomimitic side effects
- 19. Long acting Beta-agonists (Formoterol, Salmeterol , Alformeterol ) Equilent or superior to Ipratopium and albuterol but superior effeicacy in advanced disease.
- 20. Corticosterids In combination with long acting beta-2 agonist Inhaled corticosteroids are preffered because oral corticosteroids have marked adverse effects.
- 21. Theophylline Improve hemoglobin saturation in patients with sleep related breathing disorders. It provides Bronchodilation Anti-inflammatory effect Diaphragm strength Notes Due to narrow therapeutic window ,it is used in carefully selected patients.
- 22. Antibiotics Antibiotic are prescribed to treat acute exacerbations. Option include Doxycycline 100mg every 12 hour Azithromycin 500mg followed by 250 mg for 5 days. Co-amoxiclav 1000mg every 12 hour Ciprofloxicin 500mg every 12 hour Duration of therapy 3-7 days
- 23. Other measures Aerobic physical exercise (walking 20 min. or bicycling ) Adequate systemic hydration increases the mobilization of secretions.
- 24. REFERENCES Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment (2014) Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics by Roger Walker and Cate Whittlesea National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. (USA) http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov. Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Bronchitis ROSS H. ALBERT, MD, PhD, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut Acute Bronchitis Richard P. Wenzel, M.D., and Alpha A. Fowler III, M.D. The New England Journal of Medicine