The document discusses a new fieldbus barrier product from MTA called the 9370-FB Series Fieldbus Barrier. It establishes some key benefits over existing fieldbus barrier implementations, including lower cost, safer operation, and higher reliability over the lifecycle of a fieldbus network. Some key features of the 9370-FB Series mentioned are that it allows for live pluggable modules, pluggable trunk and spur surge protectors, and screw-secured pluggable spur terminals. Overall, the new barrier aims to provide value to plant operators and those involved in the design and installation of fieldbus networks in hazardous areas.
The document discusses Safety Instrumented Systems (SIS) and the Safety Life Cycle as defined by ANSI/ISA 84.00.01-2004. It outlines the steps in the Safety Life Cycle from initial Hazard and Risk Assessment to determine Safety Instrumented Functions (SIFs) and required Safety Integrity Levels (SILs), to design, installation, and ongoing maintenance of SIS including functional proof testing. The Safety Life Cycle is meant to guide safety systems through all stages from initial assessment to eventual decommissioning to minimize risk in industrial processes.
The document discusses different voting logic architectures (1oo1, 1oo2, 2oo2, 2oo3) used in safety instrumented systems and how to determine the appropriate architecture based on Safety Integrity Level (SIL) requirements. It provides an example of selecting a voting logic architecture to meet a SIL 3 requirement for a high pressure pipeline. Based on calculations of Probability of Failure on Demand for different combinations, architectures with 1oo2 pressure transmitters and either 1oo2 or 2oo3 shutdown valves can meet the SIL 3 requirement.
Introduction to Functional Safety and SIL CertificationISA Boston Section
This overview session will acquaint attendees with the key concepts in the IEC 61508 standard for functional safety of electrical/electronic and programmable electronic systems. An introduction is provided to safety integrity levels (SIL), the safety lifecycle and the requirements needed to achieve a functional safety certificate. Information will be provided on documentation requirements and an introduction to the basic objectives of product design for functional safety.
This document provides an introduction to methodologies for evaluating the safety integrity level (SIL) of safety instrumented functions (SIF) through determining the probability of failure on demand (PFD) of the SIF. It describes the safety lifecycle model and how SIL evaluation fits in. The document focuses on performance-based approaches for SIL evaluation and provides examples of SIS architectures without promoting any single methodology. It evaluates the whole SIF from sensors to final elements. The user is cautioned to understand the assumptions and limitations of the methodologies described.
Distributed Control System (Presentation)Thunder Bolt
A distributed control system (DCS) is a control system where control elements are distributed throughout a plant or process. Honeywell and Yokogawa introduced commercial DCS systems in 1975. A DCS includes field devices, controllers, HMIs, historians, and redundancy. It provides a single database, easier redundancy, and mitigation of processor failures, though complex failure diagnosis and cost are limitations. Major DCS vendors include ABB, Emerson, Honeywell, Siemens, and GE.
Practical Distributed Control Systems (DCS) for Engineers and TechniciansLiving Online
This workshop will cover the practical applications of the modern Distributed Control System (DCS). Whilst all control systems are distributed to a certain extent today and there is a definite merging of the concepts of a DCS, Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) and SCADA and despite the rapid growth in the use of PLC’s and SCADA systems, some of the advantages of a DCS can still be said to be Integrity and Engineering time.
Abnormal Situation Management and Intelligent Alarm Management is a very important DCS issue that provides significant advantages over PLC and SCADA systems.
Few DCSs do justice to the process in terms of controlling for superior performance – most of them merely do the basics and leave the rest to the operators. Operators tend to operate within their comfort zone; they don’t drive the process “like Vettel drives his Renault”. If more than one adverse condition developed at the same time and the system is too basic to act protectively, the operator would probably not be able to react adequately and risk a major deviation.
Not only is the process control functionality normally underdeveloped but on-line process and control system performance evaluation is rarely seen and alarm management is often badly done. Operators consequently have little feedback on their own performance and exceptional adverse conditions are often not handled as well as they should be. This workshop gives suggestions on dealing with these issues.
The losses in process performance due to the inadequately developed control functionality and the operator’s utilisation of the system are invisible in the conventional plant and process performance evaluation and reporting system; that is why it is so hard to make the case for eliminating these losses. Accounting for the invisible losses due to inferior control is not a simple matter, technically and managerially; so it is rarely attempted. A few suggestions are given in dealing with this.
Why are DCS generally so underutilised? Often because the vendor minimises the applications software development costs to be sure of winning the job, or because he does not know enough about the process or if it is a green-field situation, enough could not be known at commissioning time but no allowance was made to add the missing functionality during the ramp-up phase. Often the client does not have the technical skills in-house to realise the desired functionality is missing or to adequately specify the desired functionality.
This workshop examines all these issues and gives suggestions in dealing with them and whilst not being by any means exhaustive provides an excellent starting point for you in working with a DCS.
MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/practical-distributed-control-systems-dcs-engineers-technicians-2
The document discusses Safety Instrumented Systems (SIS) and the Safety Life Cycle as defined by ANSI/ISA 84.00.01-2004. It outlines the steps in the Safety Life Cycle from initial Hazard and Risk Assessment to determine Safety Instrumented Functions (SIFs) and required Safety Integrity Levels (SILs), to design, installation, and ongoing maintenance of SIS including functional proof testing. The Safety Life Cycle is meant to guide safety systems through all stages from initial assessment to eventual decommissioning to minimize risk in industrial processes.
The document discusses different voting logic architectures (1oo1, 1oo2, 2oo2, 2oo3) used in safety instrumented systems and how to determine the appropriate architecture based on Safety Integrity Level (SIL) requirements. It provides an example of selecting a voting logic architecture to meet a SIL 3 requirement for a high pressure pipeline. Based on calculations of Probability of Failure on Demand for different combinations, architectures with 1oo2 pressure transmitters and either 1oo2 or 2oo3 shutdown valves can meet the SIL 3 requirement.
Introduction to Functional Safety and SIL CertificationISA Boston Section
This overview session will acquaint attendees with the key concepts in the IEC 61508 standard for functional safety of electrical/electronic and programmable electronic systems. An introduction is provided to safety integrity levels (SIL), the safety lifecycle and the requirements needed to achieve a functional safety certificate. Information will be provided on documentation requirements and an introduction to the basic objectives of product design for functional safety.
This document provides an introduction to methodologies for evaluating the safety integrity level (SIL) of safety instrumented functions (SIF) through determining the probability of failure on demand (PFD) of the SIF. It describes the safety lifecycle model and how SIL evaluation fits in. The document focuses on performance-based approaches for SIL evaluation and provides examples of SIS architectures without promoting any single methodology. It evaluates the whole SIF from sensors to final elements. The user is cautioned to understand the assumptions and limitations of the methodologies described.
Distributed Control System (Presentation)Thunder Bolt
A distributed control system (DCS) is a control system where control elements are distributed throughout a plant or process. Honeywell and Yokogawa introduced commercial DCS systems in 1975. A DCS includes field devices, controllers, HMIs, historians, and redundancy. It provides a single database, easier redundancy, and mitigation of processor failures, though complex failure diagnosis and cost are limitations. Major DCS vendors include ABB, Emerson, Honeywell, Siemens, and GE.
Practical Distributed Control Systems (DCS) for Engineers and TechniciansLiving Online
This workshop will cover the practical applications of the modern Distributed Control System (DCS). Whilst all control systems are distributed to a certain extent today and there is a definite merging of the concepts of a DCS, Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) and SCADA and despite the rapid growth in the use of PLC’s and SCADA systems, some of the advantages of a DCS can still be said to be Integrity and Engineering time.
Abnormal Situation Management and Intelligent Alarm Management is a very important DCS issue that provides significant advantages over PLC and SCADA systems.
Few DCSs do justice to the process in terms of controlling for superior performance – most of them merely do the basics and leave the rest to the operators. Operators tend to operate within their comfort zone; they don’t drive the process “like Vettel drives his Renault”. If more than one adverse condition developed at the same time and the system is too basic to act protectively, the operator would probably not be able to react adequately and risk a major deviation.
Not only is the process control functionality normally underdeveloped but on-line process and control system performance evaluation is rarely seen and alarm management is often badly done. Operators consequently have little feedback on their own performance and exceptional adverse conditions are often not handled as well as they should be. This workshop gives suggestions on dealing with these issues.
The losses in process performance due to the inadequately developed control functionality and the operator’s utilisation of the system are invisible in the conventional plant and process performance evaluation and reporting system; that is why it is so hard to make the case for eliminating these losses. Accounting for the invisible losses due to inferior control is not a simple matter, technically and managerially; so it is rarely attempted. A few suggestions are given in dealing with this.
Why are DCS generally so underutilised? Often because the vendor minimises the applications software development costs to be sure of winning the job, or because he does not know enough about the process or if it is a green-field situation, enough could not be known at commissioning time but no allowance was made to add the missing functionality during the ramp-up phase. Often the client does not have the technical skills in-house to realise the desired functionality is missing or to adequately specify the desired functionality.
This workshop examines all these issues and gives suggestions in dealing with them and whilst not being by any means exhaustive provides an excellent starting point for you in working with a DCS.
MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/practical-distributed-control-systems-dcs-engineers-technicians-2
A ppt for a general introduction to the Electronic flight instrument system used in modern aircraft cockpits it may be helpful for Easa part 66 module preparation.....
This document provides information about piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs). It discusses that P&IDs use standardized symbols according to the ISA S5.1 standard. P&IDs are used by engineers and operators to understand how instrumentation such as temperature transmitters, controllers, and control valves are interconnected in a process. The document outlines how P&IDs represent each instrument with a symbol and tag number for identification. It also describes how the diagrams indicate the location of instruments and how they connect through piping and signals.
The document discusses pipeline operations through a SCADA system. The objectives of the SCADA system are to provide effective monitoring and control of the pipeline network through remote control of equipment and emergency shutdown capabilities. It describes the typical configuration and components of a SCADA system including master control stations, communication networks and field devices. It also summarizes the major functions and capabilities of a SCADA system for pipeline operations such as data acquisition, control processing, alarm handling, reporting and maintenance benefits.
ARINC 429 is a standardized data bus protocol used in aircraft cockpits to allow different avionics systems from different manufacturers to communicate with each other. It establishes universal connections for power and data transmission to simplify installation and maintenance. By automatically transmitting flight information to systems like autopilot and fuel management, it reduces pilot workload and increases safety. The protocol is designed to be robust and continue operating in extreme conditions through features like shielded cabling and a wide allowable signal voltage differential.
WHAT IS SCADA AND BASIC KNOWLEDGE ABOUT IT.kgaurav113
SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) is a system that allows industrial processes to be monitored and controlled remotely. It consists of data acquisition and process control features. SCADA systems communicate with field instruments using various protocols and can control processes from a distance. They provide benefits like remote monitoring and control, data logging, alarms, and process visualization. SCADA systems connect to controllers like PLCs that are connected to field instruments to monitor and control industrial processes.
The document discusses the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system used by Indian Railways to control electric traction supply. Some key points:
- SCADA allows centralized control of circuit breakers and switching stations along tracks from remote control centers. It also acquires field data.
- The system includes remote terminal units (RTUs) in the field, communication networks, and a central control room with workstations and servers.
- It monitors and controls over 17,000 km of electrified tracks through around 53 remote control centers.
- SCADA uses protocols like IEC-870-5 for communication between the control center and RTUs to ensure interoperability between vendors.
The document provides an overview of aircraft electrical systems. It discusses how electrical energy became widely used in aircraft to power various systems, starting with magnetos to spark engines and later expanding to include generators, batteries, and electrical components. Modern aircraft rely heavily on electrical systems, using different voltages of DC and AC power. Electrical wiring now accounts for over 100,000 wires with a total length of 470 km to power critical flight instruments, essential systems, and passenger services.
This document discusses hazardous area classification. It defines hazardous areas as areas where flammable gases or vapors may be present. Areas are classified into zones based on the likelihood and duration of an explosive atmosphere occurring. Zone 0 areas have explosive atmospheres present continuously, Zone 1 areas have them likely to occur occasionally, and Zone 2 areas are not likely but possible for short periods. Selection of electrical equipment depends on the area classification and gas properties. Standards provide guidelines for equipment certification to ensure safe operation in hazardous environments.
This document is the American National Standard ANSI/ISA-5.1-2009 which provides standardized instrumentation symbols and identification. It defines mandatory identification letters, graphic symbols, and their dimensions to facilitate communication about measurement and control systems. The standard aims to strengthen its role as a communication tool across industries involving measurement and control. Key elements include standardized identification letters, graphic symbol tables, dimensional requirements, and guidelines for application.
This document provides an overview of exida, an international functional safety and cyber security consultancy firm. It discusses exida's services, customers, and experts. The document then summarizes Koen Leekens' presentation on IEC 62061, which introduces machinery safety standards, situates IEC 62061 in the regulatory environment, and outlines the 8 steps of the IEC 62061 safety lifecycle including management of functional safety, hazard and risk assessment, and determining safety-related control functions. The presentation emphasizes that the majority of accidents are preventable through a systematic, risk-based approach.
This document provides an overview of distributed control systems (DCS) and programmable logic controllers (PLC). It defines DCS and PLCs, compares them, and describes their basic components and functions. The key aspects covered are:
1) DCS are integrated control systems used for complex, large-scale processes, while PLCs are used for discrete and small-scale control.
2) Both have centralized processing units and input/output modules to interface with field devices.
3) DCS are designed for continuous long-term use, while PLCs are more modular project-based systems.
The document provides product data on DeltaV control network hardware, including:
1. DeltaV smart switches that are easy to install and maintain, scalable, provide network diagnostics, and offer a fully redundant network.
2. Media converters that convert fiber optic signals to copper and vice versa, allowing connections over longer cable runs.
3. Specifications for various DeltaV smart switch models, including ports, power requirements, interfaces, and certifications.
The document discusses control systems and their evolution. It provides an overview of analog control systems, digital control systems, centralized control systems, and distributed control systems. It then focuses on Yokogawa's CENTUM distributed control system (DCS), describing its components, configurations, and I/O modules.
Avionics systems include the electronic systems used on aircraft and spacecraft to manage communications, navigation, and all other onboard systems. The document discusses six key avionics systems: 1) Basic flight instruments like the altimeter, attitude indicator, magnetic compass, airspeed indicator, and vertical speed indicator provide pilots with critical aircraft data. 2) Cabin pressurization and 3) air conditioning systems are necessary for crew and passenger safety and comfort. 4) The aircraft fuel system manages fuel storage and delivery to engines. 5) Autopilot systems use gyroscopes, servos, and controllers to automatically guide and fly aircraft without constant pilot assistance. 6) Electrical power systems use batteries for starting aircraft and emergencies.
This document provides an overview of DeltaV Embedded Advanced Control. It discusses how DeltaV makes advanced control easy to implement and sustain through three main products:
1. DeltaV InSight provides performance monitoring, loop diagnostics, adaptive tuning and adaptive control using embedded learning algorithms.
2. DeltaV Predict uses model predictive control to improve quality, increase throughput and reduce costs.
3. DeltaV Fuzzy Logic control blocks can replace PID blocks and improve response to disturbances through intuitive graphical configuration similar to PID blocks.
The document emphasizes how DeltaV's embedded advanced control solutions are easier for control engineers to implement and sustain long-term compared to traditional advanced control systems.
Shared Field Instruments in SIS: Incidents Caused by Poor Design and Recommen...Kenexis
Even though the ISA 84 standard for Safety Instrumented Systems has been in use since 1996, there is still a lot of confusion about a key attribute of good SIS design – specifically separation of basic process control systems (BPCS) and safety instrumented systems (SIS). It could be argued that newer versions of SIS standards have further complicated the issue be specifically allowing combined safety and BPCS applications, given that certain requirements are met. The objective of the standard is not to enforce a complete separation between the systems but to either:
1) prevent a single point of failure from both creating a demand to the SIS to activate while simultaneously preventing the SIS from performing its critical action; or,
2) ensure that the frequency of this sort of single point of failure is low enough that tolerable risk goals are not violated.
The requirements for when sharing BPCS and SIS equipment is acceptable that are presented in the most recent version of the SIS functional safety standard (i.e., ISA 84.00.01-2004 – IEC 61511 Mod) are complex, confusing, and often misunderstood or simply ignored. Understanding when sharing is acceptable is and when it is not is further complicated by the fact that it is a multi-disciplinary effort, requiring knowledge not only of the instrumentation itself, but also of the process to which the equipment is connected. In fact, knowledge of the process and how it responds to BPCS failures is much more important. Verification that sharing BPCS and SIS equipment is acceptable thus requires a detailed analysis of all of the failure modes of the shared equipment along with an assessment of how each of those failure modes affects the process under control.
SIS “Final Element” Diagnostics Including The SOV, Using A Digital Valve Cont...Emerson Exchange
This document discusses using a digital valve controller to improve diagnostics and testing of safety instrumented system (SIS) final control elements. Traditional testing methods are difficult and costly. A digital valve controller allows for partial stroke testing online which improves reliability while reducing costs. It also enables solenoid valve health monitoring and diagnostic capabilities. Field experience from Ras Gas in Qatar demonstrated benefits like reduced labor and improved predictive maintenance through signature-based testing and continuous monitoring.
This document discusses industrial control system (ICS) cybersecurity. It begins with an introduction to ICS, including supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems, distributed control systems (DCS), and programmable logic controllers (PLC). It then compares ICS and IT security, discussing risks specific to ICS. The document outlines the risk management process and describes ICS security architecture, including network segmentation. It also covers authentication, firewall implementation, and applying the six steps of the NIST risk management framework to implement security controls for ICS.
This training presentation covers the basic on arc flash and other electrical hazards, including the effects of an arc flash incident and how to determine shock and flash protection boundaries for a safe workplace
Electrical Maintenance for Engineers and TechniciansLiving Online
We have taken all the latest techniques and know-how relating to electrical maintenance and distilled this hard-hitting workshop so that you can update yourself in this fast-moving and powerful area. This workshop will also update you with the latest information on the maintenance and installation aspects of cables, substations and switchgear, transformers, circuit breakers and motors. You will become familiar with the latest techniques in safety operations of the above-mentioned electrical equipment.
The section on Electrical Preventive Maintenance (EPM) within the program cover the key aspects of EPM and its benefits. The electrical drawing and schematics area discusses the various types of drawings logic diagrams, ladder diagrams, cabling and wiring diagrams etc.
Safety is a very important aspect of electrical maintenance and equipment needs to be inspected and maintained according to the relevant international regulations. In this workshop the basic concepts related to safety rules and hazards are covered in detail with a separate section on inspection procedures.
Special focus has been given to the maintenance and asset management of switchgear.We also look at the testing procedures for major electrical equipment. A separate section is dedicated to covering special aspects of the installation of large power transformers and fire protection measures taken while installing them. A section on troubleshooting of transformers is also included.
This course also covers the new approaches of fault finding, maintenance, testing and troubleshooting of electric motors. As well as a section on installation and fault detection for cables.
Grounding techniques, types of faults and their effects, effects of inadequate grounding and inspection, concepts of SCADA, testing and maintenance of SCADA are covered in detail. We have also focused on issues with power quality, the role of the UPS in maintaining power quality, installation and maintenance of UPS, types of relays and relay maintenance.
WHO SHOULD ATTEND?
Consulting engineers
Design engineers
Designers
Electrical engineers
Electronic technicians
Instrumentation and control engineers/technicians
Plant managers
Process control engineers
System engineers
System integrators
Test engineers
MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/electrical-maintenance-engineers-and-technicians-25
This document explains Safety Integrity Levels (SIL) which are used to quantify safety requirements for Safety Instrumented Systems. It discusses what SIL is, the four SIL levels and their required reliability, how SIL ratings are determined through a risk assessment process, and how hazards are protected against through a layered approach. The document also outlines the SIL life cycle including design, realization, and operation phases, how equipment failures can occur, and how a Safety Instrumented Function's performance is quantified through its Probability of Failure on Demand. It provides information on how components like actuators can be certified as "suitable for use" at a given SIL level and the role of proof and diagnostic testing.
Regulatory modifications have raised important issues in design and use of industrial safety systems. Certain changes in IEC 61508, now being widely implemented, mean that designers and users who desire full compliance must give new consideration to topics such as SIL levels and the transition to new methodologies.
A ppt for a general introduction to the Electronic flight instrument system used in modern aircraft cockpits it may be helpful for Easa part 66 module preparation.....
This document provides information about piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs). It discusses that P&IDs use standardized symbols according to the ISA S5.1 standard. P&IDs are used by engineers and operators to understand how instrumentation such as temperature transmitters, controllers, and control valves are interconnected in a process. The document outlines how P&IDs represent each instrument with a symbol and tag number for identification. It also describes how the diagrams indicate the location of instruments and how they connect through piping and signals.
The document discusses pipeline operations through a SCADA system. The objectives of the SCADA system are to provide effective monitoring and control of the pipeline network through remote control of equipment and emergency shutdown capabilities. It describes the typical configuration and components of a SCADA system including master control stations, communication networks and field devices. It also summarizes the major functions and capabilities of a SCADA system for pipeline operations such as data acquisition, control processing, alarm handling, reporting and maintenance benefits.
ARINC 429 is a standardized data bus protocol used in aircraft cockpits to allow different avionics systems from different manufacturers to communicate with each other. It establishes universal connections for power and data transmission to simplify installation and maintenance. By automatically transmitting flight information to systems like autopilot and fuel management, it reduces pilot workload and increases safety. The protocol is designed to be robust and continue operating in extreme conditions through features like shielded cabling and a wide allowable signal voltage differential.
WHAT IS SCADA AND BASIC KNOWLEDGE ABOUT IT.kgaurav113
SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) is a system that allows industrial processes to be monitored and controlled remotely. It consists of data acquisition and process control features. SCADA systems communicate with field instruments using various protocols and can control processes from a distance. They provide benefits like remote monitoring and control, data logging, alarms, and process visualization. SCADA systems connect to controllers like PLCs that are connected to field instruments to monitor and control industrial processes.
The document discusses the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system used by Indian Railways to control electric traction supply. Some key points:
- SCADA allows centralized control of circuit breakers and switching stations along tracks from remote control centers. It also acquires field data.
- The system includes remote terminal units (RTUs) in the field, communication networks, and a central control room with workstations and servers.
- It monitors and controls over 17,000 km of electrified tracks through around 53 remote control centers.
- SCADA uses protocols like IEC-870-5 for communication between the control center and RTUs to ensure interoperability between vendors.
The document provides an overview of aircraft electrical systems. It discusses how electrical energy became widely used in aircraft to power various systems, starting with magnetos to spark engines and later expanding to include generators, batteries, and electrical components. Modern aircraft rely heavily on electrical systems, using different voltages of DC and AC power. Electrical wiring now accounts for over 100,000 wires with a total length of 470 km to power critical flight instruments, essential systems, and passenger services.
This document discusses hazardous area classification. It defines hazardous areas as areas where flammable gases or vapors may be present. Areas are classified into zones based on the likelihood and duration of an explosive atmosphere occurring. Zone 0 areas have explosive atmospheres present continuously, Zone 1 areas have them likely to occur occasionally, and Zone 2 areas are not likely but possible for short periods. Selection of electrical equipment depends on the area classification and gas properties. Standards provide guidelines for equipment certification to ensure safe operation in hazardous environments.
This document is the American National Standard ANSI/ISA-5.1-2009 which provides standardized instrumentation symbols and identification. It defines mandatory identification letters, graphic symbols, and their dimensions to facilitate communication about measurement and control systems. The standard aims to strengthen its role as a communication tool across industries involving measurement and control. Key elements include standardized identification letters, graphic symbol tables, dimensional requirements, and guidelines for application.
This document provides an overview of exida, an international functional safety and cyber security consultancy firm. It discusses exida's services, customers, and experts. The document then summarizes Koen Leekens' presentation on IEC 62061, which introduces machinery safety standards, situates IEC 62061 in the regulatory environment, and outlines the 8 steps of the IEC 62061 safety lifecycle including management of functional safety, hazard and risk assessment, and determining safety-related control functions. The presentation emphasizes that the majority of accidents are preventable through a systematic, risk-based approach.
This document provides an overview of distributed control systems (DCS) and programmable logic controllers (PLC). It defines DCS and PLCs, compares them, and describes their basic components and functions. The key aspects covered are:
1) DCS are integrated control systems used for complex, large-scale processes, while PLCs are used for discrete and small-scale control.
2) Both have centralized processing units and input/output modules to interface with field devices.
3) DCS are designed for continuous long-term use, while PLCs are more modular project-based systems.
The document provides product data on DeltaV control network hardware, including:
1. DeltaV smart switches that are easy to install and maintain, scalable, provide network diagnostics, and offer a fully redundant network.
2. Media converters that convert fiber optic signals to copper and vice versa, allowing connections over longer cable runs.
3. Specifications for various DeltaV smart switch models, including ports, power requirements, interfaces, and certifications.
The document discusses control systems and their evolution. It provides an overview of analog control systems, digital control systems, centralized control systems, and distributed control systems. It then focuses on Yokogawa's CENTUM distributed control system (DCS), describing its components, configurations, and I/O modules.
Avionics systems include the electronic systems used on aircraft and spacecraft to manage communications, navigation, and all other onboard systems. The document discusses six key avionics systems: 1) Basic flight instruments like the altimeter, attitude indicator, magnetic compass, airspeed indicator, and vertical speed indicator provide pilots with critical aircraft data. 2) Cabin pressurization and 3) air conditioning systems are necessary for crew and passenger safety and comfort. 4) The aircraft fuel system manages fuel storage and delivery to engines. 5) Autopilot systems use gyroscopes, servos, and controllers to automatically guide and fly aircraft without constant pilot assistance. 6) Electrical power systems use batteries for starting aircraft and emergencies.
This document provides an overview of DeltaV Embedded Advanced Control. It discusses how DeltaV makes advanced control easy to implement and sustain through three main products:
1. DeltaV InSight provides performance monitoring, loop diagnostics, adaptive tuning and adaptive control using embedded learning algorithms.
2. DeltaV Predict uses model predictive control to improve quality, increase throughput and reduce costs.
3. DeltaV Fuzzy Logic control blocks can replace PID blocks and improve response to disturbances through intuitive graphical configuration similar to PID blocks.
The document emphasizes how DeltaV's embedded advanced control solutions are easier for control engineers to implement and sustain long-term compared to traditional advanced control systems.
Shared Field Instruments in SIS: Incidents Caused by Poor Design and Recommen...Kenexis
Even though the ISA 84 standard for Safety Instrumented Systems has been in use since 1996, there is still a lot of confusion about a key attribute of good SIS design – specifically separation of basic process control systems (BPCS) and safety instrumented systems (SIS). It could be argued that newer versions of SIS standards have further complicated the issue be specifically allowing combined safety and BPCS applications, given that certain requirements are met. The objective of the standard is not to enforce a complete separation between the systems but to either:
1) prevent a single point of failure from both creating a demand to the SIS to activate while simultaneously preventing the SIS from performing its critical action; or,
2) ensure that the frequency of this sort of single point of failure is low enough that tolerable risk goals are not violated.
The requirements for when sharing BPCS and SIS equipment is acceptable that are presented in the most recent version of the SIS functional safety standard (i.e., ISA 84.00.01-2004 – IEC 61511 Mod) are complex, confusing, and often misunderstood or simply ignored. Understanding when sharing is acceptable is and when it is not is further complicated by the fact that it is a multi-disciplinary effort, requiring knowledge not only of the instrumentation itself, but also of the process to which the equipment is connected. In fact, knowledge of the process and how it responds to BPCS failures is much more important. Verification that sharing BPCS and SIS equipment is acceptable thus requires a detailed analysis of all of the failure modes of the shared equipment along with an assessment of how each of those failure modes affects the process under control.
SIS “Final Element” Diagnostics Including The SOV, Using A Digital Valve Cont...Emerson Exchange
This document discusses using a digital valve controller to improve diagnostics and testing of safety instrumented system (SIS) final control elements. Traditional testing methods are difficult and costly. A digital valve controller allows for partial stroke testing online which improves reliability while reducing costs. It also enables solenoid valve health monitoring and diagnostic capabilities. Field experience from Ras Gas in Qatar demonstrated benefits like reduced labor and improved predictive maintenance through signature-based testing and continuous monitoring.
This document discusses industrial control system (ICS) cybersecurity. It begins with an introduction to ICS, including supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems, distributed control systems (DCS), and programmable logic controllers (PLC). It then compares ICS and IT security, discussing risks specific to ICS. The document outlines the risk management process and describes ICS security architecture, including network segmentation. It also covers authentication, firewall implementation, and applying the six steps of the NIST risk management framework to implement security controls for ICS.
This training presentation covers the basic on arc flash and other electrical hazards, including the effects of an arc flash incident and how to determine shock and flash protection boundaries for a safe workplace
Electrical Maintenance for Engineers and TechniciansLiving Online
We have taken all the latest techniques and know-how relating to electrical maintenance and distilled this hard-hitting workshop so that you can update yourself in this fast-moving and powerful area. This workshop will also update you with the latest information on the maintenance and installation aspects of cables, substations and switchgear, transformers, circuit breakers and motors. You will become familiar with the latest techniques in safety operations of the above-mentioned electrical equipment.
The section on Electrical Preventive Maintenance (EPM) within the program cover the key aspects of EPM and its benefits. The electrical drawing and schematics area discusses the various types of drawings logic diagrams, ladder diagrams, cabling and wiring diagrams etc.
Safety is a very important aspect of electrical maintenance and equipment needs to be inspected and maintained according to the relevant international regulations. In this workshop the basic concepts related to safety rules and hazards are covered in detail with a separate section on inspection procedures.
Special focus has been given to the maintenance and asset management of switchgear.We also look at the testing procedures for major electrical equipment. A separate section is dedicated to covering special aspects of the installation of large power transformers and fire protection measures taken while installing them. A section on troubleshooting of transformers is also included.
This course also covers the new approaches of fault finding, maintenance, testing and troubleshooting of electric motors. As well as a section on installation and fault detection for cables.
Grounding techniques, types of faults and their effects, effects of inadequate grounding and inspection, concepts of SCADA, testing and maintenance of SCADA are covered in detail. We have also focused on issues with power quality, the role of the UPS in maintaining power quality, installation and maintenance of UPS, types of relays and relay maintenance.
WHO SHOULD ATTEND?
Consulting engineers
Design engineers
Designers
Electrical engineers
Electronic technicians
Instrumentation and control engineers/technicians
Plant managers
Process control engineers
System engineers
System integrators
Test engineers
MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/electrical-maintenance-engineers-and-technicians-25
This document explains Safety Integrity Levels (SIL) which are used to quantify safety requirements for Safety Instrumented Systems. It discusses what SIL is, the four SIL levels and their required reliability, how SIL ratings are determined through a risk assessment process, and how hazards are protected against through a layered approach. The document also outlines the SIL life cycle including design, realization, and operation phases, how equipment failures can occur, and how a Safety Instrumented Function's performance is quantified through its Probability of Failure on Demand. It provides information on how components like actuators can be certified as "suitable for use" at a given SIL level and the role of proof and diagnostic testing.
Regulatory modifications have raised important issues in design and use of industrial safety systems. Certain changes in IEC 61508, now being widely implemented, mean that designers and users who desire full compliance must give new consideration to topics such as SIL levels and the transition to new methodologies.
The article discusses writing a Safety Requirement Specification (SRS), which is the last stage of the analysis phase for a Safety Instrumented System (SIS) lifecycle. It outlines the key components of an SRS, including input information, functional requirements, and safety integrity requirements for each safety instrumented function. The article provides examples of the types of details to include in an SRS, such as the safe state of the process, sources of demand on the system, target safety integrity levels, and requirements for resetting the system. Developing a thorough SRS according to the findings of the hazard and risk assessment is important, as it forms the input for the design and realization phase of the SIS lifecycle.
Unlike other industries, detailed discussions about functional safety in the automotive industry only began a few years ago. One of the reasons was that there was a prevailing view that the risks posed as a result of mechanical failures are still within the control of the driver.
You can also find interesting articles here: http://bit.ly/steering-articles
The document discusses burner management systems (BMS) and how programmable electronic systems (PES) can be used for burner control while ensuring safety. It outlines several key requirements for PES-based BMS to be certified, including using redundant safety-related PES, obtaining independent safety certification, and the designer demonstrating proper development and testing practices. The document also describes various safety features that can be designed into BMS, such as input/output monitoring, guarded outputs, processor watchdog timers, and power monitoring. It discusses architectures for safety programmable logic controllers (PLCs) including 1oo1D (one out of one with diagnostics) and 1oo2D (one out of two with diagnostics).
The document discusses burner management systems (BMS) and the importance of safety in their design and operation. It notes that BMS use programmable electronic systems like PLCs to control burners safely. However, these systems can fail in dangerous and undetectable ways. Therefore, international standards require safety features like input checking, output monitoring, watchdog circuits, and alarming to be designed into BMS to mitigate risks from failures. The document provides examples of how output monitoring, guarded outputs, and processor protection like watchdog timers can be implemented in typical PLC-based BMS.
This document provides an overview of APS ACIS (Advanced Photon Source Accelerator Control Interlock System) from the perspective of a functional safety assessor.
The original ACIS design, implemented in 1992 before functional safety standards, is examined against IEC 61508. While the design has strong safety practices, some areas could be improved like requirements tracking.
The upgraded LEA ACIS addresses many observations by clearly identifying safety functions and requirements. Reliability is also a key part of standards not fully addressed in original ACIS.
Overall APS has a very safe system but original ACIS could be strengthened by fully addressing requirements tracking, reliability calculations, and accounting for all components in safety functions
Reliability Instrumented System | Arrelic Insights Arrelic
An approach that strays from the conventional, coupled with
consistency, enables us to contribute to the company's overall
growth and success.
This Insights talks about RIS Process and applications
This document provides an introduction to functional safety for machinery. It defines functional safety and explains that it involves ensuring automatic actions occur to reach a safe state. The document discusses relevant functional safety standards like ISO 13849 and IEC 61508. It also examines functional safety concepts like risk assessments, safety integrity levels, safety elements involving structure, reliability, diagnostics and systematic capability. The document uses an example safety circuit diagram to demonstrate functional safety concepts like input channel fault detection.
A straightforward approach using DeltaV SIS for typical BMS systemsDavid Sheppard
DeltaV SIS can be used to implement burner management systems (BMS) by modeling the system as a state machine with defined states, transitions between states, outputs for each state, and trips that are masked or active in each state. This approach provides a clear and systematic development process that is easy to analyze, implement, operate, verify, and modify. It can improve safety and reduce lifecycle costs compared to traditional implementations.
The document discusses evaluating the impact of soft errors on embedded systems through fault injection. It provides an overview of soft errors as a prominent problem in embedded systems and integrated circuits due to technology scaling. The report describes assembling a generic motor control system and experimenting with fault injection to better understand how these soft errors are covered. It aims to inject faults at the module level of an embedded system to simulate the effects of soft errors and observe the device behavior to map vulnerable nodes that need protection.
A recent regulation approved by the European Parliament laid out the requirements for type approvals of motor vehicles on their safety aspects calls for the introduction of these new safety features as a prerequisite. As such, the need for an internationally recognized standard for safety critical systems becomes more crucial to measure how safe a system is.
This document provides information on using the DeltaV SIS process safety system for safety instrumented functions up to SIL 3. It describes the certified components, applicable safety integrity levels for de-energized trip applications, response time requirements, and considerations for SIL verification. Restrictions, special features, limits, and recommendations for other applications like energized trip functions are also outlined.
Safety of machinery - Application of standard EN ISO 13849-1dnunez1984
This document provides an overview and comparison of two machinery safety standards: EN 62061 and EN ISO 13849-1. It outlines the basic procedures for complying with machinery directives, including performing a risk assessment. EN 62061 focuses on functional safety for electrical/electronic control systems, using Safety Integrity Levels (SILs). EN ISO 13849-1 applies to all machinery and determines Performance Levels (PLs) based on factors like categories and probability of failure. The document provides details on how each standard specifies safety parameters and calculations for achieving the required safety level.
This document provides an overview and comparison of two machinery safety standards: EN 62061 and EN ISO 13849-1. It outlines the basic procedures for complying with machinery directives, including performing a risk assessment. EN 62061 focuses on functional safety for electrical/electronic control systems, using Safety Integrity Levels (SILs). EN ISO 13849-1 applies to all machinery and determines Performance Levels (PLs) based on factors like categories and probability of failure. The document provides details on how each standard specifies safety parameters and calculations for achieving the required safety level.
The document discusses Safety Instrumented Systems (SIS) and the Safety Life Cycle as defined by ANSI/ISA 84.00.01-2004. It outlines the steps in the Safety Life Cycle from initial Hazard and Risk Assessment to determine Safety Instrumented Functions (SIFs) and required Safety Integrity Levels (SILs), to design, installation, and ongoing maintenance of SIS including functional proof testing. The Safety Life Cycle is meant to guide safety systems through all stages from initial assessment to eventual decommissioning to minimize risk in industrial processes.
Rockwell Automation provides tools throughout each phase of the Safety Life Cycle to simplify safety system development and improve compliance. These include Safety Automation Builder for designing safety systems, Safety Functions with complete documented solutions, and SISTEMA for evaluating safety components. Additional tools help with system design, programming, diagnostics, and determining return on investment from safety improvements.
Automation of Instrument Air Distribution System using Arduino and Integrate ...IRJET Journal
The document discusses automating an instrument air distribution system using Arduino and integrating Industry 4.0 concepts. It describes the existing pneumatic control system and issues with the hard-wired controller. The proposed system uses an Arduino controller, simulates the system dynamics in LabVIEW, and implements an Internet of Things approach for remote monitoring. Experimental results demonstrate the automatic start/stop controller and continuous supply controller functions. The automated system using Arduino and web-based monitoring integrates Industry 4.0 concepts like wireless communication and cloud-based data.
This document discusses Safety Integrity Level (SIL) and how it is used to quantify safety in industrial processes. It provides background on the development of international safety standards and defines key terms like SIL, Safety Instrumented Functions (SIF), Probability of Failure on Demand (PFD), and Safe Failure Fraction (SFF). The document explains how hazards analysis is used to determine target SIL levels for safety systems and instrumentation. It also outlines methods for evaluating SIL, including Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEDA) and proven in use testing. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of applying SIL standards to ensure safety in industrial control systems.
This document provides an overview of functional safety. It begins with definitions of functional safety and discusses relevant standards like IEC 61508. It then explains the functional safety lifecycle and certification process. This includes performing a hazard and risk analysis, defining safety requirements, and conducting audits. Examples of functional safety products are also provided. The document discusses how functional safety applies to electrical and programmable electronic safety systems and their role in risk reduction. It outlines approaches to achieve hardware safety integrity through techniques like redundancy, detection, and reliability.
Similar to When is a SIL Rating of a Valve Required? (20)
An optimal general type-2 fuzzy controller for Urban Traffic NetworkISA Interchange
This document presents an optimal general type-2 fuzzy controller (OGT2FC) for controlling traffic signal scheduling and phase succession to minimize wait times and average queue length. The OGT2FC uses a combination of general type-2 fuzzy logic sets and the Modified Backtracking Search Algorithm (MBSA) to optimize the membership function parameters. Simulation results show the OGT2FC performs better than conventional type-1 fuzzy controllers in regulating urban traffic flow.
Embedded intelligent adaptive PI controller for an electromechanical systemISA Interchange
In this study, an intelligent adaptive controller approach using the interval type-2 fuzzy neural network (IT2FNN) is presented. The proposed controller consists of a lower level proportional - integral (PI) controller, which is the main controller and an upper level IT2FNN which tuning on-line the parameters of a PI controller. The proposed adaptive PI controller based on IT2FNN (API-IT2FNN) is implemented practically using the Arduino DUE kit for controlling the speed of a nonlinear DC motor-generator system. The parameters of the IT2FNN are tuned on-line using back-propagation algorithm. The Lyapunov theorem is used to derive the stability and convergence of the IT2FNN. The obtained experimental results, which are compared with other controllers, demonstrate that the proposed API-IT2FNN is able to improve the system response over a wide range of system uncertainties.
State of charge estimation of lithium-ion batteries using fractional order sl...ISA Interchange
This paper presents a state of charge (SOC) estimation method based on fractional order sliding mode observer (SMO) for lithium-ion batteries. A fractional order RC equivalent circuit model (FORCECM) is firstly constructed to describe the charging and discharging dynamic characteristics of the battery. Then, based on the differential equations of the FORCECM, fractional order SMOs for SOC, polarization voltage and terminal voltage estimation are designed. After that, convergence of the proposed observers is analyzed by Lyapunov’s stability theory method. The framework of the designed observer system is simple and easy to implement. The SMOs can overcome the uncertainties of parameters, modeling and measurement errors, and present good robustness. Simulation results show that the presented estima- tion method is effective, and the designed observers have good performance.
Fractional order PID for tracking control of a parallel robotic manipulator t...ISA Interchange
This paper presents the tracking control for a robotic manipulator type delta employing fractional order PID controllers with computed torque control strategy. It is contrasted with an integer order PID controller with computed torque control strategy. The mechanical structure, kinematics and dynamic models of the delta robot are descripted. A SOLIDWORKS/MSC-ADAMS/MATLAB co-simulation model of the delta robot is built and employed for the stages of identification, design, and validation of control strategies. Identification of the dynamic model of the robot is performed using the least squares algorithm. A linearized model of the robotic system is obtained employing the computed torque control strategy resulting in a decoupled double integrating system. From the linearized model of the delta robot, fractional order PID and integer order PID controllers are designed, analyzing the dynamical behavior for many evaluation trajectories. Controllers robustness is evaluated against external disturbances employing performance indexes for the joint and spatial error, applied torque in the joints and trajectory tracking. Results show that fractional order PID with the computed torque control strategy has a robust performance and active disturbance rejection when it is applied to parallel robotic manipulators on tracking tasks.
Fuzzy logic for plant-wide control of biological wastewater treatment process...ISA Interchange
The application of control strategies is increasingly used in wastewater treatment plants with the aim of improving effluent quality and reducing operating costs. Due to concerns about the progressive growth of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), these are also currently being evaluated in wastewater treatment plants. The present article proposes a fuzzy controller for plant-wide control of the biological wastewater treatment process. Its design is based on 14 inputs and 6 outputs in order to reduce GHG emissions, nutrient concentration in the effluent and operational costs. The article explains and shows the effect of each one of the inputs and outputs of the fuzzy controller, as well as the relationship between them. Benchmark Simulation Model no 2 Gas is used for testing the proposed control strategy. The results of simulation results show that the fuzzy controller is able to reduce GHG emissions while improving, at the same time, the common criteria of effluent quality and operational costs.
Design and implementation of a control structure for quality products in a cr...ISA Interchange
In recent years, interest for petrochemical processes has been increasing, especially in refinement area. However, the high variability in the dynamic characteristics present in the atmospheric distillation column poses a challenge to obtain quality products. To improve distillates quality in spite of the changes in the input crude oil composition, this paper details a new design of a control strategy in a conventional crude oil distillation plant defined using formal interaction analysis tools. The process dynamic and its control are simulated on Aspen HYSYS dynamic environment under real operating conditions. The simulation results are compared against a typical control strategy commonly used in crude oil atmospheric distillation columns.
Model based PI power system stabilizer design for damping low frequency oscil...ISA Interchange
This paper explores a two-level control strategy by blending a local controller with a centralized controller for the low frequency oscillations in a power system. The proposed control scheme provides stabilization of local modes using a local controller and minimizes the effect of inter-connection of sub-systems performance through a centralized control. For designing the local controllers in the form of proportional-integral power system stabilizer (PI-PSS), a simple and straight forward frequency domain direct synthesis method is considered that works on use of a suitable reference model which is based on the desired requirements. Several examples both on one machine infinite bus and multi-machine systems taken from the literature are illustrated to show the efficacy of the proposed PI-PSS. The effective damping of the systems is found to be increased remarkably which is reflected in the time-responses; even unstable operation has been stabilized with improved damping after applying the proposed controller. The proposed controllers give remarkable improvement in damping the oscillations in all the illustrations considered here and as for example, the value of damping factor has been increased from 0.0217 to 0.666 in Example 1. The simulation results obtained by the proposed control strategy are favorably compared with some controllers prevalent in the literature.
A comparison of a novel robust decentralized control strategy and MPC for ind...ISA Interchange
This document summarizes a research article that compares a novel decentralized control strategy based on override control to a model predictive controller (MPC) for controlling an industrial high purity methanol distillation column. Both controllers were able to maintain tight product purity and high recovery specifications under disturbances. The MPC provided tighter control of product purity but used more energy, while the proposed override control provided tighter recovery control and had lower costs. An economic analysis showed the optimal choice depends on factors like energy costs.
Fault detection of feed water treatment process using PCA-WD with parameter o...ISA Interchange
This research article proposes a new fault detection algorithm called PCA-WD that combines wavelet denoising (WD) with principal component analysis (PCA) to improve fault detection performance for feed water treatment processes (FWTP). The algorithm is applied to operational data from a FWTP sustaining two 1000 MW coal-fired power plants. Parameter selection for the PCA-WD algorithm is formulated as an optimization problem solved using particle swarm optimization to determine optimal parameters automatically rather than relying on individual experience. Results show that WD effectively reduces noise in PCA statistics, improving fault detection. The optimized PCA-WD algorithm outperforms classical PCA and a related method in detecting various faults in the FWTP data.
Model-based adaptive sliding mode control of the subcritical boiler-turbine s...ISA Interchange
As higher requirements are proposed for the load regulation and efficiency enhancement, the control performance of boiler-turbine systems has become much more important. In this paper, a novel robust control approach is proposed to improve the coordinated control performance for subcritical boiler-turbine units. To capture the key features of the boiler-turbine system, a nonlinear control-oriented model is established and validated with the history operation data of a 300 MW unit. To achieve system linearization and decoupling, an adaptive feedback linearization strategy is proposed, which could asymptotically eliminate the linearization error caused by the model uncertainties. Based on the linearized boiler-turbine system, a second-order sliding mode controller is designed with the super-twisting algorithm. Moreover, the closed-loop system is proved robustly stable with respect to uncertainties and disturbances. Simulation results are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme, which achieves excellent tracking performance, strong robustness and chattering reduction.
A Proportional Integral Estimator-Based Clock Synchronization Protocol for Wi...ISA Interchange
Clock synchronization is an issue of vital importance in applications of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). This paper proposes a proportional integral estimator-based protocol (EBP) to achieve clock synchronization for wireless sensor networks. As each local clock skew gradually drifts, synchronization accuracy will decline over time. Compared with existing consensus-based approaches, the proposed synchronization protocol improves synchronization accuracy under time-varying clock skews. Moreover, by restricting synchronization error of clock skew into a relative small quantity, it could reduce periodic re-synchronization frequencies. At last, a pseudo-synchronous implementation for skew compensation is introduced as synchronous protocol is unrealistic in practice. Numerical simulations are shown to illustrate the performance of the proposed protocol.
An artificial intelligence based improved classification of two-phase flow patte...ISA Interchange
Flow pattern recognition is necessary to select design equations for finding operating details of the process and to perform computational simulations. Visual image processing can be used to automate the interpretation of patterns in two-phase flow. In this paper, an attempt has been made to improve the classification accuracy of the flow pattern of gas/ liquid two- phase flow using fuzzy logic and Support Vector Machine (SVM) with Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The videos of six different types of flow patterns namely, annular flow, bubble flow, churn flow, plug flow, slug flow and stratified flow are re- corded for a period and converted to 2D images for processing. The textural and shape features extracted using image processing are applied as inputs to various classification schemes namely fuzzy logic, SVM and SVM with PCA in order to identify the type of flow pattern. The results obtained are compared and it is observed that SVM with features reduced using PCA gives the better classification accuracy and computationally less intensive than other two existing schemes. This study results cover industrial application needs including oil and gas and any other gas-liquid two-phase flows.
New Method for Tuning PID Controllers Using a Symmetric Send-On-Delta Samplin...ISA Interchange
In this paper we present a new method for tuning PI controllers with symmetric send-on-delta (SSOD) sampling strategy. First we analyze the conditions that produce oscillations in event based systems considering SSOD sampling strategy. The Describing Function is the tool used to address the problem. Once the conditions for oscillations are established, a new robustness to oscillation performance measure is introduced which entails with the concept of phase margin, one of the most traditional measures of relative stability in closed-loop control systems. Therefore, the application of the proposed robustness measure is easy and intuitive. The method is tested by both simulations and experiments. Additionally, a Java application has been developed to aid in the design according to the results presented in the paper.
Load estimator-based hybrid controller design for two-interleaved boost conve...ISA Interchange
This paper is devoted to the development of a hybrid controller for a two-interleaved boost converter dedicated to renewable energy and automotive applications. The control requirements, resumed in fast transient and low input current ripple, are formulated as a problem of fast stabilization of a predefined optimal limit cycle, and solved using hybrid automaton formalism. In addition, a real time estimation of the load is developed using an algebraic approach for online adjustment of the hybrid controller. Mathematical proofs are provided with simulations to illustrate the effectiveness and the robustness of the proposed controller despite different disturbances. Furthermore, a fuel cell system supplying a resistive load through a two-interleaved boost converter is also highlighted.
Effects of Wireless Packet Loss in Industrial Process Control SystemsISA Interchange
Timely and reliable sensing and actuation control are essential in networked control. This depends on not only the precision/quality of the sensors and actuators used but also on how well the communications links between the field instruments and the controller have been designed. Wireless networking offers simple deployment, reconfigurability, scalability, and reduced operational expenditure, and is easier to upgrade than wired solutions. However, the adoption of wireless networking has been slow in industrial process control due to the stochastic and less than 100% reliable nature of wireless communications and lack of a model to evaluate the effects of such communications imperfections on the overall control performance. In this paper, we study how control performance is affected by wireless link quality, which in turn is adversely affected by severe propagation loss in harsh industrial environments, co-channel interference, and unintended interference from other devices. We select the Tennessee Eastman Challenge Model (TE) for our study. A decentralized process control system, first proposed by N. Ricker, is adopted that employs 41 sensors and 12 actuators to manage the production process in the TE plant. We consider the scenario where wireless links are used to periodically transmit essential sensor measurement data, such as pressure, temperature and chemical composition to the controller as well as control commands to manipulate the actuators according to predetermined setpoints. We consider two models for packet loss in the wireless links, namely, an independent and identically distributed (IID) packet loss model and the two-state Gilbert-Elliot (GE) channel model. While the former is a random loss model, the latter can model bursty losses. With each channel model, the performance of the simulated decentralized controller using wireless links is compared with the one using wired links providing instant and 100% reliable communications. The sensitivity of the controller to the burstiness of packet loss is also characterized in different process stages. The performance results indicate that wireless links with redundant bandwidth reservation can meet the requirements of the TE process model under normal operational conditions. When disturbances are introduced in the TE plant model, wireless packet loss during transitions between process stages need further protection in severely impaired links. Techniques such as re-transmission scheduling, multi-path routing and enhanced physical layer design are discussed and the latest industrial wireless protocols are compared.
Fault Detection in the Distillation Column ProcessISA Interchange
Chemical plants are complex large-scale systems which need designing robust fault detection schemes to ensure high product quality, reliability and safety under different operating conditions. The present paper is concerned with a feasibility study of the application of the black-box modeling method and Kullback Leibler divergence (KLD) to the fault detection in a distillation column process. A Nonlinear Auto-Regressive Moving Average with eXogenous input (NARMAX) polynomial model is firstly developed to estimate the nonlinear behavior of the plant. Furthermore, the KLD is applied to detect abnormal modes. The proposed FD method is implemented and validated experimentally using realistic faults of a distillation plant of laboratory scale. The experimental results clearly demonstrate the fact that proposed method is effective and gives early alarm to operators.
Neural Network-Based Actuator Fault Diagnosis for a Non-Linear Multi-Tank SystemISA Interchange
The paper is devoted to the problem of the robust actuator fault diagnosis of the dynamic non-linear systems. In the proposed method, it is assumed that the diagnosed system can be modelled by the recurrent neural network, which can be transformed into the linear parameter varying form. Such a system description allows developing the designing scheme of the robust unknown input observer within H1 framework for a class of non-linear systems. The proposed approach is designed in such a way that a prescribed disturbance attenuation level is achieved with respect to the actuator fault estimation error, while guaranteeing the convergence of the observer. The application of the robust unknown input observer enables actuator fault estimation, which allows applying the developed approach to the fault tolerant control tasks.
A KPI-based process monitoring and fault detection framework for large-scale ...ISA Interchange
Large-scale processes, consisting of multiple interconnected sub-processes, are commonly encountered in industrial systems, whose performance needs to be determined. A common approach to this problem is to use a key performance indicator (KPI)-based approach. However, the different KPI-based approaches are not developed with a coherent and consistent framework. Thus, this paper proposes a framework for KPI-based process monitoring and fault detection (PM-FD) for large-scale industrial processes, which considers the static and dynamic relationships between process and KPI variables. For the static case, a least squares-based approach is developed that provides an explicit link with least-squares regression, which gives better performance than partial least squares. For the dynamic case, using the kernel re- presentation of each sub-process, an instrument variable is used to reduce the dynamic case to the static case. This framework is applied to the TE benchmark process and the hot strip mill rolling process. The results show that the proposed method can detect faults better than previous methods.
An adaptive PID like controller using mix locally recurrent neural network fo...ISA Interchange
Being complex, non-linear and coupled system, the robotic manipulator cannot be effectively controlled using classical proportional integral derivative (PID) controller. To enhance the effectiveness of the conventional PID controller for the nonlinear and uncertain systems, gains of the PID controller should be conservatively tuned and should adapt to the process parameter variations. In this work, a mix locally recurrent neural network (MLRNN) architecture is investigated to mimic a conventional PID controller which consists of at most three hidden nodes which act as proportional, integral and derivative node. The gains of the mix locally recurrent neural network based PID (MLRNNPID) controller scheme are initi- alized with a newly developed cuckoo search algorithm (CSA) based optimization method rather than assuming randomly. A sequential learning based least square algorithm is then investigated for the on- line adaptation of the gains of MLRNNPID controller. The performance of the proposed controller scheme is tested against the plant parameters uncertainties and external disturbances for both links of the two link robotic manipulator with variable payload (TL-RMWVP). The stability of the proposed controller is analyzed using Lyapunov stability criteria. A performance comparison is carried out among MLRNNPID controller, CSA optimized NNPID (OPTNNPID) controller and CSA optimized conventional PID (OPTPID) controller in order to establish the effectiveness of the MLRNNPID controller.
A method to remove chattering alarms using median filtersISA Interchange
Chattering alarms are the most found nuisance alarms that will probably reduce the usability and result in a confidence crisis of alarm systems for industrial plants. This paper addresses the chattering alarm reduction using median filters. Two rules are formulated to design the window size of median filters. If the alarm probability is estimated using process data, one rule is based on the probability of alarms to satisfy some requirements on the false alarm rate, or missed alarm rate. If there are only historical alarm data available, the other rule is based on percentage reduction of chattering alarms using alarm duration distribution. Experimental results for industrial cases testify that the proposed method is effective.
Navigating the world of forex trading can be challenging, especially for beginners. To help you make an informed decision, we have comprehensively compared the best forex brokers in India for 2024. This article, reviewed by Top Forex Brokers Review, will cover featured award winners, the best forex brokers, featured offers, the best copy trading platforms, the best forex brokers for beginners, the best MetaTrader brokers, and recently updated reviews. We will focus on FP Markets, Black Bull, EightCap, IC Markets, and Octa.
Building Your Employer Brand with Social MediaLuanWise
Presented at The Global HR Summit, 6th June 2024
In this keynote, Luan Wise will provide invaluable insights to elevate your employer brand on social media platforms including LinkedIn, Facebook, Instagram, X (formerly Twitter) and TikTok. You'll learn how compelling content can authentically showcase your company culture, values, and employee experiences to support your talent acquisition and retention objectives. Additionally, you'll understand the power of employee advocacy to amplify reach and engagement – helping to position your organization as an employer of choice in today's competitive talent landscape.
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Unveiling the Dynamic Personalities, Key Dates, and Horoscope Insights: Gemin...my Pandit
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Recruiting in the Digital Age: A Social Media MasterclassLuanWise
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Every industrial revolution has created a new set of categories and a new set of players.
Multiple new technologies have emerged, but Samsara and C3.ai are only two companies which have gone public so far.
Manufacturing startups constitute the largest pipeline share of unicorns and IPO candidates in the SF Bay Area, and software startups dominate in Germany.
Understanding User Needs and Satisfying ThemAggregage
https://www.productmanagementtoday.com/frs/26903918/understanding-user-needs-and-satisfying-them
We know we want to create products which our customers find to be valuable. Whether we label it as customer-centric or product-led depends on how long we've been doing product management. There are three challenges we face when doing this. The obvious challenge is figuring out what our users need; the non-obvious challenges are in creating a shared understanding of those needs and in sensing if what we're doing is meeting those needs.
In this webinar, we won't focus on the research methods for discovering user-needs. We will focus on synthesis of the needs we discover, communication and alignment tools, and how we operationalize addressing those needs.
Industry expert Scott Sehlhorst will:
• Introduce a taxonomy for user goals with real world examples
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How MJ Global Leads the Packaging Industry.pdfMJ Global
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buy old yahoo accounts buy yahoo accountsSusan Laney
As a business owner, I understand the importance of having a strong online presence and leveraging various digital platforms to reach and engage with your target audience. One often overlooked yet highly valuable asset in this regard is the humble Yahoo account. While many may perceive Yahoo as a relic of the past, the truth is that these accounts still hold immense potential for businesses of all sizes.
The Evolution and Impact of OTT Platforms: A Deep Dive into the Future of Ent...ABHILASH DUTTA
This presentation provides a thorough examination of Over-the-Top (OTT) platforms, focusing on their development and substantial influence on the entertainment industry, with a particular emphasis on the Indian market.We begin with an introduction to OTT platforms, defining them as streaming services that deliver content directly over the internet, bypassing traditional broadcast channels. These platforms offer a variety of content, including movies, TV shows, and original productions, allowing users to access content on-demand across multiple devices.The historical context covers the early days of streaming, starting with Netflix's inception in 1997 as a DVD rental service and its transition to streaming in 2007. The presentation also highlights India's television journey, from the launch of Doordarshan in 1959 to the introduction of Direct-to-Home (DTH) satellite television in 2000, which expanded viewing choices and set the stage for the rise of OTT platforms like Big Flix, Ditto TV, Sony LIV, Hotstar, and Netflix. The business models of OTT platforms are explored in detail. Subscription Video on Demand (SVOD) models, exemplified by Netflix and Amazon Prime Video, offer unlimited content access for a monthly fee. Transactional Video on Demand (TVOD) models, like iTunes and Sky Box Office, allow users to pay for individual pieces of content. Advertising-Based Video on Demand (AVOD) models, such as YouTube and Facebook Watch, provide free content supported by advertisements. Hybrid models combine elements of SVOD and AVOD, offering flexibility to cater to diverse audience preferences.
Content acquisition strategies are also discussed, highlighting the dual approach of purchasing broadcasting rights for existing films and TV shows and investing in original content production. This section underscores the importance of a robust content library in attracting and retaining subscribers.The presentation addresses the challenges faced by OTT platforms, including the unpredictability of content acquisition and audience preferences. It emphasizes the difficulty of balancing content investment with returns in a competitive market, the high costs associated with marketing, and the need for continuous innovation and adaptation to stay relevant.
The impact of OTT platforms on the Bollywood film industry is significant. The competition for viewers has led to a decrease in cinema ticket sales, affecting the revenue of Bollywood films that traditionally rely on theatrical releases. Additionally, OTT platforms now pay less for film rights due to the uncertain success of films in cinemas.
Looking ahead, the future of OTT in India appears promising. The market is expected to grow by 20% annually, reaching a value of ₹1200 billion by the end of the decade. The increasing availability of affordable smartphones and internet access will drive this growth, making OTT platforms a primary source of entertainment for many viewers.
Anny Serafina Love - Letter of Recommendation by Kellen Harkins, MS.AnnySerafinaLove
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Best practices for project execution and deliveryCLIVE MINCHIN
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When is a SIL Rating of a Valve Required?
1. KUWAIT
SECTION
December
NEWSLETTER 2009
INSIDE THIS ISSUE FROM SECTION PRESIDENT’S DESK
I am pleased to release the December 2009 Newsletter
of ISA - Kuwait Section.
TECHNICAL WINDOW We invite ISA Members and other Automation
Professionals to contribute articles to be published in this
newsletter.
MEMBERS AREA
Please send your feedback about your expectations of
ISA - Kuwait Section to
PRODUCT REVIEW
kuwait-section@isa-online.org
Best Regards
Ali H Al Hashemi
President
ISA - Kuwait Section
FOR PRIVATE CIRCULATION ONLY
2. ISA KUWAIT SECTION OFFICE
Ali H Al Hashemi
President
Kuwait National Petroleum Co
a.hashemi@knpc.com
Ali H. Alawadhi
Vice President
Kuwait National Petroleum Co
ah.awadhi015@knpc.com
PP Muthu
Secretary
Rezayat Trading Co Ltd
Office 24816836 Ext. 146
Cell 9437119
muthu@rezayatkwt.com
C. Dakshinamurthy
Treasurer
Kuwait Oil Co
Office 23822713
dakshinamurthy@kockw.com
Chandra Sekhar, S
Membership Chair
Kuwait Oil Co
chandras@kockw.com
Editorial Board
Shemej Kumar K.K P.P Muthu Biju Thomas
SKKKumar@kockw.com muthu@rezayatkwt.com bijuthomas@eth.com
Drajat Satriotomo Gijo K Augustine
dsatriotomo@kockw.com gk.augustine@knpc.com
Invitation to Members
We invite interested ISA members to write We invite IA&C Manufacturers and their
anything about Automation to be published representatives to use this newsletter to
in this monthly Newsletter. advertise their product offerings.
3. When is a Safety Integrity Level (SIL) Rating of a Valve Required?
Riyaz Ali
Director, Instruments Unit, MEA
Emerson Process Management – Fisher Divn,
Dubai - UAE
KEYWORDS
Random Failures, Systematic Failures, Failure data, Safety Instrumented
System (SIS), Basic Process Control System (BPCS), Probability of Failure
on Demand (PFD), Safety Integrity Level (SIL), Safe Failure Fraction (SFF)
ABSTRACT
Final Control Elements (Control valves or Safety Shut Down Valves) are the key
components of any close loop control system, whether it is used for Basic Process
Control System (BPCS) or for Safety Instrumented System (SIS). Financial constraints
derive different constructions of valves suitable for throttling vs On-Off applications.
However, due to past accidents, reliability has become key criterion for valve selection
process. Many of process industries based on their plant specific experience are tempted
to use Control Valves for Safety shut down applications, specifically smaller size valves,
which may not be cost prohibitive. This paper will provide clarity on when to assign the
SIL suitability for valves used in different scenarios (process control vs safety shut down)
and establish criterion to assign SIL applicability for “Final Element”.
INTRODUCTION
Safety integrity Level (SIL) is the discrete level for specifying the safety integrity
requirements of the safety instrumented functions. It is a quantifiable measurement of
risk used as a way to establish safety performance targets of SIS systems. An SIL level
can be expressed in terms of Probability of Failure on Demand (PFD) or Risk Reduction
Factor (RRF). Risk reduction factor is simply a reciprocal of PFD (1/PFD). SIL levels are
designated in terms of PFD or RRF as a range of numbers.
PFD is a value that indicates the probability of a system failing to respond to a demand.
PFD is a function of test interval time and failure rate of the equipment under control.
In short, to establish an SIL suitability rating for a Safety Instrumented Function (SIF)
loop, a PFD value needs to be computed for components of loop (SIF loop consists of
Sensor, Logic Solver, Final Element) To calculate PFD, an equipment failure rate
number is required.
4. FAILURE MECHNAISM
Failures are categorized so that failure data can be organized in a consistent way. ISA
Technical report ISA-TR84.00.02-2002 – Part 1 talks about two failure modes - physical
(random) failures and functional (systematic) failures.
Physical or random failures result from the degradation of one or more hardware
mechanisms. It is often permanent and attributable to some component or module. For
example, when a control valve is at the end of travel and not moving with the change in
the control signal due to a broken shaft, the failure has occurred because of a physical
failure of the component in the valve.
On the other hand, functional or systematic failures are failures related in a deterministic
way to a certain cause, which can be eliminated by a modification of the design or
manufacturing process, operational procedures, or other relevant factors. For example, a
computer program has crashed and there is no physical damage, but the system has failed.
The end result is that the program is not working and a failure has occurred due to a
systematic error in programming code.
A major distinguishing feature between a random failure and a systematic failure is that
failures arising from a random failure can be predicted with reasonable accuracy, while
systematic failures, by their very nature, can not be accurately predicted.
With a basic understanding of failure mechanisms, it is clear that with mechanical items
like control valves, failures can be classified under the physical or random failure
category, which is simpler by nature.
Systematic failures are typical characteristics of programmable electronic systems or
microprocessor-based devices. The reliability concept has been around the industry for a
long time but due to advancements in electronics and control systems, this concept is
more crucial than ever before. Because a final control element is part of the control loop,
its reliability data is also being questioned by end-users.
This leads to a basic question –
DOES A “FINAL CONTROL ELEMENT” REQUIRE A SIL
SUITABILITY RATING?
To understand the exact need, let us discuss control systems used in process sector
industries. Control systems are frequently separated into two categories: systems that
protect the equipment, classified as “Safety Instrumented System” and systems that
control the equipment, known as “Basic Process Control System.” Final control elements
are part of both systems.
According to IEC 61511 part 1, 3.2.3, Basic Process Control System has been defined as:
5. Basic Process Control System (BPCS)
A system which responds to input signals from the process, its associated equipment,
other programmable systems and/or an operator and generates output signals causing the
process and its associated equipment to operate in the desired manner but which does not
perform any safety instrumented functions with a claimed SIL ≥ 1.
This definition leads us to conclude that a BPCS is any system that has a SIL<1.
Therefore, SIS systems employing Safety Instrumented Functions with a specified safety
integrity level, which is necessary to achieve safety function, need to have a SIL rating
equal to or above 1.
This above conclusion raises some interesting questions:
1. Why are control valves to be SIL certified?
Industry practices and routines generally define which valve design need to be used for a
safety versus control applications.
However, due to reliability attributes of control valves, especially on smaller sizes, make
them suitable for safety applications.
Financial considerations and maintenance aspects (using same valve design for both
control and safety) are making control valves attractive for safety applications. We can
categorize in three different scenarios as below, where control valves can be used as
safety shut down valves.
CASE 1: Control valves which are used only as an on/off single final element
CASE 2: Control valves which are used in a dual purpose context (both for control and
safety)
CASE 3: Control valves which are used in a dual purpose context in addition
(redundancy) to an on/off valve
Illustration for Case1:
A control valve is used for Safety Applications. In this case Control Valve is “Final
Element” of Safety Instrumented Function (SIF) Loop needs to have SIL rating equal to
or above 1.
6. DCS (Control) Logic solver (Safety)
CASE 1
Illustration for Case2
Is it possible to use single control valve common for both Safety and Control?
According to IEC61511 part 1 clause 11.2.10, it states that a device used to perform part
of a safety instrumented function shall not be used for basic process control purposes,
where a failure of that device results in a failure of the basic process control function
which causes a demand on the safety instrumented function, unless an analysis has been
carried out to confirm that overall risk is acceptable.
This may possibly lead to following interpretation;
YES: If all possible failures of the control valve do not place a demand on any
SIF than control valve may be used with no further analysis. In this case, Control
Valve is “Final Element” of Safety Instrumented Function (SIF) Loop, needs to
have SIL rating equal to or above 1.
NO: If failure of the control valve will place a demand on a SIF than it may not
be used as the only final element in that SIF.
If failure of the control valve will not place a demand on SIF, for which it is
intended but may place demand on any other associated SIF than the control
valve may be used in a SIF only after detailed analysis. An additional step to
7. further analysis will be necessary in these cases to ensure that the dangerous
failure rate of the shared equipment is sufficiently low. In this case, Control Valve
is “Final Element” of Safety Instrumented Function (SIF) Loop, needs to have
SIL rating equal to or above 1.
DCS Logic Solver
(Control) (Safety)
CASE 2
Illustration for Case 3
In this scenario a control valve is used to provide additional hardware fault tolerance
for higher SIL application, which is similar to using a control valve for safety but
with the added burden of justifying and verifying the SIF design and its final SIL
value.
8. DCS (Control) Logic Solver (Safety)
CASE 3
2. Why are control valves that are used in a BPCS required to be SIL certified?
As per IEC definition, a SIL rating is not required but it is possible that reliability data for
a valve may be required. Industry or end user may require failure rate data of equipment
or in loose term MTBF (Mean Time Between Failure).
Essentially MTTF (mean time to fail) is the right term to define product reliability. It is
usually furnished in units of hours. This is more common for electronic components, but
trends are seen even for mechanical items.
3. How can MTTF provide useful data for the calculation of PFDavg (probability of
failure upon demand)?
MTTF can be simplified to 1/(sum of all failure rates) or equal to 1/λ. In general,
components of MTTF can be categorized in the following categories:
Safe Detected (λSD)
Safe Undetected (λSU)
Dangerous Detected (λDD)
Dangerous Undetected (λDU)
This data leads to useful information:
MTTFs (Mean time to Fail Safe) and
MTTFd (Mean time to fail Dangerous)
SFF (Safe Failure Fraction)
MTTFs can be computed by adding (λSD + λSU ) and reversing the number
MTTFd can be computed by taking λDU and reversing the number
9. SFF can be computed using the equation = 1 – (λDU ) / (λSD +
λSU + λDD + λDU) or (λSD +
λSU + λDD ) / (λSD + λSU + λDD + λDU).
PFDAVG can be calculated using simplified equation of failure rate of equipment under
control (EUC) times test interval divided by two.
MTTFs calculations provide plant availability, which is a very important measurement of
process plant up-time capability. A spurious trip that is considered a safe but unplanned
trip may be too strenuous for piping and other equipment. Not only are production and
quality affected, profits may be as well. Also, it is important to consider the higher risk
associated with plant start up. IEC 61508 stresses more on “safety event”, in case of
demands, which relates to dangerous undetected failures and are used to compute
PFDavg.
As such, mechanical equipment like valve bodies and actuators do not have any
diagnostics capabilities. According to IEC 61508 part 2, table 2, with a hardware fault
tolerance (HFT) of zero, they can only be used in SIL 1 applications. A digital valve
controller mounted on a “Final Control Element” improves the diagnostic coverage
factor, which in turn improves the SFF number, allowing the possible use of higher SIL
rated applications (Per IEC 61508 part 2, table 3) by use of the Partial Stroke Test.
CONCLUSION
If control valve is designated to carry out a safety function then it should meet the SIL
level of the Safety Instrumented System Function loop. In this case, failure rate numbers
will be required to compute the total PFDAVG of the loop. The end user may possibly ask
for third party certification to comply with IEC 61508 requirements to meet certain SIL
suitability. However, if a control valve is designated for normal process control than as
per IEC61511-3 part 1, section 3.2.3, Basic Process Control System, definition does not
designate control valves to have SIL suitability.
REFERENCES
i) International Electrotechnical Commission, “Functional Safety - Safety instrumented systems for the
process industry sector” - IEC61511
ii) International Electrotechnical Commission, “Functional Safety of Electrical / Electronic / Programmable
Electronic Safety-Related Systems” - IEC61508
iii) Control Systems Safety Evaluation & Reliability – William M Goble
iv) ISA Technical report ISA-TR84.00.02-2002 – Part 1
10. MEMBER AREA
ISA Kuwait Section with association with HONEYWELL arranged a
Technical Presentation on “Plant Wide Manufacturing Execution
Systems for Refineries and Petrochemical Plants”
on November 5th, 2009
11. MEMBER AREA
ISA Meeting Notice
Thursday, December 10th , 2009
Hilton Resorts – Mangaf
The Kuwait Section of ISA is pleased to invite all the ISA Members in
Kuwait to the Technical Presentation on December 10th, 2009 sponsored
by Yokogawa Middle East .
M r . Govind Raju Seshadri - Marketing Manager, Yokogawa Middle East,
Bahrain
Will present on :
" Benefits of True Integration of DCS / SIS / SCADA "
Attendance is free of charge for all ISA members. The meeting registration and reception will
begin at 6:00 P.M. and the presentation will start at 6:30 P.M. The presentation and dinner will
be held at the BURGAN ROOM, Hotel Hilton Resorts, Mangaf. Please confirm you
attendance to muthu@rezayatkwt.com
12.
New 9370‐FB Series Fieldbus Barriers – A Value Proposition
Serviceability – Safety – Size – Scalability
Introduction
MTL’s 9370‐FB Series Fieldbus Barrier establishes a new benchmark for FOUNDATIONTM Fieldbus
networks in hazardous areas. As a Zone 1‐mounted wiring hub with spur connections to intrinsically
safe fieldbus instruments,
the 9370‐FB retains the Pluggable trunk “Live
surge protector pluggable”
major benefits of the (optional) 6-spur Fieldbus
Barrier modules
High Energy Trunk
technique while removing Pluggable
Terminator Spur surge
the drawbacks associated protector
Trunk (optional)
with existing Fieldbus terminals
Barrier implementations.
The result is lower cost,
Trunk
safer operation and Terminal
Assembly
higher reliability (TTA) Screw-
secured,
throughout the life‐cycle housing
pluggable
of the fieldbus network, spur
terminals
with benefits not only for The new 12-spur 9373-FB Fieldbus Barrier in Stainless Steel enclosure with
the plant operator but Trunk and Spur surge protection fitted
also for all parties
involved in the design and installation process.
The High Energy Trunk technique provides a valuable means of connecting fieldbus instruments in
Zone 1 or Zone 0 hazardous areas to the host control system. The Fieldbus Barrier is field‐mounted
and provides the interface between the trunk connection and intrinsically safe spurs, allowing
heavily loaded segments and long cable lengths irrespective of the Gas Group. The spur connections
are compatible with any IS‐certified fieldbus devices complying with ‘Entity’ or ‘FISCO’ specifications.
Serviceability
The time taken to repair failed instrumentation is crucial in many process applications. At worst
there is the risk of lost production. Even temporary loss of process visibility can lead to compromises
in product quality or manufacturing efficiency. If, in addition, there is the risk of fire and explosion
or exposure to toxic hazards it is even more important to minimise the time an operator spends in
the process area. Any activity in an area where flammable or toxic materials are present is complex
and expensive to organise, so the repair of field mounted equipment should be as straightforward as
possible. In some cases, extreme environmental conditions – such as high or low temperatures –
provide an additional incentive to shorten any time spent outside the control room.
Page 1 of 5 Value Proposition_9370‐FB Series.doc
13.
A guiding principle during the design of MTL’s
9370‐FB was to make it quick and easy to repair in
the event of failure. As a result, the parts of the
system containing complex electronic circuits are
housed in “pluggable” modules that are “hot‐
swappable” in the presence of explosive
atmospheres and, due to this design, they can be
easily removed and replaced in the field. This
crucially leads to less time spent on this
Easy removal of 9377-FB Fieldbus Barrier
maintenance activity in the field. modules
This is in sharp contrast with conventional Fieldbus Barrier implementations, where serviceability is
impaired by the hard‐wired nature of the field enclosure. As a result, some attempts are usually
made in existing installations to allow some degree of maintainability in hazardous areas. For
example, explosion‐protected isolating switches may be incorporated in the fieldbus trunk circuit, to
allow a failed Fieldbus Barrier module to be removed from the enclosure while other barrier
modules remain energised and operating. However, this adds significantly to the amount of internal
wiring and hardware, and threatens to reduce the overall reliability of the network. During the
replacement, interconnecting cables that are temporarily removed from the failed barrier module
must be prevented from shorting to other circuits inside the enclosure and then correctly re‐inserted
into the trunk and spur terminals on the replacement module.
As an example, the table below describes the steps required to replace a failed Fieldbus Barrier
module in both a conventional installation and in the new 9370‐FB Series. This highlights two
important areas:
1. The time taken to affect the repair, ie. The Mean Time To Repair. This will depend on factors
such as accessibility and environmental conditions, but plant operators will have their own
assessment of the relative times. Repairing the conventional system is likely to take tens of
minutes, compared with less than five minutes for the 9370‐FB.
2. That a new fault could be introduced inadvertently. The relative complexity of repairing the
conventional system adds a new risk – such as misplacing the wiring when it is re‐connected
to the replacement Fieldbus Barrier module. This kind of fault may not become evident until
after the operator has completed the initial repair and returned from the field.
Page 2 of 5 Value Proposition_9370‐FB Series.doc
14.
Maintenance activity Conventional Fieldbus Barrier enclosure 9370‐FB Series Fieldbus Barrier
enclosure
Remove and replace • Remove main enclosure cover • Remove main
Fieldbus Barrier enclosure cover
• Select and operate appropriate
module
isolating switch • Loosen barrier securing
screws
• Open trunk terminal cover on
barrier module • Remove and replace
barrier module
• Remove trunk wiring from
terminals and secure • Tighten barrier screws
and replace enclosure
• Remove spur wiring from
cover
terminals and secure
• Remove and replace barrier
module
• Reinstate trunk and spur wiring
and close trunk terminal cover
• Operate isolating switch
• Replace enclosure cover
Comparison of module replacement procedure for conventional FBB and new 9370‐FB
Safety
Any electrical apparatus located within a hazardous area presents a possible source of ignition for
flammable materials, so the selection process should identify and – as far as is practically possible –
minimise the risk of personal injury or damage to plant and equipment. The design and construction
of electrical equipment intended for hazardous area use is governed by international standards, and
the user has an implied obligation not only to comply with minimum requirements, but also to select
apparatus that uses the latest technology to achieve safety. There are two important
considerations:
1. To reduce the risk associated with routine maintenance that is properly carried out
accordance to the manufacturer’s guidelines and national codes of practice, and
2. To reduce the risk that any inadvertent or unauthorised activity could cause an unsafe
condition.
Since Fieldbus Barriers are intended to be installed hazardous areas, careful attention should be paid
to the risks of operating and maintaining them throughout their life cycle.
By definition in a ‘High Energy Trunk’ network, the voltage and current levels in the fieldbus trunk
circuit are above those permitted by Intrinsic Safety and are therefore capable of causing an
incendive arc if the circuit is broken or shorted. MTL’s 9370‐FB Fieldbus Barrier is constructed so
that the fieldbus trunk connections are contained within a separate compartment that has its own
cover. Once the trunk cables have been installed into the terminals within this compartment, it
should not be necessary to open it until the unit is taken out of service.
Page 3 of 5 Value Proposition_9370‐FB Series.doc
15.
9373-FB (12-spur stainless steel enclosure) showing the pluggable components
Another contributor to safety is that all the user‐accessible circuits and connections within the main
enclosure compartment of a 9370‐FB system are live‐workable in a hazardous area. This eliminates
any risk of an incendive spark from an unauthorised or inadvertent maintenance activity.
Size
Reducing the size of field‐mounted apparatus such as junction boxes has advantages throughout the
life of an installation. Right from the start, there can be savings in shipping and temporary storage
costs. Smaller enclosures are also easier to install and maintain, and require less mechanical
infrastructure to support them. Lids and covers are less likely to deform if they are smaller, reducing
the risk of water or dust ingress.
The 9370‐FB Series Fieldbus Barrier is
significantly smaller than the conventional
equipment it replaces. The 12‐spur variant is
as much as 70% smaller in terms of overall
enclosure volume. This will be of particular
benefit where space and weight are serious
considerations, for example in restricted
The 9370-FB Fieldbus Barrier is up to 70% smaller
process areas or offshore installations.
than existing implementations
Scalability
It is an industry maxim that the later a problem emerges in a project, the more expensive it is to put
right. In the extreme, replacing or modifying equipment that is already installed on the plant is
many times more expensive than changing the design on paper. It is therefore imperative that
decisions made about product selection during the ‘Front End Engineering Design’ stage of a project
should survive through to completion. However, there are typically many uncertainties during the
early design phases that introduce risk. For example, the area classification, field cable lengths,
quantity and location of field instruments may only be known approximately when the apparatus
needs to be specified.
Page 4 of 5 Value Proposition_9370‐FB Series.doc
16.
The key to solving this problem is flexibility. The selected solutions must be able to accommodate
changes right up until the design is frozen and, ideally, even during the commissioning stage.
Conventional Fieldbus Barrier enclosures do not lend themselves well to this process because they
are ‘customised’ according to the project requirements and cannot be finalised until all
requirements are fully defined. Two important considerations emerge:
1. Number of fieldbus spurs per field enclosure. This must be known within reasonable limits,
so that the size and total number of enclosures can be established. Conventional Fieldbus
Barriers are assembled using modules that are hard‐wired into the enclosure. Subsequent
expansion is problematic unless the space and dedicated internal wiring for an additional
module have been provided during the initial construction. The addition of a module in the
field can also be difficult because the trunk and spur wiring has to be correctly connected to
its terminals.
With the new 9730‐FB Series, a 12‐spur enclosure fitted with one 6‐spur module can be
specified instead of a 6‐spur enclosure if there is any uncertainty. This attracts only a small
price increment. Expansion to 12 active spurs is easily accomplished by plugging a second
module into the enclosure. No other configuration is necessary, provided the fieldbus
power supply is correctly sized and the full loading of the segment has been anticipated.
2. Surge protection. This may be specified for installations that are vulnerable to damage from
electrical surges, either as a result of atmospheric activity or transients from heavy‐current
electrical apparatus. In order to reduce cost, normal practice would be to protect only those
parts of the fieldbus network whose loss would cause serious operational problems, and
parts that are most vulnerable. For example, fieldbus instruments that have a relatively long
horizontal or vertical displacement from the field junction box are more likely to suffer
damage from surge currents. Instruments in critical control loops may also warrant special
protection.
Again, these facts may still be uncertain when the design of the Fieldbus Barrier enclosures
has to be finalised, in order for their supplier to begin manufacturing. In many cases, the full
I/O schedule is not confirmed until much later in the project. As a result, the only options
available are to provide surge protection within the Fieldbus Barrier enclosure for all spurs,
or to manufacture different models with varying levels of protection. But these alternatives
add cost and complexity.
What is required is the ability to fit the surge protection components where and when they
are required. The 9370‐FB Series accomplishes this with pluggable protectors that can be
fitted into the enclosure at any stage, even after installation. The basic enclosure design
already anticipates the need to protect the fieldbus trunk and one or more spurs, without
any additional wiring. This adds a great deal of flexibility.
Page 5 of 5 Value Proposition_9370‐FB Series.doc