This document discusses automation and manufacturing topics covered in a class guided by Dr. Md. Taufiq, including electric drives, microcontrollers, and data acquisition systems. It provides an overview of electric drive components like the power modulator and control unit. Microcontrollers are described as integrated devices containing a microprocessor, memory, and I/O ports. The document outlines data acquisition hardware and software used to convert physical sensor measurements into digital values for processing.

1. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
MANIT BHOPAL
SUBJECT: AUTOMATION AND MANUFACTURING
GUIDED BY : DR MD.TAUFIK SIR
Topic Cover:
1.Electric Drive
2.Microntroller and Microprocessor
3.Data Acquisition and Signal Condition
BHAVESH AGRAWAL
222116607

2. Electric Drives
• Systems employed for motion control are called
as Drives.
• It may employ any of prime movers such as diesel
or petrol engines, gas or steam turbines, steam
engines, hydraulic motors and electric motors, for
supplying mechanical energy for motion control.
• Drives employing electric motors are called as
Electrical Drives.

3. Parts Of Electric Drives

4. Description of Parts of Electric Drives
Power Modulator :
• The power modulator regulates the output power of
the source.
• It controls the power from the source to the motor in
such a manner that motor transmits the speed
torque characteristic required by the load.
• During the transient operations like starting,
braking and speed reversing the excessive current
drawn from the source.This excessive current drawn
from the source may overload it or may cause a
voltage drop. Hence the power modulator restricts
the source and motor current.

5. CONTROL UNIT
Control Unit :
• The control unit controls the power modulator which
operates at small voltage and power levels. The
control unit also operates the power modulator as
desired.
• It also generates the commands for the protection of
power modulator and motor. An input command
signal which adjusts the operating point of the drive,
from an input to the control unit.

6. SENSING UNIT
Sensing Unit :
• It senses the certain drive parameter like motor
current and speed.
• It mainly required either for protection or for closed
loop operation.

7. CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTRIC DRIVES
Classification of Electric Drive:
Generally classified into 3 categories:
• Group drive
• Individual Drive
• Multimotor Drive
Group Drive :
• If several group of mechanisms or machines are
organized on one shaft and driven or actuated by
one motor, the system is called a group drive or
shaft drive.

8. CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTRIC
DRIVES(Cont’d)
Individual Drive:
• If a single motor is used to drive or actuate a given
mechanism and it does all the jobs connected with
this load , the drive is called individual drive.
• All the operations connected with operating a lathe
may be performed by a single motor.
• Each motor is driven by its own separated motor
with the help of gears , pulleys etc.

9. TORQUE-SPEED SIGN CONVENTON

10. FOUR QUADRANT OPERATION

11. CONSTANT TORQUE AND CONSTANT
POWER OPERATION

12. Microprocessor and Microcontroller
 The introduction of a piece of technology called “Microprocessor” has changed
the way in which we view, analyze and control the world surrounding us over
the past two decades. The first commercial microprocessor is 4-bit 4004
developed by Intel and was made available in 1971. Since then, it took a
phenomenal success in its development and usage. Microprocessor is considered
a product of combined developments in the fields of computer architecture and
Integrated Circuit (IC) fabrication. It has made the concept of personal
computing very feasible.
 The Microcontroller is often considered as a byproduct in the development of
microprocessor. The fabrication process and programming technique which are
responsible in the development of microprocessors has also lead to the
development of microcontrollers. Until a decade ago, the microcontrollers are
less popular in both the technical community and general public even though
most of the consumer electronics like televisions, video games, video cassette
recorders, telephones, elevators etc. comprise of them.
01 1

13. Microcontrollers
 Embedded Systems
 Operations managed behind the scenes by a
microcontroller
 Microcontroller (MCU)
 Integrated electronic computing device that
includes three major components on a single chip
 Microprocessor (MPU)
 Memory
 I/O (Input/Output) ports

14. Block Diagram(Microcontrollers)

15. Microprocessor (MPU)
 MPU (CPU)
 Read instructions
 Process binary data

16. Memory
 Storage Device
 Addresses
 Registers
 Major Categories
 Read/Write Memory
(R/W)
 Read-only-Memory
(ROM)
D7 D0

17. Microprocessor-Based Systems

18. Microprocessor Architecture
 MPU communicates with Memory and I/O
using the System Bus
 Address bus
 Unidirectional
 Memory and I/O Addresses
 Data bus
 Bidirectional
 Transfers Binary Data and Instructions
 Control lines
 Read and Write timing signals

19. Microprocessor-Based System
01 8

20. Example Microprocessor System

21. Software
 Machine Language
 Binary Instructions
 Difficult to decipher and write
 Error-prone
 All programs converted into machine language for execution
 Assembly Language
 Machine instructions represented in mnemonics
 One-to-one correspondence
 Efficient execution and use of memory
 Machine-specific
Instruction Hex Mnemonic Description Processor
10000000 80 ADD B Add reg B to Acc Intel 8085
00101000 28 ADD A, R0 Add Reg R0 to Acc Intel 8051
00011011 1B ABA Add Acc A and B Motorola 6811

22. Data Format (8-bit)
 Unsigned Integers
 All eight bits represent the magnitude of a number
 Bit7 to Bit0
 Range 00H to FFH (010 to 25510)
 Signed Integers
 2's Complement
 Bit7 is sign bit
 Positive numbers: 00H to 7FH (010 to 12710)
 Negative numbers: 80H to FFH (-110 to -12810)

23. MCU-Based System

24. DATA
ACQUISITION
SYSTEM

25. OBJECTIVE AND INTRODUCTION
❑ DAS must acquire the necessary data, at correct speed and at correct
time.
❑ It must monitor the complete plant operation to maintain on line and
safe operations.
❑ It must be able to collect, summarise and store data for diagnosis of
operation and record purpose.
❑ It must be flexible and capable of being expanded for future
requirements.
❑ It must be able to compute unit performance indices using on-line,
real time data.
❑ It must be reliable, easy to operate and must be user friendly.

26. DAS BLOCK DIAGRAM
3

27. PHYSICAL
SYSTEM/CONDITIONS
Physical condition that can be used as input of DAS or
which can be represented in Digital form are as under…
❑ Displacement
❑ Level
❑ Electric signals
❑ ON/OFF switch
❑ Temperature
❑ Pressure
❑ Light
❑ Force
4

28. METHODOLOGY
❑ DAS begins with the physical property to be measured. Examples of
this include temperature, light intensity, gas pressure, fluid flow, force
etc.
❑ A sensor, which is a type of transducer converts a physical property
into a corresponding electrical signal
❑ Signal conditioning may be necessary if the signal from the
transducer is not suitable for the DAQ hardware being used.
❑ After signal conditioning the analog wave output is converted into
digital form using A/D converter.
❑ Once digitized, the signal can be encoded to reduce and correct
transmission errors.
❑ This whole process is called as DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM

29. DATA ACQUISITION HARDWARE
❑
❑
❑
❑
❑
❑
❑Industrial Ethernet
Industrial USB
LAN eXtensions for Instrumentation
NIM
PowerLab
V ME bus
VXI
➢DAQ hardware interfaces the signal and a PC. It could be
in the form of modules that can be connected to the
computer's ports or cards connected to slots in the
motherboard. Following are some hardware's….
❑ CAMAC - Computer Automated Measurement and Control

30. DATA ACQUISITION SOFTWARE
➢ DAQ software is needed in order for the DAQ
hardware to work with a PC.
➢Involves the use of a programming language,
such as:
❑C++, visual C++
❑BASIC, Visual Basic + Add-on tools (such as Visual
lab with VTX)
❑Fortran
❑Pascal
❑Ladder logic
❑Lab view

31. MERITS/ADVANTAGES
❑ Reduced data redundancy
❑ Reduced updating errors and increased
consistency
❑ Greater data integrity and independence from
applications programs
❑ Improved data access to users through use of
host and query languages
❑ Improved data security
❑ Reduced data entry, storage, and retrieval costs
❑ Facilitated development of new applications
program

32. DEMERITS/DISADVANTAGES
❑ Database systems are complex, difficult, and
time-consuming to design
❑ Substantial hardware and software start-up costs
❑ Damage to database affects virtually all
applications programs
❑ Extensive conversion costs in moving form a file-
based system to a database system
❑ Initial training required for all programmers and
users

33. CONCLUSION
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❑ Data acquisition systems typically convert analog
Physical condition into digital values for easy
processing.
❑ DAS is advantageous as we can store a lot of
physical condition data in digitized form
❑ DAS helps in easy processing of data as well as
easy comparison can be done.
❑ Today DAS is used in almost every field,industry
and companies.

34. THANK YOU