The document discusses distributed control systems (DCS), including their evolution, architecture, components, and applications in power plants. A DCS decentralizes control of an entire plant or manufacturing system across multiple controllers that communicate with each other. It allows for monitoring and control of all processes, identification of faults, and improved safety. A typical DCS architecture includes servers to collect and share data, archives for data storage, operator stations to monitor processes and alarms, engineering stations to configure the system, master controllers to supervise devices and modules, and field devices where the actual processes take place. DCS systems are hierarchical with lower-level controllers handling basic functions and higher-level controllers coordinating plant-wide control.

1. DISTRIBUTED CONTROL SYSTEM
- Nazeer Ahamed.B
- Pratheep.M

2. DCS :
 Distributed Control System.
 Decentralized Control System.

3. Evolution Of DCS :
• First DCS Was Introduced In The Year Of 1975
• The First Controller Used In Industries Is - Direct
Connected Pneumatic Control
• Solid State Electronic Controllers
• Direct Digital Control
• PLC’s

4. WHY DCS ?
• Able To Control And Monitor The Entire Plant or
Manufacturing System.
• Instead of Having Single Supervisory Control All The
Process Are Distributed.
• In case of Any Fault In The Plant Can Identify
Through By Monitoring The System.
• Human And Machine Safety.

5. Objective of DCS :
• Safe Operation of Plant
• Lowest Cost of Generation
• Longest Equipment Life
• Minimum Environmental Effect
• Maximum Efficiency
• Energy Conservation

6. Architecture Of DCS:

7. Server:
• Collection Of Data at Process Level
• Communicate Data Between Process Station & Operator System
Archive:
• Storage Of Historical Data For Future Reference & And Also To Trace
Back Fault Values

8. Operator Station:
• Operator Station Is The HEART Of The DCS
• Operator Monitors The Over All Process.
• Warnings & Alarms

9. Control Room

10. Engineering Station:
• Creating Projects On Which The Process Run
• Hardware Configurations
• Creating Logics
• Designing Of Graphical Displays
• Software Installation Between OS & PS
Master Controller:
• Supervise Individual Process & IO Modules
• Data Providers

11. Field Devices:
• Actual Process Take Place
• Connecting Cables:
# Industrial Ethernet
# Fibre Optic Cable
# Ether Cat
• Field Devices Can Be Switches, Valves, Transmitters,
Motors……etc

12. Distributed Control Systems In Powerplants:
oPower Generation Comprises Several Major Processes And Each Process
Can Be Further Divided In To Sub-processes.
oIt Should Encompass The Functions Such As,
Boiler Automatic Control
Burner Management
Turbine Control
Sequential Control
Protection & Interlocks
Plant Monitoring , Supervision & Maintenance.

13. Hierarchical Structure Of DCS:

14. Modern DCS For Power Plant Automation:
oDrive Controller Performs Basic Logic, Driving And Protection
Function Of A Single Drive ( Pump, Valve Or Damper…. )
oSub-group Controller Performs Modulating And Binary Control
Functions For A Sub Process.

15. oUnit Master Controller Coordinates The Total Plant Control And Gives
Commands And Instructions To The Lower Level. It Essentially Controls
Plant Start-up And Shut-down And Coordinate The Plant Process
During Load Variations.
oAt The Unit Level, Computers Are Used To Collect All Relevant Power
Plant Data, Report Alarms, And Log Data.
oThe Entire System Is Interconnected By An Hierarchical Bus System.

16. Disadvantages:
oAll Information And Data Presented In A Systematic Format Is
Hidden Behind The CRT. Hence It Requires A Skilled Operator.
oFailure Of One Controller Effects More Than One Loop. Hence
Its Calls For Very High Degree Of Redundancy.
oIn An Emergency, Decisions Have To Be Taken Single
Handedly, As Few Operators Are There In The Control Room.

17. !! THANK YOU !!
Email ID : bashirnazir2899@gmail.com
pratheepm2001@gmail.com