This workshop will cover the practical applications of the modern Distributed Control System (DCS). Whilst all control systems are distributed to a certain extent today and there is a definite merging of the concepts of a DCS, Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) and SCADA and despite the rapid growth in the use of PLC’s and SCADA systems, some of the advantages of a DCS can still be said to be Integrity and Engineering time.
Abnormal Situation Management and Intelligent Alarm Management is a very important DCS issue that provides significant advantages over PLC and SCADA systems.
Few DCSs do justice to the process in terms of controlling for superior performance – most of them merely do the basics and leave the rest to the operators. Operators tend to operate within their comfort zone; they don’t drive the process “like Vettel drives his Renault”. If more than one adverse condition developed at the same time and the system is too basic to act protectively, the operator would probably not be able to react adequately and risk a major deviation.
Not only is the process control functionality normally underdeveloped but on-line process and control system performance evaluation is rarely seen and alarm management is often badly done. Operators consequently have little feedback on their own performance and exceptional adverse conditions are often not handled as well as they should be. This workshop gives suggestions on dealing with these issues.
The losses in process performance due to the inadequately developed control functionality and the operator’s utilisation of the system are invisible in the conventional plant and process performance evaluation and reporting system; that is why it is so hard to make the case for eliminating these losses. Accounting for the invisible losses due to inferior control is not a simple matter, technically and managerially; so it is rarely attempted. A few suggestions are given in dealing with this.
Why are DCS generally so underutilised? Often because the vendor minimises the applications software development costs to be sure of winning the job, or because he does not know enough about the process or if it is a green-field situation, enough could not be known at commissioning time but no allowance was made to add the missing functionality during the ramp-up phase. Often the client does not have the technical skills in-house to realise the desired functionality is missing or to adequately specify the desired functionality.
This workshop examines all these issues and gives suggestions in dealing with them and whilst not being by any means exhaustive provides an excellent starting point for you in working with a DCS.
MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/practical-distributed-control-systems-dcs-engineers-technicians-2
Distributed Control Systems (DCS) are dedicated systems used to control manufacturing processes that are continuous or batch-oriented, such as oil refining, petrochemicals, central station power generation, fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, food and beverage manufacturing, cement production, steelmaking, and papermaking. DCSs are connected to sensors and actuators and use set point control to control the flow of material through the plant.
The most common example is a set point control loop consisting of a pressure sensor, controller, and control valve. Pressure or flow measurements are transmitted to the controller, usually through the aid of a signal conditioning input/output (I/O) device. When the measured variable reaches a certain point, the controller instructs a valve or actuation device to open or close until the fluidic flow process reaches the desired set point.
Large oil refineries have many thousands of I/O points and employ very large DCSs. Processes are not limited to fluidic flow through pipes, however, and can also include things like paper machines and their associated quality controls (see quality control system QCS), variable speed drives and motor control centers, cement kilns, mining operations, ore processing facilities, and many others.
Innovic India Private Limited provides industrial Training on DCS as well as other automationtechnologies like PLC, SCADA, HMI, VFD and many more.
For Core Engineering jobs and 100% Job Oriented Industrial Training
Feel free to contact us on: +91-9555405045/+91-9811253572
Email: group.innovic2gmail.com
Web: www.innovicindia.com
Distributed Control Systems (DCS) are dedicated systems used to control manufacturing processes that are continuous or batch-oriented, such as oil refining, petrochemicals, central station power generation, fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, food and beverage manufacturing, cement production, steelmaking, and papermaking. DCSs are connected to sensors and actuators and use set point control to control the flow of material through the plant.
The most common example is a set point control loop consisting of a pressure sensor, controller, and control valve. Pressure or flow measurements are transmitted to the controller, usually through the aid of a signal conditioning input/output (I/O) device. When the measured variable reaches a certain point, the controller instructs a valve or actuation device to open or close until the fluidic flow process reaches the desired set point.
Large oil refineries have many thousands of I/O points and employ very large DCSs. Processes are not limited to fluidic flow through pipes, however, and can also include things like paper machines and their associated quality controls (see quality control system QCS), variable speed drives and motor control centers, cement kilns, mining operations, ore processing facilities, and many others.
Innovic India Private Limited provides industrial Training on DCS as well as other automationtechnologies like PLC, SCADA, HMI, VFD and many more.
For Core Engineering jobs and 100% Job Oriented Industrial Training
Feel free to contact us on: +91-9555405045/+91-9811253572
Email: group.innovic2gmail.com
Web: www.innovicindia.com
This PPT is based upon my training in Yokogawa Chennai.
Reference:
# Yokogawa Hand Book on CS 3000
# http://www.slideshare.net/bvent2005/dcs-presentation
In this session you will learn:
DCS Introduction
PLC
SCADA
General architecture of DCS
Process or application
Scan time
Input and Output requirement
Redundancy
RTU and LCU
PLC vs DCS
For more information, visit: https://www.mindsmapped.com/courses/industrial-automation/complete-training-on-industrial-automation-for-beginners/
Practical Advanced Process Control for Engineers and TechniciansLiving Online
In today's environment, the processing, refining and petrochemical business is becoming more and more competitive and every plant manager is looking for the best quality products at minimum operating and investment costs. The traditional PID loop is used frequently for much of the process control requirements of a typical plant. However there are many drawbacks in using these, including excessive dead time which can make the PID loop very difficult (or indeed impossible) to apply.
Advanced Process Control (APC) is thus essential today in the modern plant. Small differences in process parameters can have large effects on profitability; get it right and profits continue to grow; get it wrong and there are major losses. Many applications of APC have pay back times well below one year. APC does require a detailed knowledge of the plant to design a working system and continual follow up along the life of the plant to ensure it is working optimally. Considerable attention also needs to be given to the interface to the operators to ensure that they can apply these new technologies effectively as well.
WHO SHOULD ATTEND?
Automation engineers
Chemical engineers
Chemical plant technologists
Electrical engineers
Instrumentation and control engineers
Process control engineers
Process engineers
Senior technicians
System integrators
MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/practical-advanced-process-control-engineers-and-technicians-26
This PPT is based upon my training in Yokogawa Chennai.
Reference:
# Yokogawa Hand Book on CS 3000
# http://www.slideshare.net/bvent2005/dcs-presentation
In this session you will learn:
DCS Introduction
PLC
SCADA
General architecture of DCS
Process or application
Scan time
Input and Output requirement
Redundancy
RTU and LCU
PLC vs DCS
For more information, visit: https://www.mindsmapped.com/courses/industrial-automation/complete-training-on-industrial-automation-for-beginners/
Practical Advanced Process Control for Engineers and TechniciansLiving Online
In today's environment, the processing, refining and petrochemical business is becoming more and more competitive and every plant manager is looking for the best quality products at minimum operating and investment costs. The traditional PID loop is used frequently for much of the process control requirements of a typical plant. However there are many drawbacks in using these, including excessive dead time which can make the PID loop very difficult (or indeed impossible) to apply.
Advanced Process Control (APC) is thus essential today in the modern plant. Small differences in process parameters can have large effects on profitability; get it right and profits continue to grow; get it wrong and there are major losses. Many applications of APC have pay back times well below one year. APC does require a detailed knowledge of the plant to design a working system and continual follow up along the life of the plant to ensure it is working optimally. Considerable attention also needs to be given to the interface to the operators to ensure that they can apply these new technologies effectively as well.
WHO SHOULD ATTEND?
Automation engineers
Chemical engineers
Chemical plant technologists
Electrical engineers
Instrumentation and control engineers
Process control engineers
Process engineers
Senior technicians
System integrators
MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/practical-advanced-process-control-engineers-and-technicians-26
Practical Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) for Automation and Process Co...Living Online
This workshop is designed to benefit you with practical up-to-date information on the application of PLCs for the automation and process control of plants and factories. It is suitable for people who have little or no exposure to PLCs, but expect to become involved in some or all aspects of PLC installation. It aims to give practical advice from experts in the field, to assist you to correctly plan, program and install a PLC with a shorter learning curve and more confidence. The inventible question is which PLC is being used. We present this course focusing on the generic PLC and use the open programming IEC 61131-3 standard.
For specific examples we use the Allen Bradley range, but are not selling Allen Bradley or for that matter any other PLC! While the workshop is ideal for electricians, technicians and engineers who are new to PLCs, much of the workshop and additional material in the extensive manual will be of value to those who already have some basic skills, but need a wider perspective for larger and more challenging tasks ahead. The accompanying manual includes contributions from a number of experts and will become a valuable reference in your work. The information contained in this workshop advances from the basics to challenge even the most experienced engineer in the industry today.
WHO SHOULD ATTEND?
Consulting engineers
Design engineers
DCS personnel
Electrical engineers
Engineering managers
Instrumentation and control engineers
Instrumentation technicians
Process control engineers
Process control operators
Shift electricians
Trades staff working with or near PLCs
MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/practical-programmable-logic-controllers-plcs-automation-and-process-control-39
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) and SCADA SystemsLiving Online
SCADA has traditionally meant a window into the process of a plant and/or a method of gathering of data from devices in the field. Today the focus is on integrating this process data into the actual business and using it in real time. In addition to this, today’s emphasis is on using open standards, such as communication protocols (e.g. IEC 60870, DNP3 and TCP/IP) and 'off-the-shelf' hardware and software, as well as focusing on keeping the costs down. PLCs continue to gain in popularity. In fact, many SCADA applications use PLCs as the RTU of choice, when communicating with field devices. This comprehensive workshop covers the essentials of SCADA and PLC systems, which are often used in close association with each other.
A selection of case studies are used to illustrate the key concepts with examples of real world working SCADA and PLC systems in the water, electrical and processing industries. This workshop will be an excellent opportunity to network with your peers, as well as to gain significant new information and techniques for your next SCADA/PLC project.
Although the emphasis of the workshop will be on practical industry topics highlighting recent developments, using case studies, the latest application of SCADA, PLC technologies and fundamentals will be covered. The workshop is aimed at those who want to be updated on the latest developments in SCADA and PLC systems and wish to gain a solid appreciation of the fundamentals of their design, installation and troubleshooting.
This workshop is designed to benefit you with practical up-to-date information on the application of PLC and SCADA systems to the automation and process control industries. It is suitable for people who have little or no exposure to PLCs, but expect to become involved in some or all aspects of PLC and SCADA installation. It aims to give practical advice from experts in the field, to assist you to correctly plan, program and install a PLC with a shorter learning curve and more confidence. While the workshop is ideal for electricians, technicians and engineers who are new to PLCs, much of the material covered will be of value to those who already have some basic skills, but need a wider perspective for larger and more challenging tasks ahead.
MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/programmable-logic-controllers-plcs-and-scada-systems-34
Industrial automation is the use of control systems, such as computers or robots, and information technologies for handling different processes and machineries in an industry to replace a human being. It is the second step beyond mechanization in the scope of industrialization.
Increase Quality and Flexibility in Your Manufacturing Process
Earlier the purpose of automation was to increase productivity (since automated systems can work 24 hours a day), and to reduce the cost associated with human operators (i.e. wages & benefits). However, today, the focus of automation has shifted to increasing quality and flexibility in a manufacturing process. In the automobile industry, the installation of pistons into the engine used to be performed manually with an error rate of 1-1.5%. Presently, this task is performed using automated machinery with an error rate of 0.00001%.
Advantages of Industrial Automation
Lower operating cost: Industrial automation eliminates healthcare costs and paid leave and holidays associated with a human operator. Further, industrial automation does not require other employee benefits such as bonuses, pension coverage etc. Above all, although it is associated with a high initial cost it saves the monthly wages of the workers which leads to substantial cost savings for the company. The maintenance cost associated with machinery used for industrial automation is less because it does not often fail. If it fails, only computer and maintenance engineers are required to repair it.
InSource 2017 IIoT Roadshow: Collecting and Moving DataInSource Solutions
By Pete Bayes, Advantech
In today’s world, the infrastructure provided by smart city and industrial automation systems enables continuous connectivity. The commonality shared by such systems is their association with the Internet of Things (IoT). With the inclusion of sensors and control devices, entire infrastructures can be integrated with information and communication technologies, resulting in networked and embedded devices that enable intelligent monitoring and management.
Advantech is a global leader in the embedded computing market, learn more by viewing the presentation.
The steam-to-dry gas ratio (SDGR) is an important parameter in high-temperature shift (HTS) reactions, particularly the water-gas shift reaction. It represents the ratio of steam (H2O) to the dry gas components, primarily carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen gas (H2), in the feed gas. The SDGR is typically expressed as the mole ratio of steam to the sum of CO and H2.
The selection of an appropriate SDGR depends on various factors, including the desired conversion, product selectivity, catalyst characteristics, and process conditions. Here are some considerations regarding the steam-to-dry gas ratio:
1. Water-Gas Shift Reaction: The water-gas shift reaction involves the reaction of CO and steam to produce CO2 and H2. The presence of steam is crucial for driving this reaction and increasing the formation of hydrogen. Therefore, an optimal SDGR is necessary to promote the water-gas shift reaction and achieve the desired CO2 and H2 production.
2. Optimal Range: The optimal steam-to-dry gas ratio can vary depending on the specific catalyst and operating conditions. In general, an SDGR in the range of 1 to 3 is often used in HTS processes. However, the exact ratio may vary depending on factors such as temperature, pressure, catalyst composition, and desired product distribution.
3. Effect on Equilibrium: Increasing the SDGR tends to shift the reaction equilibrium towards the formation of CO2 and H2, as the excess steam drives the reaction forward. Higher SDGRs can enhance CO conversion and increase hydrogen production. However, excessively high SDGRs can lead to excessive water production, which may have limitations depending on downstream processing requirements.
4. Catalyst Sensitivity: The choice of catalyst can also influence the optimal SDGR. Some catalysts may exhibit higher sensitivity to the SDGR, while others may be less sensitive. Catalysts with better water-gas shift activity and selectivity may be able to achieve higher conversions and better control of product selectivity across a wider range of SDGRs.
5. System Constraints: The SDGR should be considered in the context of system constraints and downstream processing. Excessive water production can pose challenges in downstream separation and purification processes. Therefore, the SDGR should be balanced to ensure efficient process operation without compromising downstream operations.
Optimizing the steam-to-dry gas ratio requires careful consideration of the specific process conditions, catalyst characteristics, and desired product distribution. It is often determined through a combination of experimental evaluation, kinetic modeling, and process optimization to achieve the desired conversion and product selectivity in HTS reactions.
Final Year Projects, Final Year Projects in Chennai, Software Projects, Embedded Projects, Microcontrollers Projects, DSP Projects, VLSI Projects, Matlab Projects, Java Projects, .NET Projects, IEEE Projects, IEEE 2009 Projects, IEEE 2009 Projects, Software, IEEE 2009 Projects, Embedded, Software IEEE 2009 Projects, Embedded IEEE 2009 Projects, Final Year Project Titles, Final Year Project Reports, Final Year Project Review, Robotics Projects, Mechanical Projects, Electrical Projects, Power Electronics Projects, Power System Projects, Model Projects, Java Projects, J2EE Projects, Engineering Projects, Student Projects, Engineering College Projects, MCA Projects, BE Projects, BTech Projects, ME Projects, MTech Projects, Wireless Networks Projects, Network Security Projects, Networking Projects, final year projects, ieee projects, student projects, college projects, ieee projects in chennai, java projects, software ieee projects, embedded ieee projects, "ieee2009projects", "final year projects", "ieee projects", "Engineering Projects", "Final Year Projects in Chennai", "Final year Projects at Chennai"
THE WORKSHOP:
This practical workshop covers all the essentials of process control and tools to optimise the operation of your plant and process, including the ability to perform effective loop tuning.
Practical process control is aimed at engineers and technicians who wish to have a clear, practical understanding of the essentials of process control and loop tuning, as well as how to optimise the operation of their particular plant or process. These persons would typically be primarily involved in the design, implementation and upgrading of industrial control systems. Mathematical theory has been kept to a minimum with the emphasis throughout on practical applications and useful information.
Inspection, Testing and Commissioning of Electrical Switchboards, Circuit Bre...Living Online
THE WORKSHOP:
Whether you are designing, specifying, installing, testing or commissioning electrical equipment from small to large commercial and industrial installations, you need to have a thorough understanding of switchboards, switchgear, circuit breakers and associated protective relays.
The overall focus of this workshop is on electrical inspection, testing and commissioning and will commence with a detailed examination of switchgear (and circuit breakers). Circuit breakers are critical components in electrical distribution systems and their operation significantly affects the overall operation of the system. Protection relays are then discussed. These are used in power systems to maximise continuity of supply and are found in both small and large power systems from generation, through transmission, distribution and utilisation of power in plant, industrial and commercial equipment.
We cover commissioning and periodic inspection of cables and their various failure modes and how to detect these faults. The often neglected topic of switchboards will be detailed next, followed by the interesting topic of interfacing to the control system (either PLC’s or other control devices).
Case studies and practical sessions are used throughout to illustrate key practical principles.
This workshop covers key elements in a practical and project focused way. Many people assume (wrongly) that inspecting, testing and commissioning is a fairly straightforward process and is simply a rubber stamp confirmation of a so-called outstanding design. Our experience in the field demonstrates quite the opposite; where the litany of problems ranges from design and installation errors to equipment manufacturing defects. It is best that these problems are identified and corrected before the inevitable downtime comes in an operational installation where many thousands of dollars are lost in correcting the faults. The situation today is made more challenging by the heightened safety requirements and interfacing to low powered electronic control and monitoring devices (such as PLC’s) using software that has to also be verified.
Hands on Data Communications, Networking & TCP/IP TroubleshootingLiving Online
THE WORKSHOP:
Data communication is given high priority in today’s industrial environment. This workshop is designed to be hands-on, providing the participants with essential knowledge and helping them to understand and troubleshoot systems.
This is a comprehensive two-day hands-on workshop that covers practical aspects of data communication such as serial communications, Ethernet networking, TCP/IP, Modbus, wireless communications and security.
This workshop is for enthusiastic engineers and technicians who wish to develop and enhance their practical knowledge in the field of data communications and networking. It will help them to understand the concepts behind data transmission, the various protocols involved, and the topologies that govern data exchange among various systems in industry. It will also equip them with the skills and tools to design and/or maintain these systems on an ongoing basis.
Fundamentals of Instrumentation, Process Control, PLCs and SCADA for Plant Op...Living Online
THE WORKSHOP:
This course represents a tremendous opportunity to gain expertise in all the key areas of the fast growing area of industrial automation in two days. Presented by an expert in the area but who is passionate with getting the key chunks of know-how and expertise across to you in a simple understandable manner which you can immediately apply to your job. This is most definitely not a boring lecture style presentation but an intensive learning experience where you will walk away with real skills as a result of the hands-on practical exercises, calculations, case studies and group sessions to ensure an understanding of the concepts and ideas discussed. You will undertake practical sessions at approximately 20 to 30 minute intervals to maximise the absorption rate.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Fundamentals of Electric Drives and its applications.pptx
Practical Distributed Control Systems (DCS) for Engineers and Technicians
1. Practical Distributed Control Systems
(DCS) for Engineers and technicians
www.idc-online.com/slideshare Technology TTrraaiinniinngg tthhaatt WWoorrkkss
2. Learning Objectives
In this chapter we will learn the following:
• Introduction to computer based measurement and control systems
• Role of computers in process control
• Basic components of computer based measurement and control system
• Architecture of computer based control
• Human Machine Interface (HMI)
• Hardware of computer based process control system
• Interfacing computer system with process
• Economics of computer based system for industrial application
www.idc-online.com/slideshare Technology TTrraaiinniinngg tthhaatt WWoorrkkss
3. Use of computer for measurement and control (in real-time)
application were conceived as early as 1950
www.idc-online.com/slideshare Technology TTrraaiinniinngg tthhaatt WWoorrkkss
4. Digital computer application in process
industry may be:
Passive or Active
• Passive application involves only acquisition
of process data (data acquisition / data
logging)
• Active application involves acquisition and
manipulation of data and uses it for (real
time) process control.
www.idc-online.com/slideshare Technology TTrraaiinniinngg tthhaatt WWoorrkkss
5. Set-
Point
+v
Digital computer used for process control; use of ADC and DAC for
computer to Input and output matching is necessary
Computer System
Controller Eq.
(Digital
Algorithm)
Digital -to -
Analog
Converter
(DAC)
e u u(t)
Analog -to -
Digital
Converter
(ADC)
Final
Control
Element
(Control
Valve)
Process
u(t)
y(t)
Controlled
Variable
Sensor
(Measuring Element)
Measured
Variable
_
(a) Schematic Diagram
Digital Computer
Set-
Point
+
v(t)
Digital
Algorithm
e u(t)
Hold Device Process
u(t)
y(t)
_
(b) Block Diagram
www.idc-online.com/slideshare Technology TTrraaiinniinngg tthhaatt WWoorrkkss
6. Control of hot air blower – system interfaced with digital
computer for control purpose
COMPUTER
Digital
Input ADC DAC Digital Output
Air Inlet
Opened
Amplifier
Heater
Control
Direction On/Off
Reversible
Motor
Control
Air Inlet
Position
Fully
Close
d
Fully
Open
Variabl
e Air
Inlet
Air Flow
Air Inlet
Closed
Air Inlet
Position
Sensor
www.idc-online.com/slideshare Technology TTrraaiinniinngg tthhaatt WWoorrkkss
7. Centralized computer based process control system –
Large computer system with huge space and power consuming type magnetic
core memory,
Wired-in arithmetic and logical functions (gate logics)
Expensive due to high cost of core memory and additional electronics used in
the system.
Expensive communication system
Single computer system used primarily to justify high cost; popularly known as
central or mainframe computer.
Had high electrical noise problems
Sudden computer stoppages led to complete stoppage of plant/process
www.idc-online.com/slideshare Technology TTrraaiinniinngg tthhaatt WWoorrkkss
8. Tasks of computer control system
• Monitoring large number of variables operating under a wide
range of process dynamics.
• The computer based system develop large number of complex
functions which work on a large number of widely scattered
actuators of various
• These are based on multiple inputs to the computer as process
parameters.
• In conclusion - to meet the production demands while
ensuring the quality of the products and safety of the plant’s
resources
www.idc-online.com/slideshare Technology TTrraaiinniinngg tthhaatt WWoorrkkss
9. Task listing of computer based control
system
LELEV 4; Management Level
LEVEL 3; Plant Level
LEVEL 2; Supervisory Level
LEVEL 1; Control Level
LEVEL 0; Field Level
www.idc-online.com/slideshare Technology TTrraaiinniinngg tthhaatt WWoorrkkss
10. Human Machine Interface (HMI)
Plant mimic diagram of plant/process overview
Alarm overview presenting information on the alarm status of
large areas of the plant
Multiple area displays presenting information on the control
system
Loop displays giving extensive information on the details of a
particular control loop of group of control loops
www.idc-online.com/slideshare Technology TTrraaiinniinngg tthhaatt WWoorrkkss
11. HMI components
Display unit (CRT)
Keyboard
Input unit
Printing unit
Control Panel/desks, mimic
board/panel
Recorders
www.idc-online.com/slideshare Technology TTrraaiinniinngg tthhaatt WWoorrkkss
12. Hardware for Computer based process
control system
• A general purpose digital computer with adequate
hardware provisions can be used as an industrial process
(real-time) computer control.
• Should have additional features like ability to
communicate efficiently and effectively with plant and
operating personnel
• Should also be capable of rapid execution of tasks
(algorithms) for real time control actions.
www.idc-online.com/slideshare Technology TTrraaiinniinngg tthhaatt WWoorrkkss
13. Storage
Used to store data and instructions (programs).
Main storage or immediate access of storage (IAS)
Auxiliary or secondary memory storage
Cache memory
Picture of High Speed Random Access
Memory (RAM) used as main Memory
www.idc-online.com/slideshare Technology TTrraaiinniinngg tthhaatt WWoorrkkss
14. The concept of cache memory
L1 Cache; built into
chip
L2 Cache; on SRAM
memory bank
Local bus
Local bus
(RAM)
Main Memory
www.idc-online.com/slideshare Technology TTrraaiinniinngg tthhaatt WWoorrkkss
15. The input/output (I/O) interface:
Sub-system through which the CPU communicates
with the outside world
Devices like Human Machine Interface (HMI) for
communication between the CPU and displays and the
CPU and other peripheral devices such as printers,
external storage, keyboards, mouse
One of the most complex areas of a computer system
because of the wide variation in the rate of data transfer
and wide variety of devices which have to be
connected
www.idc-online.com/slideshare Technology TTrraaiinniinngg tthhaatt WWoorrkkss
16. The I/O devices of process control
computers are divided into three types:
Operator IO
Process IO
Computer IO
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17. Schematic diagram showing
interfaces of computers for process
control applications system
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18. Bus Interface:
an electronic pathway (media) in computer based system that provides a
communication path for data to flow between the CPU and its memory and
peripherals and amongst the CPUs connected to the computer system
Diagram showing interface (communication) through Bus Interface
19. Following are the common expansion buses which were
introduced with IBM - compatible PCs
(personal computers):
S-100 bus
ISA (Industry Standard Architecture) bus
ISA-AT (Advanced Technology) bus
MCA (micro-channel Architecture) bus
EISA (Extended Industry Standard Architecture) bus
NU-bus
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20. Interfacing computer system with process:
• Wide variety of instruments and actuators (sensors/ transducers)
are connected to process or plant for measurement and control of
process parameters like temperature, flow, pressure, level, speed,
etc.
• The inputs to and output from computer may be:
Analog Quantities
Digital Quantities
Pulses or pulse rates
Telemetry
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21. Interface cards which have been developed and added to
the computer system to connect to different
measurements inputs of process parameters:
Analog interfaces
Digital interfaces
Pulse interfaces
Real-time clock
Standard (bus) interfaces
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22. Analog interfaces
Analog-to-digital converter (ADC)
Digital -to- analog converter (DAC)
Multiplexing devices
MODEM
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23. Analog-to-digital converter (ADC)
Binary Output Code
Fraction of Full
Scale
An 8-level (3-
bit) ADC
coding scheme
Normalized Analog Input Voltage
ADC Code
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24. LSB
Digital-to-Analog converter (DAC)
An 8-bit Digital to Analog Converter
(DAC) circuit using R-2R network
Buffer
Stage
88--bbiitt DDAACC
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
MSB Buffer
Stage
V1V1
V2 V2
Functional diagram of
an 8-bit Digital to
Analog Converter (DAC)
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25. Plant or Process
to be controlled
AAnnaalologg S Seennssoorsrs
AAnnaalologg S Seennssoorsrs
AADDCC
AADDCC
Diagram shows a typical application of ADC and DAC used for
interfacing analog signals to a digital computer controlled process Plant or Process
to be controlled
Digital
Computer
Digital
Computer
AAnnaalologg S Seennssoorsrs
AAnnaalologg A Acctutuaatotorr
AAnnaalologg A Acctutuaatotorr DDAACC
AAnnaalologg A Acctutuaatotorr
AADDCC
DDAACC
DDAACC
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26. Multiplexing (MUX)
• The process of sending multiple signals or streams of
information on a carrier at the same time in the form of a
single, complex signal
• Three different methods of multiplexing used for industrial
application:
Space Division Multiplexing
Frequency Division Multiplexing
Time Division Multiplexing
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27. Space Division Multiplexing (SDM)
• Method of providing multiple fixed bandwidth channels by multiple
physical paths (i.e., pairs of wires or optical fibers).
• AS an example, an SDM may use 25-pair cable to carry the
information of 25 individual sensors from the field premises to one
the local control station of the plant
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28. Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
The higher bandwidth channel is divided into multiple individual
smaller bandwidth channels. Signals on these channels are transmitted
at the same time but at different carrier frequencies
FDM, with three signals to three users sharing the same bandwidth
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29. Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
• Method of putting multiple data streams in a single signal by separating the
signal into many segments, each having a very short duration. Each individual
data stream is reassembled at the receiving end based on the timing.
CH1
CH2
CH3
CH1
CH2
CH3
Multiplexer
Demultiplexer
Multiplexer
Demultiplexer
T1 – Time Slice 1
T2 – Time Slice 2
Example of TDM showing three channels multiplexed / demultiplexed and
transmitted / received
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30. MODEM
• Device that transmits data between computers, workstations and
other peripheral devices; interconnected by means of
conventional communication lines supporting analog
transmission
Schematic diagram of modems connecting two remotely placed
computers via conventional telephone network.
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31. DO YOU WANT TO KNOW MORE?
If you are interested in further training or information,
please visit:
http://idc-online.com/slideshare
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