The document provides a comprehensive overview of Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs), including their architecture, hardware components, types of memory, and input/output modules. It highlights the evolution of PLCs from relay controllers to semiconductor logic controllers, emphasizing advantages like adaptability and minimal maintenance. It also discusses communication units and the advantages and disadvantages of PLC systems in industrial applications.

1. PLC ARCHITECTURE AND
HARDWARE COMPONENTS
PRESENTED BY:
Akshay Dhole
Mechatronics (SMBS)
13mmt1013

2. INDEX
 Introduction
 Basics of PLC
 PLC evolution
 Relays
 Semiconductors
 PLC
 PLC Architecture
 Hardware Components
 Advantages
 Disadvantages

3. INTRODUCTION
 A Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) is a specialized
computing system used for control of industrial machines
and processes.
 A PLC is a computer designed to work in an industrial
environment
 Equipped with special input/output interfaces
 Programmed using a control programming language.

4. BASICS OF PLC

6. EVOLUTION OF PLC’S
Relay controllers
Semi-conductor logic controllers
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC)

7. RELAY CONTROLLERS
 Large dimensions
 Slow
 Noisy
 Requires a lot of energy to work
 Sensible for dirt

8. SEMICONDUCTORS LOGIC
CONTROLLERS
Fast
Small
Reduced energy
Silent
Hard to adapt to another controlling task

9. PLC’S
 All advantages of the semi-conductor logic controllers
 Easy to adapt (re-programming)
 Real-time working
 Minimal maintenance
 Low costs

10. PLC ARTICTURE
Program
memory
Data memory
Processor
Communication
unit
Input moduleProgramming unit
Output module
System
memory

11. PROCESSOR
 The main function of the microprocessor is to analyze data
coming from field sensors through input modules,
make decisions based on the user’s defined
control program and return signal back through
output modules to the field devices.
 Field sensors: switches, flow, level, pressure, temp.
transmitters, etc. Field output devices: motors, valves, solenoids,
lamps, or audible devices.

12. MEMORY
 System memory
 ROM (Read Only Memory)
 PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory)
 EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only
Memory)
 EEPROM (Electric Erasable Programmable ROM)
 Program/Data memory
 RAM (Random Access Memory)

13. SYSTEM MEMORY
 System memory includes an area called the
EXECUTIVE, composed of permanently-stored
programs that direct all system activities, such as execution of
the users control program, communication with peripheral
devices, and other system activities.
 The system memory also contains the routines that implement
the PLC’s instruction set, which is composed of specific
control functions such as logic, sequencing, timing, counting, and
arithmetic.
 System memory is generally built from read-only memory
devices.

14. ROM
 Read Only Memory
 A non-volatile memory. It has the ability to retain stored
information when power is removed, accidentally or intentionally.
A ROM does not require battery back-up.
 Read only indicates that the information stored in memory can be
read only and cannot be changed. Information in ROM is placed
there by the manufacturer for the internal use and
operation of the PLC.

15. PROM
 Programmable ROM
 Allows initial and/or additional information to be
written into the chip.
 PROM may be written into only once after being
received from the PLC manufacturer; programming is
accomplish by pulses of current.
 The current melts the fusible links in the device,
preventing it from being reprogrammed. This type of
memory is used to prevent unauthorized program
changes.

16. EEPROM
 Electrically EPROM
 Also referred to as E2PROM, is a chip that can be programmed
using a standard programming device and can be
erased by the proper signal being applied to the erase pin.
 EEPROM is used primarily as a non-volatile backup for
the normal RAM memory. If the program in RAM is
lost or erased, a copy of the program stored on an
EEPROM chip can be down loaded into the RAM.

17. PROGRAM/DATA MEMORY
 The program and data memories are called together
application memory.
 The data memory stores any data associated with the
user’s control program, such as system input and output
status data, and any stored constants, variables, or preset values.
The data memory is where data is monitored, manipulated, and
changed for control purposes.
 The user program area is where the programmed
instructions entered by the user are stored as an
application control program.

18. RAM
 Random Access Memory (Read/Write)
 A volatile memory, that is one that loses its stored information
when power is removed.
 Even momentary losses of power will erase any
information stored or programmed on a volatile memory
chip.
 Read/write indicates that the information stored in the
memory can be retrieved or read, while write indicates that the
user can program or write information into the memory.
 The words random access refer to the ability of any location
(address) in the memory to be accessed or used. Ram memory
is used for both the user memory (ladder diagrams) and
storage memory in many PLC’s.
 RAM memory must have battery backup to retain or
protect the stored program.

19. TYPES OF RAM MEMORY
 MOS (Metal Oxide Semiconductor)
 HMOS (High Density, short channel MOS )
 CMOS (Complimentary MOS)
 The CMOS-RAM is probably one of the most popular, because it
has a very low current drain when not being accessed
(15microamps.), and the information stored in memory can be
retained by as little as 2Vdc.

20. INPUT/OUTPUT MODULES
 The I/O interface section of a PLC connects it to
external field devices.
 The main purpose of the I/O interface is to condition the
various signals received from or sent to the external
input and output devices.
 Input modules converts signals from discrete or analog
input devices to logic levels acceptable to PLC’s processor.
 Output modules converts signal from the processor to
levels capable of driving the connected discrete or analog
output devices.

21. DC INPUT MODULE
Standard Digital Input signals: 24V
Current
limiting
resistor
Opto-
isolator
Buffer,
filter,
hysteresis
circuits
DC input Processor
Used to
drop the
voltage to
logic level
Prevents voltage transients from
damagigng the processor.
Helps to reduce the effects of
electrical noise.

22. AC INPUT MODULE
Standard Analog Input signals: 4-20mA; 0-10V
Rectifier,
Resistor
Network
Opto-
isolator
Buffer,
filter,
hysteresis
circuits
AC input Processor
Converts the AC
input to DC and
drops the voltage
to logic level
Prevents voltage transients from
damagigng the processor.
Helps to redice the effects of
electrical noise.

23. DC/AC OUTPUT MODULE
Standard Analog Output signals: 4-20mA; 0-5V; 0-10V
TTL
circuits
Opto-
isolator
AplifierProcessor Output

24. COMMUNICAITON UNIT
Manages the communication between the PLC &
 the controlled process,
 an other PLC,
 a PC,
 different peripheries.
Used ports:
 Serial (RS 232, RS 422, RS 485)
 Ethernet

25. SERIAL PORTS
 RS 232
 Used in short-distance computer
communications, with the majority of computer
hardware and peripherals.
 Has a maximum effective distance of
approx. 30 m at 9600 baud.
 RS 422 / RS 485
Used for longer-distance links, often
between several PCs in a distributed system. RS
485 can have a maximum distance of about
1000 meters.

26. ETHERNET: LOCAL AREA NETWORK
(LAN)
 Local Area Network provides a physical link
between all devices plus providing overall data
exchange management or protocol, ensuring that each
device can “talk” to other machines and understand data received
from them.
 LANs provide the common, high-speed data
communications bus which interconnects any or
all devices within the local area.

27. HARDWARE COMPONENTS

28. CONTENTS
 I/O Section
 I/O Modules
 Discrete
 Analog
 Special
 Specifications
 Memory
 Design
 Types

29. I/O SECTION
 Power Supply
 unaddressed (not typically part of rack)
 Processor in slot 0
 I/O in non-zero slots

30. LOGICAL RACK
 Image Table or File
 File I for input
 File O for output
 PLC-5 -- Octal
 Addressing
 SLC-500 – Decimal Addressing

31. REMOTE I/O RACK

32. ADDRESS ELEMENT
 Type
 File Type
 I for Input File
 O for Output File
 Others covered latter
 Slot
 Rack Number
 Slot Number
 Word or Bit
 Identifies the actual
 terminal connection
 Discrete module use
 one word and thus number specifies bit

33. COMMON DISCRETE I/O RATINGS

34. INPUT MODULES PERFORM
Senses when a signal is received from a
sensor on the machine
 Convert the input signal to correct logic level
 Isolates PLC from fluctuations in input signal
voltage (logic level noise)
 Sends a logic signal to processor indicating which sensor
originated the signal

35. AC INPUT CIRCUIT

36. OUTPUT MODULE PERFORM
Convert the logic level signal to correct
external signal
 Isolates PLC from fluctuations in output
signal voltage (logic level noise)
 Indicates output is active via lamp

37. AC OUTPUT CIRCUIT

38. SINKING & SOURCING

40. SPECIAL I/O MODULES
 High-Speed Counter Module
 Thumb-Wheel Module
 TTL Module
 Encoder-Counter Module
 BASIC or ASCII Module
 Stepper-Motor Module
 BCD-Output Module
 PID Module
 Servo Module Communications Module
 Language Module
 Speech Module

41. I/O SPECIFICATIONS
Nominal Input
Voltage
 On-State Input Voltage Range
 Nominal Current per Input
 Ambient Temperature Rating
 Input Delay
 Nominal Output Voltage
 Output Voltage range
 Maximum Output

42.  Current Rating per
 Output and Module
 Maximum Surge
 Current per Output
 Off-State Leakage Current per Output
 Electrical Isolation
 Number of Inputs and Outputs per Card
 Backplane Current Draw
 Resolution
 Input Impedance and Capacitance
 Common Mode
 Rejection Ratio

43. PROCESSOR MODE (STATE)
RUN Position
 Places processor in RUN mode
 Executes the ladder program and energizes output
devices
 Prevents you from performing online program
editing in this position
 Prevents you from using a programmer/operator
interface device to change processor mode

44.  PROG Position
 Places processor in program mode
 Prevents processor from scanning or executing the ladder program
 Controller outputs de-energized
 Allows program entry and edit
 Prevents you from using
 programmer/operator interface to
 changing mode
 REM Position
 Places processor in remote mode: Remote Run, Remote Program,
or Remote Test
 Allows you to change the processor mode with programmer/operator
interface device
 Allows you to perform online program editing

45. WATCH ELECTRO-STATIC DISCHARGE
 Ground yourself by touching ground
 conductor
 Use wrist strap that is grounded
 Handle Cards/Modules by edge
 Don’t touch circuit components
 Use conductive (static-safe) work bench top

46. MEMORY TYPES
ROM (Read-Only Memory)
 RAM (Random Access Memory)
 PROM (Programmable Read-Only Memory)
 EPROM (Erasable PROM)
 EEPROM (Electrical Erasable PROM) or Flash

47. ADVANTAGES
Increased Reliability
More Flexibility
Lower Cost
Faster Response
Easier to troubleshoot
Remote control capability
Communication Capability

48. DISADVANTAGES
 In contrast to microcontroller systems that have what is
called an open architecture, most PLCs manufacturers
offer only closed architectures for their products
 PLC devices are proprietary, which means that parts
and software from one manufacturer can t easily be
used in combination with parts of another
manufacturer, which limits the design and cost options
can’t

49. THANK YOU